# Peak Matrix Processing for metabolomics datasets

Andris Jankevics1* and Ralf Johannes Maria Weber1**

1Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, UK

*a.jankevics@bham.ac.uk
**r.j.weber@bham.ac.uk

#### 2022-04-26

#### Package

pmp 1.8.0

# 1 Introduction

Metabolomics data (pre-)processing workflows consist of multiple steps including peak picking, quality assessment, missing value imputation, normalisation and scaling. Several software solutions (commercial and open-source) are available for raw data processing, including r-package XCMS, to generate processed outputs in the form of a two dimensional data matrix.

These outputs contain hundreds or thousands of so called “uninformative” or “irreproducible” features. Such features could strongly hinder outputs of subsequent statistical analysis, biomarker discovery or metabolic pathway inference. Common practice is to apply peak matrix validation and filtering procedures as described in Di Guida et al. (2016), Broadhurst et al. (2018) and Schiffman et al. (2019).

Functions within the `pmp` (Peak Matrix Processing) package are designed to help users to prepare data for further statistical data analysis in a fast, easy to use and reproducible manner.

This vignette showcases a range of commonly applied Peak Matrix Processing steps for metabolomics datasets.

# 2 Installation

You should have R version 4.0.0 or above and Rstudio installed to be able to run this notebook.

Execute following commands from the R terminal.

    if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
        install.packages("BiocManager")
    BiocManager::install("pmp")

    library(pmp)
    library(SummarizedExperiment)
    library(S4Vectors)

# 3 Data formats

Recently a review by Stanstrup et al. (2019) reported and discussed a broad range of heterogeneous R tools and packages that are available via `Bioconductor`, `CRAN`, `Github` and similar public repositories.

`pmp` package utilises SummarizedExperiment class from Bioconductor for data input and output.

For example, outputs from widely used xcms package can be converted to a `SummarizedExperiment` object using functions `featureDefinitions`, `featureValues` and `pData` on the `xcms` output object.

Additionally `pmp` also supports any matrix-like `R` data structure (e.g. an ordinary matrix, a data frame) as an input. If the input is a matrix-like structure `pmp` will perform several checks for data integrity. Please see section 10 for more details.

# 4 Example dataset, MTBLS79

In this tutorial we will be using a direct infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) dataset consisting of 172 samples measured across 8 batches and is included in `pmp` package as `SummarizedExperiemnt` class object `MTBLS79`. More detailed description of the dataset is available from Kirwan et al. (2014), MTBLS79 and R man page.

    help ("MTBLS79")

    data(MTBLS79)
    MTBLS79
    #> class: SummarizedExperiment
    #> dim: 2488 172
    #> metadata(0):
    #> assays(1): ''
    #> rownames(2488): 70.03364 70.03375 ... 569.36369 572.36537
    #> rowData names(0):
    #> colnames(172): batch01_QC01 batch01_QC02 ... Batch08_C09 Batch08_QC39
    #> colData names(4): Batch Sample_Rep Class Class2

This dataset before peak matrix filtering contains 172 samples, 2488 features and 18222 missing values across all samples what is roughly around 4.2%.

    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79)))
    #> [1] 18222
    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79))) / length(assay(MTBLS79)) * 100
    #> [1] 4.258113

# 5 Filtering a dataset

Missing values in the dataset can be filtered across samples or features. The command below will remove all samples with more than 10 % missing values.

    MTBLS79_filtered <- filter_samples_by_mv(df=MTBLS79, max_perc_mv=0.1)

    MTBLS79_filtered
    #> class: SummarizedExperiment
    #> dim: 2488 170
    #> metadata(2): original_data_structure processing_history
    #> assays(1): ''
    #> rownames(2488): 70.03364 70.03375 ... 569.36369 572.36537
    #> rowData names(0):
    #> colnames(170): batch01_QC01 batch01_QC02 ... Batch08_C09 Batch08_QC39
    #> colData names(6): Batch Sample_Rep ... filter_samples_by_mv_perc
    #>   filter_samples_by_mv_flags

    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79_filtered)))
    #> [1] 17588

Missing values sample filter has removed two samples from the dataset. Outputs from any `pmp` function can be used as inputs for another `pmp` function. For example we can apply missing value filter across features on the output of the previous call. The function call below will filter features based on the quality control (QC) sample group only.

    MTBLS79_filtered <- filter_peaks_by_fraction(df=MTBLS79_filtered, min_frac=0.9,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, method="QC", qc_label="QC")

    MTBLS79_filtered
    #> class: SummarizedExperiment
    #> dim: 2228 170
    #> metadata(2): original_data_structure processing_history
    #> assays(1): ''
    #> rownames(2228): 70.03364 70.03375 ... 559.15128 569.36369
    #> rowData names(2): fraction_QC fraction_flag_QC
    #> colnames(170): batch01_QC01 batch01_QC02 ... Batch08_C09 Batch08_QC39
    #> colData names(6): Batch Sample_Rep ... filter_samples_by_mv_perc
    #>   filter_samples_by_mv_flags

    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79_filtered)))
    #> [1] 11518

We can add another filter on top of the previous result. For this additional filter we will use the same function call, but this time missing values will be calculated across all samples and not only within the “QC” group.

    MTBLS79_filtered <- filter_peaks_by_fraction(df=MTBLS79_filtered, min_frac=0.9,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, method="across")

    MTBLS79_filtered
    #> class: SummarizedExperiment
    #> dim: 1957 170
    #> metadata(2): original_data_structure processing_history
    #> assays(1): ''
    #> rownames(1957): 70.03364 70.03375 ... 559.15128 569.36369
    #> rowData names(4): fraction_QC fraction_flag_QC fraction fraction_flags
    #> colnames(170): batch01_QC01 batch01_QC02 ... Batch08_C09 Batch08_QC39
    #> colData names(6): Batch Sample_Rep ... filter_samples_by_mv_perc
    #>   filter_samples_by_mv_flags

    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79_filtered)))
    #> [1] 4779

Applying these 3 filters has reduced the number of missing values from 18222 to 4779.

Another common filter approach is to filter features by the coefficient of variation (CV) or RSD% of QC samples. The example shown below will use a 30% threshold.

    MTBLS79_filtered <- filter_peaks_by_rsd(df=MTBLS79_filtered, max_rsd=30,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, qc_label="QC")

    MTBLS79_filtered
    #> class: SummarizedExperiment
    #> dim: 1386 170
    #> metadata(2): original_data_structure processing_history
    #> assays(1): ''
    #> rownames(1386): 70.03375 70.03413 ... 527.18345 559.15128
    #> rowData names(6): fraction_QC fraction_flag_QC ... rsd_QC rsd_flags
    #> colnames(170): batch01_QC01 batch01_QC02 ... Batch08_C09 Batch08_QC39
    #> colData names(6): Batch Sample_Rep ... filter_samples_by_mv_perc
    #>   filter_samples_by_mv_flags

    sum(is.na(assay(MTBLS79_filtered)))
    #> [1] 3040

# 6 Processing history

Every function in `pmp` provides a history of parameter values that have been applied. If a user has saved outputs from an R session, it’s also easy to check what function calls were executed.

    processing_history(MTBLS79_filtered)
    #> $filter_samples_by_mv
    #> $filter_samples_by_mv$max_perc_mv
    #> [1] 0.1
    #>
    #> $filter_samples_by_mv$remove_samples
    #> [1] TRUE
    #>
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_QC
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_QC$min_frac
    #> [1] 0.9
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_QC$method
    #> [1] "QC"
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_QC$qc_label
    #> [1] "QC"
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_QC$remove_peaks
    #> [1] TRUE
    #>
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_across
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_across$min_frac
    #> [1] 0.9
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_across$method
    #> [1] "across"
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_across$qc_label
    #> [1] "QC"
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_fraction_across$remove_peaks
    #> [1] TRUE
    #>
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_rsd
    #> $filter_peaks_by_rsd$max_rsd
    #> [1] 30
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_rsd$qc_label
    #> [1] "QC"
    #>
    #> $filter_peaks_by_rsd$remove_peaks
    #> [1] TRUE

# 7 Data normalisation

Next, we will apply probabilistic quotient normalisation (PQN).

    MTBLS79_pqn_normalised <- pqn_normalisation(df=MTBLS79_filtered,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, qc_label="QC")

# 8 Missing value imputation

A unified function call for several commonly used missing value imputation algorithms is also included in pmp. Supported methods are: k-nearest neighbours (knn), random forests (rf), Bayesian PCA missing value estimator (bpca), mean or median value of the given feature and a constant small value. In the example below we will apply knn imputation.

Within `mv_imputaion` interface user can easily apply different mehtod without worrying about input data type or tranposing dataset.

    MTBLS79_mv_imputed <- mv_imputation(df=MTBLS79_pqn_normalised,
        method="knn")

# 9 Data scaling

The generalised logarithm (glog) transformation algorithm is available to stabilise the variance across low and high intensity mass spectral features.

    MTBLS79_glog <- glog_transformation(df=MTBLS79_mv_imputed,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, qc_label="QC")

`glog_transformation` function uses QC samples to optimse scaling factor `lambda`. Using the function `glog_plot_plot_optimised_lambda` it’s possible to visualise if the optimsation of the given parameter has converged at the minima.

    opt_lambda <-
        processing_history(MTBLS79_glog)$glog_transformation$lambda_opt
    glog_plot_optimised_lambda(df=MTBLS79_mv_imputed,
        optimised_lambda=opt_lambda,
        classes=MTBLS79_filtered$Class, qc_label="QC")

# 10 Data integrity check and endomorphisms

Functions in the `pmp` package are designed to validate input data if the user chooses not to use the SummarizedExperiment class object.

For example, if the input `matrix` consists of features stored in columns and samples in rows or vice versa, any function within the `pmp` package will be able to handle this in the correct manner.

    peak_matrix <- t(assay(MTBLS79))
    sample_classes <- MTBLS79$Class

    class(peak_matrix)
    #> [1] "matrix" "array"
    dim(peak_matrix)
    #> [1]  172 2488
    class(sample_classes)
    #> [1] "character"

Let’s try to use these objects as input for `mv_imputation` and `filter_peaks_by_rsd`.

    mv_imputed <- mv_imputation(df=peak_matrix, method="mn")
    #> Warning in check_peak_matrix(df = df, classes = classes): Peak table was transposed to have features as rows and samples
    #>     in columns.
    #>
    #>     There were no class labels available please check that peak table is
    #>
    #>     still properly rotated.
    #>
    #>     Use 'check_df=FALSE' to keep original peak matrix orientation.
    rsd_filtered <- filter_peaks_by_rsd(df=mv_imputed, max_rsd=30,
        classes=sample_classes, qc_label="QC")

    class (mv_imputed)
    #> [1] "matrix" "array"
    dim (mv_imputed)
    #> [1] 2488  172

    class (rsd_filtered)
    #> [1] "matrix" "array"
    dim (rsd_filtered)
    #> [1] 1630  172

Note that `pmp` has automatically transposed the input object to use the largest dimension as features, while the original R data type `matrix` has been retained also for the function output.

# 11 Session information

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.2.0 RC (2022-04-19 r82224 ucrt)
    #> Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
    #> Running under: Windows Server x64 (build 20348)
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] LC_COLLATE=C
    #> [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8
    #> [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8
    #> [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
    #> [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] stats4    stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    #> [8] base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #>  [1] SummarizedExperiment_1.26.0 Biobase_2.56.0
    #>  [3] GenomicRanges_1.48.0        GenomeInfoDb_1.32.0
    #>  [5] IRanges_2.30.0              S4Vectors_0.34.0
    #>  [7] BiocGenerics_0.42.0         MatrixGenerics_1.8.0
    #>  [9] matrixStats_0.62.0          pmp_1.8.0
    #> [11] BiocStyle_2.24.0
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] Rcpp_1.0.8.3           lattice_0.20-45        assertthat_0.2.1
    #>  [4] digest_0.6.29          foreach_1.5.2          utf8_1.2.2
    #>  [7] plyr_1.8.7             R6_2.5.1               evaluate_0.15
    #> [10] highr_0.9              ggplot2_3.3.5          pillar_1.7.0
    #> [13] itertools_0.1-3        zlibbioc_1.42.0        rlang_1.0.2
    #> [16] jquerylib_0.1.4        magick_2.7.3           Matrix_1.4-1
    #> [19] missForest_1.5         rmarkdown_2.14         labeling_0.4.2
    #> [22] stringr_1.4.0          RCurl_1.98-1.6         munsell_0.5.0
    #> [25] DelayedArray_0.22.0    compiler_4.2.0         xfun_0.30
    #> [28] pkgconfig_2.0.3        pcaMethods_1.88.0      htmltools_0.5.2
    #> [31] tidyselect_1.1.2       tibble_3.1.6           GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.8
    #> [34] bookdown_0.26          codetools_0.2-18       randomForest_4.7-1
    #> [37] fansi_1.0.3            crayon_1.5.1           dplyr_1.0.8
    #> [40] bitops_1.0-7           grid_4.2.0             jsonlite_1.8.0
    #> [43] gtable_0.3.0           lifecycle_1.0.1        DBI_1.1.2
    #> [46] magrittr_2.0.3         scales_1.2.0           cli_3.3.0
    #> [49] stringi_1.7.6          impute_1.70.0          farver_2.1.0
    #> [52] reshape2_1.4.4         XVector_0.36.0         doRNG_1.8.2
    #> [55] bslib_0.3.1            ellipsis_0.3.2         vctrs_0.4.1
    #> [58] generics_0.1.2         iterators_1.0.14       tools_4.2.0
    #> [61] glue_1.6.2             purrr_0.3.4            rngtools_1.5.2
    #> [64] parallel_4.2.0         fastmap_1.1.0          yaml_2.3.5
    #> [67] colorspace_2.0-3       BiocManager_1.30.17    knitr_1.38
    #> [70] sass_0.4.1

# References

Broadhurst, D., Goodacre, R., Reinke, S.N., et al. (2018) Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies. Metabolomics, 14 (6): 72. doi:10.1007/s11306-018-1367-3.

Di Guida, R., Engel, J., Allwood, J.W., et al. (2016) Non-targeted uhplc-ms metabolomic data processing methods: A comparative investigation of normalisation, missing value imputation, transformation and scaling. Metabolomics, 12 (5): 93. doi:10.1007/s11306-016-1030-9.

Kirwan, J.A., Weber, R.J., Broadhurst, D.I., et al. (2014) Direct infusion mass spectrometry metabolomics dataset: A benchmark for data processing and quality control. Scientific data, 1: 140012. doi:10.1038/sdata.2014.12.

Schiffman, C., Petrick, L., Perttula, K., et al. (2019) Filtering procedures for untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data. BMC Bioinformatics, 20 (1): 334. doi:10.1186/s12859-019-2871-9.

Stanstrup, J., Broeckling, C.D., Helmus, R., et al. (2019) The metaRbolomics Toolbox in Bioconductor and beyond. Metabolites, 9 (10). doi:10.3390/metabo9100200.