# THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

A POPULAR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

## by
ERNST HAECKEL

Volume I
HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY OR ONTOGENY

Translated from the Fifth (enlarged) Edition by Joseph McCabe
[Issued for the Rationalist Press Association, Limited]
WATTS & CO.
17 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
1912

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
GLOSSARY
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
TABLE: CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL WORLD

Chapter I. THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Chapter II. THE OLDER EMBRYOLOGY
Chapter III. MODERN EMBRYOLOGY
Chapter IV. THE OLDER PHYLOGENY
Chapter V. THE MODERN SCIENCE OF EVOLUTION
Chapter VI. THE OVUM–THE AMŒBA
Chapter VII. CONCEPTION
Chapter VIII. THE GASTRÆA THEORY
Chapter IX. THE GASTRULATION OF THE VERTEBRATE
Chapter X. THE CŒLOM THEORY
Chapter XI. THE VERTEBRATE CHARACTER OF MAN
Chapter XII. THE EMBRYONIC SHIELD–GERMINATIVE AREA
Chapter XIII. DORSAL BODY–VENTRAL BODY
Chapter XIV. THE ARTICULATION OF THE BODY
Chapter XV. FŒTAL MEMBRANES AND CIRCULATION

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1. The human ovum
Fig. 2. Stem-cell of an echinoderm
Fig. 3. Three epithelial cells
Fig. 4. Five spiny or grooved cells
Fig. 5. Ten liver-cells
Fig. 6. Nine star-shaped bone-cells
Fig. 7. Eleven star-shaped cells
Fig. 8. Unfertilised ovum of an echinoderm
Fig. 9. A large branching nerve-cell
Fig. 10. Blood-cells
Fig. 11. Indirect or mitotic cell-division
Fig. 12. Mobile cells
Fig. 13. Ova of various animals
Fig. 14. The human ovum
Fig. 15. Fertilised ovum of hen
Fig. 16. A creeping amœba
Fig. 17. Division of an amœba
Fig. 18. Ovum of a sponge
Fig. 19. Blood-cells, or phagocytes
Fig. 20. Spermia or spermatozoa
Fig. 21. Spermatozoa of various animals
Fig. 22. A single human spermatozoon
Fig. 23. Fertilisation of the ovum
Fig. 24. Impregnated echinoderm ovum
Fig. 25. Impregnation of the star-fish ovum
Figs. 26–27. Impregnation of sea-urchin ovum
Fig. 28. Stem-cell of a rabbit
Fig. 29. Gastrulation of a coral
Fig. 30. Gastrula of a gastræad
Fig. 31. Gastrula of a worm
Fig. 32. Gastrula of an echinoderm
Fig. 33. Gastrula of an arthropod
Fig. 34. Gastrula of a mollusc
Fig. 35. Gastrula of a vertebrate
Fig. 36. Gastrula of a lower sponge
Fig. 37. Cells from the primary germinal layers
Fig. 38. Gastrulation of the amphioxus
Fig. 39. Gastrula of the amphioxus
Fig. 40. Cleavage of the frog's ovum
Figs. 41–44. Sections of fertilised toad ovum
Figs. 45–48. Gastrulation of the salamander
Fig. 49. Segmentation of the lamprey
Fig. 50. Gastrulation of the lamprey
Fig. 51. Gastrulation of ceratodus
Fig. 52. Ovum of a deep-sea bony fish
Fig. 53. Segmentation of a bony fish
Fig. 54. Discoid gastrula of a bony fish
Figs. 55–56. Sections of blastula of shark
Fig. 57. Discoid segmentation of bird's ovum
Figs. 58–61. Gastrulation of the bird
Fig. 62. Germinal disk of the lizard
Figs. 63–64. Gastrulation of the opossum
Figs. 65–67. Gastrulation of the opossum
Figs. 68–71. Gastrulation of the rabbit
Fig. 72. Gastrula of the placental mammal
Fig. 73. Gastrula of the rabbit
Figs. 74–75. Diagram of the four secondary germinal layers
Figs. 76–77. Cœlomula of sagitta
Fig. 78. Section of young sagitta
Figs. 79–80. Section of amphioxus-larvæ
Figs. 81–82. Section of amphioxus-larvæ
Figs. 83–84. Chordula of the amphioxus
Figs. 85–86. Chordula of the amphibia
Figs. 87–88. Section of cœlomula-embryos of vertebrates
Figs. 89–90. Section of cœlomula-embryo of triton
Fig. 91. Dorsal part of three triton-embryos
Fig. 92. Chordula-embryo of a bird
Fig. 93. Vertebrate-embryo of a bird
Figs. 94–95. Section of the primitive streak of a chick
Fig. 96. Section of the primitive groove of a rabbit
Fig. 97. Section of primitive mouth of a human embryo
Figs. 98–102. The ideal primitive vertebrate
Fig. 103. Redundant mammary glands
Fig. 104. A Greek gynecomast
Fig. 105. Severance of the discoid mammal embryo
Figs. 106–107. The visceral embryonic vesicle
Fig. 108. Four entodermic cells
Fig. 109. Two entodermic cells
Figs. 110–114. Ovum of a rabbit
Figs. 115–118. Embryonic vesicle of a rabbit
Fig. 119. Section of the gastrula of four vertebrates
Figs 120. Embryonic shield of a rabbit
Figs. 121–123. Dorsal shield and embryonic shield of a rabbit.
Fig. 124. Cœlomula of the amphioxus
Fig. 125. Chordula of a frog
Fig. 126. Section of frog-embryo
Figs. 127–128. Dorsal shield of a chick
Fig. 129. Section of hind end of a chick
Fig. 130. Germinal area of the rabbit
Fig. 131. Embryo of the opossum
Fig. 132. Embryonic shield of the rabbit
Fig. 133. Human embryo at the sandal-stage
Fig. 134. Embryonic shield of rabbit
Fig. 135. Embryonic shield of opossum
Fig. 136. Embryonic disk of a chick
Fig. 137. Embryonic disk of a higher vertebrate
Figs. 138–142. Sections of maturing mammal embryo
Figs. 143–146. Sections of embryonic chicks
Fig. 147. Section of embryonic chick
Fig. 148. Section of fore-half of chick-embryo
Figs. 149–150. Sections of human embryos
Fig. 151. Section of a shark-embryo
Fig. 152. Section of a duck-embryo
Figs. 153–155. Sole-shaped embryonic disk of chick
Figs. 156–157. Embryo of the amphioxus
Figs. 158–160. Embryo of the amphioxus
Figs. 161–162. Sections of shark-embryos
Fig. 163. Section of a Triton-embryo
Figs. 164–166. Vertebræ
Fig. 167. Head of a shark-embryo
Figs. 168–169. Head of a chick-embryo
Fig. 170. Head of a dog-embryo
Fig. 171. Human embryo of the fourth week
Fig. 172. Section of shoulder of chick-embryo
Fig. 173. Section of pelvic region of chick-embryo
Fig. 174. Development of the lizard's legs
Fig. 175. Human-embryo five weeks old
Figs. 176–178. Embryos of the bat
Fig. 179. Human embryos
Fig. 180. Human embryo of the fourth week
Fig. 181. Human embryo of the fifth week
Fig. 182. Section of tail of human embryo
Figs. 183–184. Human embryo dissected
Fig. 185. Miss Julia Pastrana
Figs. 186–190. Human embryos
Fig. 191. Human embryos of sixteen to eighteen ays
Figs. 192–193. Human embryo of fourth week
Fig. 194. Human embryo with its membranes
Fig. 195. Diagram of the embryonic organs
Fig. 196. Section of the pregnant womb
Fig. 197. Embryo of siamang-gibbon
Fig. 198. Section of pregnant womb
Figs. 199–200. Human fœtus–placenta
Fig. 201. Vitelline vessels in germinative area
Fig. 202. Boat-shaped embryo of the dog
Fig. 203. Lar or white-handed gibbon
Fig. 204. Young orang
Fig. 205. Wild orang
Fig. 206. Bald-headed chimpanzee
Fig. 207. Female chimpanzee
Fig. 208. Female gorilla
Fig. 209. Male giant-gorilla

Glossary

# THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

A POPULAR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

## by
ERNST HAECKEL

Volume II
HUMAN STEM-HISTORY, OR PHYLOGENY

Translated from the Fifth (enlarged) Edition by Joseph McCabe
[Issued for the Rationalist Press Association, Limited]
WATTS & CO.
17 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
1912

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INDEX

Chapter XVI. STRUCTURE OF THE LANCELET AND THE SEA-SQUIRT
Chapter XVII. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE LANCELET AND THE SEA-SQUIRT
Chapter XVIII. DURATION OF THE HISTORY OF OUR STEM
Chapter XIX. OUR PROTIST ANCESTORS
Chapter XX. OUR WORM-LIKE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXI. OUR FISH-LIKE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXII. OUR FIVE-TOED ANCESTORS
Chapter XXIII. OUR APE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXIV. EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter XXV. EVOLUTION OF THE SENSE-ORGANS
Chapter XXVI. EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS OF MOVEMENT
Chapter XXVII. EVOLUTION OF THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
Chapter XXVIII. EVOLUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter XXIX. EVOLUTION OF THE SEXUAL ORGANS
Chapter XXX. RESULTS OF ANTHROPOGENY

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 210. The lancelet
Fig. 211. Section of the head of the lancelet
Fig. 212. Section of an amphioxus-larva
Fig. 213. Diagram of preceding
Fig. 214. Section of a young amphioxus
Fig. 215. Diagram of a young amphioxus
Fig. 216. Transverse section of lancelet
Fig. 217. Section through the middle of the lancelet
Fig. 218. Section of a primitive-fish embryo
Fig. 219. Section of the head of the lancelet
Figs. 220. Organisation of an ascidia
Figs. 221. Organisation of an ascidia
Figs. 222–224. Sections of young amphioxus-larvæ
Fig. 225. An appendicaria
Fig. 226. Chroococcus minor
Fig. 227. Aphanocapsa primordialis
Fig. 228. Protamœba
Fig. 229. Original ovum-cleavage
Fig. 230. Morula
Figs. 231–232. Magosphæra planula
Fig. 233. Modern gastræads
Figs. 234–235. Prophysema primordiale
Figs. 236–237. Ascula of gastrophysema
Fig. 238. Olynthus
Fig. 239. Aphanostomum langii
Figs. 240–241. A turbellarian
Figs. 242–243. Chætonotus
Fig. 244. A nemertine worm
Fig. 245. An enteropneust
Fig. 246. Section of the branchial gut
Fig. 247. The marine lamprey
Fig. 248. Fossil primitive fish
Fig. 249. Embryo of a shark
Fig. 250. Man-eating shark
Fig. 251. Fossil angel-shark
Fig. 252. Tooth of a gigantic shark
Figs. 253–255. Crossopterygii
Fig. 256. Fossil dipneust
Fig. 257. The Australian dipneust
Figs. 258–259. Young ceratodus
Fig. 260. Fossil amphibian
Fig. 261. Larva of the spotted salamander
Fig. 262. Larva of common frog
Fig. 263. Fossil mailed amphibian
Fig. 264. The new zealand lizard
Fig. 265. Homœosaurus pulchellus
Fig. 266. Skull of a permian lizard
Fig. 267. Skull of a theromorphum
Fig. 268. Lower jaw of a primitive mammal
Figs. 269–270. The ornithorhyncus
Fig. 271. Lower jaw of a promammal
Fig. 272. The crab-eating opossum
Fig. 273. Fœtal membranes of the human embryo
Fig. 274. Skull of a fossil lemur
Fig. 275. The slender lori
Fig. 276. The white-nosed ape
Fig. 277. The drill-baboon
Figs. 278–282. Skeletons of man and the anthropoid apes
Fig. 283. Skull of the java ape-man
Fig. 284. Section of the human skin
Fig. 285. Epidermic cells
Fig. 286. Rudimentary lachrymal glands
Fig. 287. The female breast
Fig. 288. Mammary gland of a new-born infant
Fig. 289. Embryo of a bear
Fig. 290. Human embryo
Fig. 291. Central marrow of a human embryo
Figs. 292–293. The human brain
Figs. 294–296. Central marrow of human embryo
Fig. 297. Head of a chick embryo
Fig. 298. Brain of three craniote embryos
Fig. 299. Brain of a shark
Fig. 300. Brain and spinal cord of a frog
Fig. 301. Brain of an ox-embryo
Fig. 302. Brain of a human embryo
Fig. 303. Brain of a human embryo
Fig. 304. Brain of the rabbit
Fig. 305. Bead of a shark
Figs. 306–310. Heads of chick-embryos
Fig. 311. Section of mouth of human embryo
Fig. 312. Diagram of mouth-nose cavity
Figs. 313–314. Heads of human embryo
Figs. 315–316. Face of human embryo
Fig. 317. The human eye
Fig. 318. Eye of the chick embryo
Fig. 319. Section of eye of a human embryo
Fig. 320. The human ear
Fig. 321. The bony labyrinth
Fig. 322. Development of the labyrinth
Fig. 323. Primitive skull of human embryo
Fig. 324. Rudimentary muscles of the ear
Figs. 325–326. The human skeleton
Fig. 327. The human vertebral column
Fig. 328. Piece of the dorsal cord
Figs. 329–330. Dorsal vertebræ
Fig. 331. Intervertebral disk
Fig. 332. Human skull
Fig. 333. Skull of new-born child
Fig. 334. Head-skeleton of a primitive fish
Fig. 335. Skulls of nine primates
Figs. 336–338. Evolution of the fin
Fig. 339. Skeleton of the fore-leg of an amphibian
Fig. 340. Skeleton of gorilla's hand
Fig. 341. Skeleton of human hand
Fig. 342. Skeleton of hand of six mammals
Figs. 343–345. Arm and hand of three anthropoids
Fig. 346. Section of fish's tail
Fig. 347. Human skeleton
Fig. 348. Skeleton of the giant gorilla
Fig. 349. The human stomach
Fig. 350. Section of the head of a rabbit-embryo
Fig. 351. Shark's teeth
Fig. 352. Gut of a human embryo
Figs. 353–354. Gut of a dog embryo
Figs. 355–356. Sections of head of lamprey
Fig. 357. Viscera of a human embryo
Fig. 358. Red blood-cells
Fig. 359. Vascular tissue
Fig. 360. Section of trunk of a chick-embryo
Fig. 361. Merocytes
Fig. 362. Vascular system of an annelid
Fig. 363. Head of a fish-embryo
Figs. 364–366. The five arterial arches
Figs. 367–370. The five arterial arches
Figs. 371–372. Heart of a rabbit-embryo
Figs. 373–374. Heart of a dog-embryo
Figs. 375–377. Heart of a human embryo
Fig. 378. Heart of adult man
Fig. 379. Section of head of a chick-embryo
Fig. 380. Section of a human embryo
Figs. 381–382. Sections of a chick-embryo
Fig. 383. Embryos of sagitta
Fig. 384. Kidneys of bdellostoma
Fig. 385. Section of embryonic shield
Figs. 386–387. Primitive kidneys
Fig. 388. Pig-embryo
Fig. 389. Human embryo
Figs. 390–392. Rudimentary kidneys and sexual organs
Figs. 393–394. Urinary and sexual organs of salamander
Fig. 395. Primitive kidneys of human embryo
Figs. 396–398. Urinary organs of ox-embryos
Fig. 399. Sexual organs of water-mole
Figs. 400–401. Original position of sexual glands
Fig. 402. Urogenital system of human embryo
Fig. 403. Section of ovary
Figs. 404–406. Graafian follicles
Fig. 407. A ripe graafian follicle
Fig. 408. The human ovum

Glossary
Chapter XV