# rgl Demos

#### 2025-11-13

## Introduction

This vignette holds code that was previously included as “demos” in `rgl`. Some of the demos require R to be running; those remain available via `demo(package = "rgl")`.

## hist3d: 3D histogram using basic building blocks

    ##########
    ### 3D HIST EXAMPLE:
    ##########

    ################################################################################

    ##### Required functions 'binplot' and 'hist3d':

    binplot.3d<-function(x,y,z,alpha=1,topcol="#ff0000",sidecol="#aaaaaa") {
      save <- par3d(skipRedraw=TRUE)
      on.exit(par3d(save))

      x1<-c(rep(c(x[1],x[2],x[2],x[1]),3),rep(x[1],4),rep(x[2],4))
      z1<-c(rep(0,4),rep(c(0,0,z,z),4))
      y1<-c(y[1],y[1],y[2],y[2],rep(y[1],4),rep(y[2],4),rep(c(y[1],y[2],y[2],y[1]),2))
      x2<-c(rep(c(x[1],x[1],x[2],x[2]),2),rep(c(x[1],x[2],rep(x[1],3),rep(x[2],3)),2))
      z2<-c(rep(c(0,z),4),rep(0,8),rep(z,8) )
      y2<-c(rep(y[1],4),rep(y[2],4),rep(c(rep(y[1],3),rep(y[2],3),y[1],y[2]),2) )
      quads3d(x1,z1,y1,col=rep(sidecol,each=4),alpha=alpha)
      quads3d(c(x[1],x[2],x[2],x[1]),rep(z,4),c(y[1],y[1],y[2],y[2]),
                  col=rep(topcol,each=4),alpha=1)
      segments3d(x2,z2,y2,col="#000000")
    }

    hist3d<-function(x,y=NULL,nclass="auto",alpha=1,col="#ff0000",scale=10) {
      save <- par3d(skipRedraw=TRUE)
      on.exit(par3d(save))
      xy <- xy.coords(x,y)
      x <- xy$x
      y <- xy$y
      n<-length(x)
      if (nclass == "auto") nclass<-ceiling(sqrt(nclass.Sturges(x)))
      breaks.x <- seq(min(x),max(x),length=(nclass+1))
      breaks.y <- seq(min(y),max(y),length=(nclass+1))
      z<-matrix(0,(nclass),(nclass))
      for (i in seq_len(nclass)) {
        for (j in seq_len(nclass)) {
          z[i, j] <- (1/n)*sum(x < breaks.x[i+1] & y < breaks.y[j+1] &
                                x >= breaks.x[i] & y >= breaks.y[j])
          binplot.3d(c(breaks.x[i],breaks.x[i+1]),c(breaks.y[j],breaks.y[j+1]),
                     scale*z[i,j],alpha=alpha,topcol=col)
        }
      }
    }
    ################################################################################

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   16

    bg3d(color="gray")
    light3d(0, 0)

    # Drawing a 'bin' for given coordinates:
    binplot.3d(c(-0.5,0.5),c(4.5,5.5),2,alpha=0.6)

    # Setting the viewpoint ('theta' and 'phi' have the same meaning as in persp):
    view3d(theta=40,phi=40)

    ##### QUADS FORMING BIN

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   17

    # Defining transparency and colors:
    alpha<-0.7; topcol<-"#ff0000"; sidecol<-"#aaaaaa"

    # Setting up coordinates for the quads and adding them to the scene:
    y<-x<-c(-1,1) ; z<-4; of<-0.3
    x12<-c(x[1],x[2],x[2],x[1]); x11<-rep(x[1],4); x22<-rep(x[2],4)
    z00<-rep(0,4); z0z<-c(0,0,z,z); zzz<-rep(z,4); y11<-rep(y[1],4)
    y1122<-c(y[1],y[1],y[2],y[2]); y12<-c(y[1],y[2],y[2],y[1]); y22<-rep(y[2],4)

    quads3d(c(x12,x12,x11-of,x12,x22+of,x12),
              c(z00-of,rep(z0z,4),zzz+of),
              c(y1122,y11-of,y12,y22+of,y12,y1122),
              col=rep(c(rep(sidecol,5),topcol),each=4),alpha=c(rep(alpha,5),1))

    # Setting up coordinates for the border-lines of the quads and drawing them:
    yl1<-c(y[1],y[2],y[1],y[2]); yl2<-c(y[1]-of,y[1]-of)
    xl<-c(rep(x[1],8),rep(x[1]-of,8),rep(c(x[1],x[2]),8),rep(x[2],8),rep(x[2]+of,8))
    zl<-c(0,z,0,z,z+of,z+of,-of,-of,0,0,z,z,0,z,0,z,rep(0,4),rep(z,4),rep(-of,4),
          rep(z+of,4),z+of,z+of,-of,-of,rep(c(0,z),4),0,0,z,z)
    yl<-c(yl2,y[2]+of,y[2]+of,rep(c(y[1],y[2]),4),y[1],y[1],y[2],y[2],yl2,
          rep(y[2]+of,4),yl2,y[2],y[2],rep(y[1],4),y[2],y[2],yl1,yl2,y[2]+of,
          y[2]+of,y[1],y[1],y[2],y[2],yl1)

    lines3d(xl,zl,yl,col="#000000")
    view3d(theta=40,phi=40)

    ##### COMPLETE HISTOGRAM:

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   18

    # Setting the rng to a fixed value:
    set.seed(1000)

    # Drawing a 3d histogramm of 2500 normaly distributed observations:
    hist3d(rnorm(2500),rnorm(2500),alpha=0.4,nclass=7,scale=30)
    # Choosing a lightgrey background:
    bg3d(col="#cccccc")
    view3d(theta=40,phi=40)

## bivar: Bivariate densities: kernel smoothing using surface3d and alpha-channel (requires MASS package)

    # rgl demo: rgl-bivar.r
    # author: Daniel Adler

    rgl.demo.bivar <- function() {
      if (!requireNamespace("MASS", quietly = TRUE))
        stop("This demo requires MASS")

      # parameters:
      n<-50; ngrid<-40

      # generate samples:
      set.seed(31415)
      x<-rnorm(n); y<-rnorm(n)

      # estimate non-parameteric density surface via kernel smoothing
      denobj <- MASS::kde2d(x, y, n=ngrid)
      den.z <-denobj$z

      # generate parametric density surface of a bivariate normal distribution
      xgrid <- denobj$x
      ygrid <- denobj$y
      bi.z <- dnorm(xgrid)%*%t(dnorm(ygrid))

      # visualize:
      zscale<-20

      # New window
      open3d()

      # clear scene:
      clear3d("all")

      # setup env:
      bg3d(color="#887777")
      light3d()

      # Draws the simulated data as spheres on the baseline
      spheres3d(x,y,rep(0,n),radius=0.1,color="#CCCCFF")

      # Draws non-parametric density
      surface3d(xgrid,ygrid,den.z*zscale,color="#FF2222",alpha=0.5)

      # Draws parametric density
      surface3d(xgrid,ygrid,bi.z*zscale,color="#CCCCFF",front="lines")
    }

    rgl.demo.bivar()

## Abundance: Animal abundance, visualization of multi-dimension data using multiple techniques

    # RGL-Demo: animal abundance
    # Authors: Oleg Nenadic, Daniel Adler

    rgl.demo.abundance <- function() {
      open3d()
      clear3d("all")               # remove all shapes, lights, bounding-box, and restore viewpoint

      # Setup environment:
      bg3d(col="#cccccc")     # setup background
      light3d()               # setup head-light

      # Importing animal data (created with wisp)
      terrain<-dget(system.file("demodata/region.dat",package="rgl"))
      pop<-dget(system.file("demodata/population.dat",package="rgl"))

      # Define colors for terrain
      zlim <- range(terrain)
      colorlut <- terrain.colors(82)
      col1 <- colorlut[9*sqrt(3.6*(terrain-zlim[1])+2)]

      # Set color to (water-)blue for regions with zero 'altitude'
      col1[terrain==0]<-"#0000FF"

      # Add terrain surface shape (i.e. population density):
      surface3d(
          1:100,seq(1,60,length=100),terrain,
          col=col1,spec="#000000", ambient="#333333", back="lines"
      )

      # Define colors for simulated populations (males:blue, females:red):
      col2<-pop[,4]
      col2[col2==0]<-"#3333ff"
      col2[col2==1]<-"#ff3333"

      # Add simulated populations as sphere-set shape
      spheres3d(
        pop[,1],
        pop[,2],
        terrain[cbind( ceiling(pop[,1]),ceiling(pop[,2]*10/6) )]+0.5,
        radius=0.2*pop[,3], col=col2, alpha=(1-(pop[,5])/10 )
      )

    }
    rgl.demo.abundance()

## lsystem: Plant modelling using a turtle and L-system

    # demo: lsystem.r
    # author: Daniel Adler

    #
    # geometry
    #

    deg2rad <- function( degree ) {
      return( degree*pi/180 )
    }

    rotZ.m3x3 <- function( degree ) {
      kc <- cos(deg2rad(degree))
      ks <- sin(deg2rad(degree))
      return(
        matrix(
          c(
            kc, -ks,   0,
            ks,  kc,   0,
             0,   0,   1
          ),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE
        )
      )
    }

    rotX.m3x3 <- function( degree ) {
      kc <- cos(deg2rad(degree))
      ks <- sin(deg2rad(degree))
      return(
        matrix(
          c(
             1,   0,   0,
             0,  kc, -ks,
             0,  ks,  kc
          ),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE
        )
      )
    }

    rotY.m3x3 <- function( degree ) {
      kc <- cos(deg2rad(degree))
      ks <- sin(deg2rad(degree))
      return(
        matrix(
          c(
            kc,   0,   ks,
             0,   1,    0,
           -ks,   0,   kc
          ),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE
        )
      )
    }

    rotZ <- function( v, degree ) {
      return( rotZ.m3x3(degree) %*% v)
    }

    rotX <- function( v, degree ) {
      return( rotX.m3x3(degree) %*% v)
    }

    rotY <- function( v, degree ) {
      return( rotY.m3x3(degree) %*% v)
    }

    #
    # turtle graphics, rgl implementation:
    #

    turtle.init <- function(pos=c(0,0,0),head=0,pitch=90,roll=0,level=0) {
      clear3d("all")
      bg3d(color="gray")
      light3d()
      return( list(pos=pos,head=head,pitch=pitch,roll=roll,level=level) )
    }

    turtle.move <- function(turtle, steps, color) {

      rm <- rotX.m3x3(turtle$pitch) %*% rotY.m3x3(turtle$head) %*% rotZ.m3x3(turtle$roll)

      from <- as.vector( turtle$pos )
      dir  <- rm %*% c(0,0,-1)
      to   <- from + dir * steps

      x <- c( from[1], to[1] )
      y <- c( from[2], to[2] )
      z <- c( from[3], to[3] )
      lines3d(x,y,z,col=color,size=1.5,alpha=0.5)
      turtle$pos <- to
      return(turtle)
    }

    turtle.pitch <- function(turtle, degree) {
      turtle$pitch <- turtle$pitch + degree
      return(turtle)
    }

    turtle.head <- function(turtle, degree) {
      turtle$head <- turtle$head + degree
      return(turtle)
    }

    turtle.roll <- function(turtle, degree) {
      turtle$roll <- turtle$roll + degree
      return(turtle)
    }

    #
    # l-system general
    #

    lsystem.code <- function( x )
      substitute( x )

    lsystem.gen <- function( x, grammar, levels=0 ) {
      code <- eval( substitute( substitute( REPLACE , grammar ), list(REPLACE=x) ) )
      if (levels)
        return( lsystem.gen( code , grammar , levels-1 ) )
      else
        return( code )
    }

    #
    # l-system plot
    #

    lsystem.plot <- function( expr, level ) {
      turtle <- turtle.init(level=level)
      lsystem.eval( expr, turtle )
    }

    lsystem.eval <- function( expr, turtle ) {
      if ( length(expr) == 3 ) {
        turtle <- lsystem.eval( expr[[2]], turtle )
        turtle <- lsystem.eval( expr[[3]], turtle )
        turtle <- lsystem.eval( expr[[1]], turtle )
      } else if ( length(expr) == 2 ) {
        saved <- turtle
        turtle <- lsystem.eval( expr[[1]], turtle )
        turtle <- lsystem.eval( expr[[2]], turtle )
        turtle <- saved
      } else if ( length(expr) == 1 ) {
        if ( as.name(expr) == "stem" )      turtle <- turtle.move(turtle, 5, "brown")
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "short") turtle <- turtle.move(turtle, 5, "brown")
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "leaf" ) {
          spheres3d(turtle$pos[1],turtle$pos[2],turtle$pos[3],radius=0.1+turtle$level*0.3,color="green")
          sprites3d(turtle$pos[1],turtle$pos[2],turtle$pos[3],radius=0.5+turtle$level*0.3 ,color="green",texture=system.file("textures/particle.png",package="rgl"),textype="alpha",alpha=0.5)
        }
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "roll" ) turtle <- turtle.head(turtle, 60)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "down" ) turtle <- turtle.pitch(turtle,10)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "up" )   turtle <- turtle.pitch(turtle,-10)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "left" ) turtle <- turtle.head(turtle, 1)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "right") turtle <- turtle.head(turtle,-1.5)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "turnleft") turtle <- turtle.head(turtle,20)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "turnright") turtle <- turtle.head(turtle,-20)
        else if ( as.name(expr) == "turn") turtle <- turtle.roll(turtle,180)
      }
      return(turtle)
    }

    #
    # example
    #

    simple <- function(level=0) {
      grammar <- list(
        stem=lsystem.code(
          stem-(up-stem-leaf)-stem-(down-stem-leaf)-stem-leaf
        )
      )
      plant <- lsystem.gen(lsystem.code(stem), grammar, level )
      lsystem.plot(plant,level)
    }

    rgl.demo.lsystem <- function(level=0) {
      gen   <- list(
        stem=lsystem.code(
          stem-left-stem-branch( turnleft-down-short-turnleft-down-stem-leaf)-right-right-stem--branch( turnright-up-short-turnright-up-short-turnright-short-stem-leaf)-left-left-left-stem-branch( turnleft-down-short-turnright-down-stem-leaf )-branch( up-turnright-short-up-turnleft-up-stem-leaf )
        )
      )
      plant <- lsystem.gen(lsystem.code(stem), gen, level )
      lsystem.plot(plant,level)
    }

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   24

    rgl.demo.lsystem(level=1)

    #> $pos
    #>               [,1]
    #> [1,] -2.092747e+00
    #> [2,]  7.992083e+01
    #> [3,] -4.893740e-15
    #>
    #> $head
    #> [1] 5
    #>
    #> $pitch
    #> [1] 90
    #>
    #> $roll
    #> [1] 0
    #>
    #> $level
    #> [1] 1

    rglwidget()

## subdivision: Subdivision surfaces using generic meshes (preview of generic 3D interface)

    # RGL-demo: subdivision surfaces
    # author: Daniel Adler

    rgl.demo.subdivision <- function() {
      # setup environment
      clear3d("all")
      view3d()
      bg3d(color="gray")
      light3d()

      # generate basic mesh
      obj <- oh3d()

      part <- function( level, tx, ... ) {
        shade3d( translate3d( obj, tx, 0, 0 )
        , color="gray30", front="lines",alpha=0.5,back="lines", override=TRUE
        )
        shade3d( translate3d( subdivision3d( obj, depth=level ), tx, 0, 0 )
        , override=TRUE, ... )
      }

      part(0, -5.50, color="blue"   )
      part(1, -1.75, color="yellow" )
      part(2,  1.75, color="red"    )
      part(3,  5.50, color="green"  )

    }

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   26

    rgl.demo.subdivision()

## envmap: Environment mapping

    # RGL-Demo: environment mapping
    # Author: Daniel Adler

    rgl.demo.envmap <- function() {
      open3d()
      # Clear scene:
      clear3d("all")
      light3d()
      bg3d(sphere=TRUE, color="white", back="filled"
      , texture=system.file("textures/refmap.png",package="rgl")
      )
      data(volcano)

      surface3d( 10*seq_len(nrow(volcano)),10*seq_len(ncol(volcano)),5*volcano
      , texture=system.file("textures/refmap.png",package="rgl")
      , texenvmap=TRUE
      , texmode="modulate"
      , color = "white"
      )
    }
    rgl.demo.envmap()

## shapes3d: 3D shape primitives (cones, ellipsoids, cubes), some taken from qmesh3d

    cone3d <- function(base=c(0,0,0),tip=c(0,0,1),rad=1,n=30,draw.base=TRUE,qmesh=FALSE,
                       trans = par3d("userMatrix"), ...) {
      ax <- tip-base
      if (missing(trans) && !cur3d()) trans <- diag(4)
      ### is there a better way?
      if (ax[1]!=0) {
        p1 <- c(-ax[2]/ax[1],1,0)
        p1 <- p1/sqrt(sum(p1^2))
        if (p1[1]!=0) {
          p2 <- c(-p1[2]/p1[1],1,0)
          p2[3] <- -sum(p2*ax)
          p2 <- p2/sqrt(sum(p2^2))
        } else {
          p2 <- c(0,0,1)
        }
      } else if (ax[2]!=0) {
        p1 <- c(0,-ax[3]/ax[2],1)
        p1 <- p1/sqrt(sum(p1^2))
        if (p1[1]!=0) {
          p2 <- c(0,-p1[3]/p1[2],1)
          p2[3] <- -sum(p2*ax)
          p2 <- p2/sqrt(sum(p2^2))
        } else {
          p2 <- c(1,0,0)
        }
      } else {
        p1 <- c(0,1,0); p2 <- c(1,0,0)
      }
      degvec <- seq(0,2*pi,length=n+1)[-1]
      ecoord2 <- function(theta) {
        base+rad*(cos(theta)*p1+sin(theta)*p2)
      }
      i <- rbind(1:n,c(2:n,1),rep(n+1,n))
      v <- cbind(sapply(degvec,ecoord2),tip)
      if (qmesh)
        ## minor kluge for quads -- draw tip twice
        i <- rbind(i,rep(n+1,n))
      if (draw.base) {
        v <- cbind(v,base)
        i.x <- rbind(c(2:n,1),1:n,rep(n+2,n))
        if (qmesh)  ## add base twice
          i.x <-  rbind(i.x,rep(n+2,n))
        i <- cbind(i,i.x)
      }
      if (qmesh) v <- rbind(v,rep(1,ncol(v))) ## homogeneous
      if (!qmesh)
        triangles3d(v[1,i],v[2,i],v[3,i],...)
      else
        return(rotate3d(qmesh3d(v,i,material=list(...)), matrix=trans))
    }

    ellipsoid3d <- function(rx=1,ry=1,rz=1,n=30,ctr=c(0,0,0),
                            qmesh=FALSE,
                            trans = par3d("userMatrix"),...) {
      if (missing(trans) && !cur3d()) trans <- diag(4)
      degvec <- seq(0,pi,length=n)
      ecoord2 <- function(p)
        c(rx*cos(p[1])*sin(p[2]),ry*sin(p[1])*sin(p[2]),rz*cos(p[2]))
      v <- apply(expand.grid(2*degvec,degvec),1,ecoord2)
      if (qmesh) v <- rbind(v,rep(1,ncol(v))) ## homogeneous
      e <- expand.grid(1:(n-1),1:n)
      i1 <- apply(e,1,function(z)z[1]+n*(z[2]-1))
      i2 <- i1+1
      i3 <- (i1+n-1) %% n^2 + 1
      i4 <- (i2+n-1) %% n^2 + 1
      i <- rbind(i1,i2,i4,i3)
      if (!qmesh)
        quads3d(v[1,i],v[2,i],v[3,i],...)
      else return(rotate3d(qmesh3d(v,i,material=list(...)),matrix=trans))
    }

    ############
    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   30

    ellipsoid3d(ctr=c(2,2,2),rx=3,ry=2,col="red",alpha=0.4)
    cone3d(base=c(-2,-2,-2),rad=0.5,tip=c(-3,0,-4),col="blue",front="lines",back="lines")
    shade3d(translate3d(cube3d(),3,-2,3,col="purple"))

    ### now with qmesh()
    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   31

    q1 <- cone3d(qmesh=TRUE,trans=diag(4))  ## the "unit cone";
                                            ## height=1,radius=1, base at (0,0,0)
    shade3d(q1)
    ## various transformations and rotations
    wire3d(translate3d(q1,3,0,0),col="green")
    wire3d(translate3d(scale3d(q1,1,1,2),6,0,0),col="green")
    dot3d(translate3d(q1,0,3,0),col="green")
    dot3d(translate3d(scale3d(q1,2,1,1),0,6,0),col="green")
    shade3d(translate3d(q1,0,0,3),col="red")
    shade3d(translate3d(rotate3d(scale3d(q1,1,1,2),pi/4,0,1,0),0,0,6),col="red")

    axes3d()

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   32

    s1 <- ellipsoid3d(qmesh=TRUE,trans=diag(4))  ## the "unit sphere";
                                            ## radius=1, ctr at (0,0,0)
    shade3d(s1)
    ## various transformations and rotations
    wire3d(translate3d(s1,3,0,0),col="green")
    wire3d(translate3d(scale3d(s1,1,1,2),6,0,0),col="green")
    dot3d(translate3d(s1,0,3,0),col="green")
    dot3d(translate3d(scale3d(s1,2,1,1),0,6,0),col="green")
    shade3d(translate3d(s1,0,0,3),col="red")
    shade3d(translate3d(rotate3d(scale3d(s1,1,1,2),pi/4,0,1,0),0,0,6),col="red")

    axes3d()

## lollipop3d: “Lollipop” plots (3D scatterplot with lines between points and a surface)

    cone3d <- function(base,tip,rad,n=30,...) {
      degvec <- seq(0,2*pi,length=n)
      ax <- tip-base
      ## what do if ax[1]==0?
      if (ax[1]!=0) {
        p1 <- c(-ax[2]/ax[1],1,0)
        p1 <- p1/sqrt(sum(p1^2))
        if (p1[1]!=0) {
          p2 <- c(-p1[2]/p1[1],1,0)
          p2[3] <- -sum(p2*ax)
          p2 <- p2/sqrt(sum(p2^2))
        } else {
          p2 <- c(0,0,1)
        }
      } else if (ax[2]!=0) {
        p1 <- c(0,-ax[3]/ax[2],1)
        p1 <- p1/sqrt(sum(p1^2))
        if (p1[1]!=0) {
          p2 <- c(0,-p1[3]/p1[2],1)
          p2[3] <- -sum(p2*ax)
          p2 <- p2/sqrt(sum(p2^2))
        } else {
          p2 <- c(1,0,0)
        }
      } else {
        p1 <- c(0,1,0); p2 <- c(1,0,0)
      }
      ecoord2 <- function(theta) {
        base+rad*(cos(theta)*p1+sin(theta)*p2)
      }
        for (i in seq_len(n-1)) {
          li <- ecoord2(degvec[i])
          lj <- ecoord2(degvec[i+1])
          triangles3d(c(li[1],lj[1],tip[1]),c(li[2],lj[2],tip[2]),c(li[3],lj[3],tip[3]),...)
        }
    }

    lollipop3d <- function(data.x,data.y,data.z,surf.fun,surf.n=50,
                             xlim=range(data.x),
                 ylim=range(data.y),
                 zlim=range(data.z),
                             asp=c(y=1,z=1),
                 xlab=deparse(substitute(x)),
                 ylab=deparse(substitute(y)),
                 zlab=deparse(substitute(z)),
                 alpha.surf=0.4,
                             col.surf=fg,col.stem=c(fg,fg),
                             col.pt="gray",type.surf="line",ptsize,
                             lwd.stem=2,lit=TRUE,bg="white",fg="black",
                             col.axes=fg,col.axlabs=fg,
                             axis.arrow=TRUE,axis.labels=TRUE,
                             box.col=bg,
                             axes=c("lines","box")) {
      axes <- match.arg(axes)
      col.stem <- rep(col.stem,length=2)
      x.ticks <- pretty(xlim)
      x.ticks <- x.ticks[x.ticks>=min(xlim) & x.ticks<=max(xlim)]
      x.ticklabs <- if (axis.labels) as.character(x.ticks) else NULL
      y.ticks <- pretty(ylim)
      y.ticks <- y.ticks[y.ticks>=min(ylim) & y.ticks<=max(ylim)]
      y.ticklabs <- if (axis.labels) as.character(y.ticks) else NULL
      z.ticks <- pretty(zlim)
      z.ticks <- z.ticks[z.ticks>=min(zlim) & z.ticks<=max(zlim)]
      z.ticklabs <- if (axis.labels) as.character(z.ticks) else NULL
      if (!missing(surf.fun)) {
        surf.x <- seq(xlim[1],xlim[2],length=surf.n)
        surf.y <- seq(ylim[1],ylim[2],length=surf.n)
        surf.z <- outer(surf.x,surf.y,surf.fun)  ## requires surf.fun be vectorized
        z.interc <- surf.fun(data.x,data.y)
        zdiff <- diff(range(c(surf.z,data.z)))
      } else {
        z.interc <- rep(min(data.z),length(data.x))
        zdiff <- diff(range(data.z))
      }
      xdiff <- diff(xlim)
      ydiff <- diff(ylim)
      y.adj <- if (asp[1]<=0) 1 else asp[1]*xdiff/ydiff
      data.y <- y.adj*data.y
      y.ticks <- y.adj*y.ticks
      ylim <- ylim*y.adj
      ydiff <- diff(ylim)
      z.adj <- if (asp[2]<=0) 1 else asp[2]*xdiff/zdiff
      data.z <- z.adj*data.z
      if (!missing(surf.fun)) {
        surf.y <- y.adj*surf.y
        surf.z <- z.adj*surf.z
      }
      z.interc <- z.adj*z.interc
      z.ticks <- z.adj*z.ticks
      zlim <- z.adj*zlim
      open3d()
      clear3d("all")
      light3d()
      bg3d(color=c(bg,fg))
      if (!missing(surf.fun))
        surface3d(surf.x,surf.y,surf.z,alpha=alpha.surf,
                    front=type.surf,back=type.surf,
                    col=col.surf,lit=lit)
      if (missing(ptsize)) ptsize <- 0.02*xdiff
      ## draw points
      spheres3d(data.x,data.y,data.z,r=ptsize,lit=lit,color=col.pt)
      ## draw lollipops
      apply(cbind(data.x,data.y,data.z,z.interc),1,
            function(X) {
              lines3d(x=rep(X[1],2),
                      y=rep(X[2],2),
                      z=c(X[3],X[4]),
                      col=ifelse(X[3]>X[4],col.stem[1],
                        col.stem[2]),lwd=lwd.stem)
            })
      if (axes=="box") {
        bbox3d(xat=x.ticks,xlab=x.ticklabs,
                 yat=y.ticks,ylab=y.ticklabs,
                 zat=z.ticks,zlab=z.ticklabs,lit=lit)
      } else if (axes=="lines") { ## set up axis lines
        axis3d(edge="x",at=x.ticks,labels=x.ticklabs,
               col=col.axes,arrow=axis.arrow)
        axis3d(edge="y",at=y.ticks,labels=y.ticklabs,
               col=col.axes,arrow=axis.arrow)
        axis3d(edge="z",at=z.ticks,labels=z.ticklabs,
               col=col.axes,arrow=axis.arrow)
        box3d(col=col.axes)
      }
      decorate3d(xlab=xlab, ylab=ylab, zlab=zlab, box=FALSE, axes=FALSE, col=col.axlabs)
    }

    x <- 1:5
    y <- x*10
    z <- (x+y)/20
    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   36

    spheres3d(x,y,z)
    axes3d()
    set.seed(1001)
    x <- runif(30)
    y <- runif(30,max=2)
    dfun <- function(x,y)  2*x+3*y+2*x*y+3*y^2
    z <- dfun(x,y)+rnorm(30,sd=0.5)
    ## lollipops only
    lollipop3d(x,y,z)

    ## lollipops plus theoretical surface

    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   38

    lollipop3d(x,y,z,dfun,col.pt="red",col.stem=c("red","blue"))

    ## lollipops plus regression fit

    linmodel <- lm(z~x+y)
    dfun <- function(x,y) predict(linmodel,newdata=data.frame(x=x,y=y))
    open3d()

    #> null
    #>   40

    lollipop3d(x,y,z,dfun,col.pt="red",col.stem=c("red","blue"))

    ####