# R Interface to CoreArray Genomic Data Structure (GDS) Files

#### Dr. Xiuwen Zheng

#### Apr, 2020

# Introduction

The package gdsfmt provides a high-level R interface to CoreArray Genomic Data Structure (GDS) data files, which are portable across platforms and include hierarchical structure to store multiple scalable array-oriented data sets with metadata information. It is suited for large-scale datasets, especially for data which are much larger than the available random-access memory. The package gdsfmt offers the efficient operations specifically designed for integers with less than 8 bits, since a single genetic/genomic variant, like single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), usually occupies fewer bits than a byte. Data compression and decompression are also supported with relatively efficient random access.

# Installation of the package gdsfmt

To install the package gdsfmt, you need a current version (>=2.14.0) of R. After installing R you can run the following commands from the R command shell to install the package gdsfmt.

Install the package from Bioconductor repository:

    if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly=TRUE))
        install.packages("BiocManager")
    BiocManager::install("gdsfmt")

Install the development version from Github (for developers/testers only):

    library("devtools")
    install_github("zhengxwen/gdsfmt")

The `install_github()` approach requires that you build from source, i.e. `make` and compilers must be installed on your system – see the R FAQ for your operating system; you may also need to install dependencies manually.

# High-level R functions

## Creating a GDS file and variable hierarchy

An empty GDS file can be created by `createfn.gds()`:

    library(gdsfmt)
    gfile <- createfn.gds("test.gds")

Now, a file handle associated with “test.gds” is saved in the R variable gfile.

The GDS file can contain a hierarchical structure to store multiple GDS variables (or GDS nodes) in the file, and various data types are allowed (see the document of `add.gdsn()`) including integer, floating-point number and character.

    add.gdsn(gfile, "int", val=1:10000)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "double", val=seq(1, 1000, 0.4))
    add.gdsn(gfile, "character", val=c("int", "double", "logical", "factor"))
    add.gdsn(gfile, "logical", val=rep(c(TRUE, FALSE, NA), 50), visible=FALSE)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "factor", val=as.factor(c(NA, "AA", "CC")), visible=FALSE)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "bit2", val=sample(0:3, 1000, replace=TRUE), storage="bit2")

    # list and data.frame
    add.gdsn(gfile, "list", val=list(X=1:10, Y=seq(1, 10, 0.25)))
    add.gdsn(gfile, "data.frame", val=data.frame(X=1:19, Y=seq(1, 10, 0.5)))

    folder <- addfolder.gdsn(gfile, "folder")
    add.gdsn(folder, "int", val=1:1000)
    add.gdsn(folder, "double", val=seq(1, 100, 0.4), visible=FALSE)

Users can display the file content by typing `gfile` or `print(gfile)`:

    gfile

    ## File: F:\biocbuild\bbs-3.15-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpWMKoOF\Rbuild3c6475896e\gdsfmt\vignettes\test.gds (1.1K)
    ## +    [  ]
    ## |--+ int   { Int32 10000, 39.1K }
    ## |--+ double   { Float64 2498, 19.5K }
    ## |--+ character   { Str8 4, 26B }
    ## |--+ bit2   { Bit2 1000, 250B }
    ## |--+ list   [ list ] *
    ## |  |--+ X   { Int32 10, 40B }
    ## |  \--+ Y   { Float64 37, 296B }
    ## |--+ data.frame   [ data.frame ] *
    ## |  |--+ X   { Int32 19, 76B }
    ## |  \--+ Y   { Float64 19, 152B }
    ## \--+ folder   [  ]
    ##    \--+ int   { Int32 1000, 3.9K }

`print(gfile, ...)` has an argument all to control the display of file content. By default, all=FALSE; if all=TRUE, to show all contents in the file including hidden variables or folders. The GDS variables logical, factor and folder/double are hidden.

    print(gfile, all=TRUE)

    ## File: F:\biocbuild\bbs-3.15-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpWMKoOF\Rbuild3c6475896e\gdsfmt\vignettes\test.gds (64.6K)
    ## +    [  ]
    ## |--+ int   { Int32 10000, 39.1K }
    ## |--+ double   { Float64 2498, 19.5K }
    ## |--+ character   { Str8 4, 26B }
    ## |--+ logical   { Int32,logical 150, 600B } *
    ## |--+ factor   { Int32,factor 3, 12B } *
    ## |--+ bit2   { Bit2 1000, 250B }
    ## |--+ list   [ list ] *
    ## |  |--+ X   { Int32 10, 40B }
    ## |  \--+ Y   { Float64 37, 296B }
    ## |--+ data.frame   [ data.frame ] *
    ## |  |--+ X   { Int32 19, 76B }
    ## |  \--+ Y   { Float64 19, 152B }
    ## \--+ folder   [  ]
    ##    |--+ int   { Int32 1000, 3.9K }
    ##    \--+ double   { Float64 248, 1.9K } *

The asterisk indicates attributes attached to a GDS variable. The attributes can be used in the R environment to interpret the variable as logical, factor, data.frame or list.

`index.gdsn()` can locate the GDS variable by a path:

    index.gdsn(gfile, "int")

    ## + int   { Int32 10000, 39.1K }

    index.gdsn(gfile, "list/Y")

    ## + list/Y   { Float64 37, 296B }

    index.gdsn(gfile, "folder/int")

    ## + folder/int   { Int32 1000, 3.9K }

    # close the GDS file
    closefn.gds(gfile)

## Writing Data

Array-oriented data sets can be written to the GDS file. There are three possible ways to write data to a GDS variable.

    gfile <- createfn.gds("test.gds")

### R function add.gdsn

Users could pass an R variable to the function `add.gdsn()` directly. `show()` provides the preview of GDS variable.

    n <- add.gdsn(gfile, "I1", val=matrix(1:15, nrow=3))
    show(n)

    ## + I1   { Int32 3x5, 60B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  1  4  7 10 13
    ##  2  5  8 11 14
    ##  3  6  9 12 15

### R function write.gdsn

Users can specify the arguments start and count to write a subset of data. -1 in count means the size of that dimension, and the corresponding element in start should be 1. The values in start and cound should be in the dimension range.

    write.gdsn(n, rep(0,5), start=c(2,1), count=c(1,-1))
    show(n)

    ## + I1   { Int32 3x5, 60B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  1  4  7 10 13
    ##  0  0  0  0  0
    ##  3  6  9 12 15

### R function append.gdsn

Users can append new data to an existing GDS variable.

    append.gdsn(n, 16:24)
    show(n)

    ## + I1   { Int32 3x8, 96B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  1  4  7 10 13 16 19 22
    ##  0  0  0  0  0 17 20 23
    ##  3  6  9 12 15 18 21 24

### R function assign.gdsn

Users could call `assign.gdsn()` to replace specific values, subset or reorder the data variable.

    # initialize
    n <- add.gdsn(gfile, "mat", matrix(1:48, 6))
    show(n)

    ## + mat   { Int32 6x8, 192B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  1  7 13 19 25 31 37 43
    ##  2  8 14 20 26 32 38 44
    ##  3  9 15 21 27 33 39 45
    ##  4 10 16 22 28 34 40 46
    ##  5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47
    ##  6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

    # substitute
    assign.gdsn(n, .value=c(9:14,35:40), .substitute=NA)
    show(n)

    ## + mat   { Int32 6x8, 192B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  1  7 NA 19 25 31 NA 43
    ##  2  8 NA 20 26 32 NA 44
    ##  3 NA 15 21 27 33 NA 45
    ##  4 NA 16 22 28 34 NA 46
    ##  5 NA 17 23 29 NA 41 47
    ##  6 NA 18 24 30 NA 42 48

    # subset
    assign.gdsn(n, seldim=list(rep(c(TRUE, FALSE),3), rep(c(FALSE, TRUE),4)))
    show(n)

    ## + mat   { Int32 3x4, 48B }
    ## Preview:
    ##  7 19 31 43
    ## NA 21 33 45
    ## NA 23 NA 47

    # initialize and subset
    n <- add.gdsn(gfile, "mat", matrix(1:48, 6), replace=TRUE)
    assign.gdsn(n, seldim=list(c(4,2,6,NA), c(5,6,NA,2,8,NA,4)))

    ## Warning: 'memory.size()' is no longer supported

    show(n)

    ## + mat   { Int32 4x7, 112B }
    ## Preview:
    ## 28 34 NA 10 46 NA 22
    ## 26 32 NA  8 44 NA 20
    ## 30 36 NA 12 48 NA 24
    ## NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

    # initialize and sort into descending order
    n <- add.gdsn(gfile, "mat", matrix(1:48, 6), replace=TRUE)
    assign.gdsn(n, seldim=list(6:1, 8:1))

    ## Warning: 'memory.size()' is no longer supported

    show(n)

    ## + mat   { Int32 6x8, 192B }
    ## Preview:
    ## 48 42 36 30 24 18 12  6
    ## 47 41 35 29 23 17 11  5
    ## 46 40 34 28 22 16 10  4
    ## 45 39 33 27 21 15  9  3
    ## 44 38 32 26 20 14  8  2
    ## 43 37 31 25 19 13  7  1

### Create a large-scale data set

1) When the size of dataset is larger than the system memory, users can not add a GDS variable via `add.gdsn()` directly. If the dimension is pre-defined, users can specify the dimension size in `add.gdsn()` to allocate data space. Then call `write.gdsn()` to write a small subset of data space.

    (n2 <- add.gdsn(gfile, "I2", storage="int", valdim=c(100, 2000)))

    ## + I2   { Int32 100x2000, 781.2K }

    for (i in 1:2000)
    {
        write.gdsn(n2, seq.int(100*(i-1)+1, length.out=100),
            start=c(1,i), count=c(-1,1))
    }

    show(n2)

    ## + I2   { Int32 100x2000, 781.2K }
    ## Preview:
    ##      1    101    201    301    401    501 .. 199401 199501 199601 199701 199801 199901
    ##      2    102    202    302    402    502 .. 199402 199502 199602 199702 199802 199902
    ##      3    103    203    303    403    503 .. 199403 199503 199603 199703 199803 199903
    ##      4    104    204    304    404    504 .. 199404 199504 199604 199704 199804 199904
    ##      5    105    205    305    405    505 .. 199405 199505 199605 199705 199805 199905
    ##      6    106    206    306    406    506 .. 199406 199506 199606 199706 199806 199906
    ## ......
    ##     95    195    295    395    495    595 .. 199495 199595 199695 199795 199895 199995
    ##     96    196    296    396    496    596 .. 199496 199596 199696 199796 199896 199996
    ##     97    197    297    397    497    597 .. 199497 199597 199697 199797 199897 199997
    ##     98    198    298    398    498    598 .. 199498 199598 199698 199798 199898 199998
    ##     99    199    299    399    499    599 .. 199499 199599 199699 199799 199899 199999
    ##    100    200    300    400    500    600 .. 199500 199600 199700 199800 199900 200000

2) Call `append.gdsn()` to append new data when the initial size is ZERO. If a compression algorithm is specified in `add.gdsn()` (e.g., compress=“ZIP”), users should call `append.gdsn()` instead of `write.gdsn()`, since data has to be compressed sequentially.

    (n3 <- add.gdsn(gfile, "I3", storage="int", valdim=c(100, 0), compress="ZIP"))

    ## + I3   { Int32 100x0 ZIP, 0B }

    for (i in 1:2000)
    {
        append.gdsn(n3, seq.int(100*(i-1)+1, length.out=100))
    }

    readmode.gdsn(n3)  # finish writing with the compression algorithm

    ## + I3   { Int32 100x2000 ZIP(34.6%), 270.2K }

    show(n3)

    ## + I3   { Int32 100x2000 ZIP(34.6%), 270.2K }
    ## Preview:
    ##      1    101    201    301    401    501 .. 199401 199501 199601 199701 199801 199901
    ##      2    102    202    302    402    502 .. 199402 199502 199602 199702 199802 199902
    ##      3    103    203    303    403    503 .. 199403 199503 199603 199703 199803 199903
    ##      4    104    204    304    404    504 .. 199404 199504 199604 199704 199804 199904
    ##      5    105    205    305    405    505 .. 199405 199505 199605 199705 199805 199905
    ##      6    106    206    306    406    506 .. 199406 199506 199606 199706 199806 199906
    ## ......
    ##     95    195    295    395    495    595 .. 199495 199595 199695 199795 199895 199995
    ##     96    196    296    396    496    596 .. 199496 199596 199696 199796 199896 199996
    ##     97    197    297    397    497    597 .. 199497 199597 199697 199797 199897 199997
    ##     98    198    298    398    498    598 .. 199498 199598 199698 199798 199898 199998
    ##     99    199    299    399    499    599 .. 199499 199599 199699 199799 199899 199999
    ##    100    200    300    400    500    600 .. 199500 199600 199700 199800 199900 200000

    # close the GDS file
    closefn.gds(gfile)

## Reading Data

    gfile <- createfn.gds("test.gds")
    add.gdsn(gfile, "I1", val=matrix(1:20, nrow=4))
    add.gdsn(gfile, "I2", val=1:100)
    closefn.gds(gfile)

`read.gdsn()` can load all data to an R variable in memory.

    gfile <- openfn.gds("test.gds")
    n <- index.gdsn(gfile, "I1")

    read.gdsn(n)

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
    ## [1,]    1    5    9   13   17
    ## [2,]    2    6   10   14   18
    ## [3,]    3    7   11   15   19
    ## [4,]    4    8   12   16   20

### Subset reading read.gdsn and readex.gdsn

A subset of data can be specified via the arguments start and count in the R function `read.gdsn`. Or specify a list of logical vectors in `readex.gdsn()`.

    # read a subset
    read.gdsn(n, start=c(2, 2), count=c(2, 3))

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
    ## [1,]    6   10   14
    ## [2,]    7   11   15

    read.gdsn(n, start=c(2, 2), count=c(2, 3), .value=c(6,15), .substitute=NA)

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
    ## [1,]   NA   10   14
    ## [2,]    7   11   NA

    # read a subset
    readex.gdsn(n, list(c(FALSE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE), c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)))

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
    ## [1,]    2   10   18
    ## [2,]    3   11   19

    readex.gdsn(n, list(c(1,4,3,NA), c(2,NA,3,1,3,1)))

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
    ## [1,]    5   NA    9    1    9    1
    ## [2,]    8   NA   12    4   12    4
    ## [3,]    7   NA   11    3   11    3
    ## [4,]   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA

    readex.gdsn(n, list(c(1,4,3,NA), c(2,NA,3,1,3,1)), .value=NA, .substitute=-1)

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
    ## [1,]    5   -1    9    1    9    1
    ## [2,]    8   -1   12    4   12    4
    ## [3,]    7   -1   11    3   11    3
    ## [4,]   -1   -1   -1   -1   -1   -1

### Apply a user-defined function marginally

A user-defined function can be applied marginally to a GDS variable via `apply.gdsn()`. margin=1 indicates applying the function row by row, and margin=2 for applying the function column by column.

    apply.gdsn(n, margin=1, FUN=print, as.is="none")

    ## [1]  1  5  9 13 17
    ## [1]  2  6 10 14 18
    ## [1]  3  7 11 15 19
    ## [1]  4  8 12 16 20

    apply.gdsn(n, margin=2, FUN=print, as.is="none")

    ## [1] 1 2 3 4
    ## [1] 5 6 7 8
    ## [1]  9 10 11 12
    ## [1] 13 14 15 16
    ## [1] 17 18 19 20

    # close the GDS file
    closefn.gds(gfile)

# Examples

To create a simple GDS file,

    gfile <- createfn.gds("test.gds")
    n1 <- add.gdsn(gfile, "I1", val=1:100)
    n2 <- add.gdsn(gfile, "I2", val=matrix(1:20, nrow=4))

    gfile

    ## File: F:\biocbuild\bbs-3.15-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpWMKoOF\Rbuild3c6475896e\gdsfmt\vignettes\test.gds (224B)
    ## +    [  ]
    ## |--+ I1   { Int32 100, 400B }
    ## \--+ I2   { Int32 4x5, 80B }

## Output to a text file

`apply.gdsn()` can be used to export a GDS variable to a text file. If the GDS variable is a vector,

    fout <- file("text.txt", "wt")
    apply.gdsn(n1, 1, FUN=cat, as.is="none", file=fout, fill=TRUE)
    close(fout)

    scan("text.txt")

    ##   [1]   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18
    ##  [19]  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34  35  36
    ##  [37]  37  38  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54
    ##  [55]  55  56  57  58  59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68  69  70  71  72
    ##  [73]  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89  90
    ##  [91]  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100

The arguments file and fill are defined in the function `cat()`.

If the GDS variable is a matrix:

    fout <- file("text.txt", "wt")
    apply.gdsn(n2, 1, FUN=cat, as.is="none", file=fout, fill=4194304)
    close(fout)

    readLines("text.txt")

    ## [1] "1 5 9 13 17"  "2 6 10 14 18" "3 7 11 15 19" "4 8 12 16 20"

The number 4194304 is the maximum number of columns on a line used in printing vectors.

## Transpose a matrix

`permdim.gdsn()` can be used to transpose an array by permuting its dimensions. Or `apply.gdsn()` allows that the data returned from the user-defined function FUN is directly written to a target GDS node target.node, when as.is=“gdsnode” and target.node are both given. Little c in R is a generic function which combines its arguments, and it passes all data to the target GDS node in the following code:

    n.t <- add.gdsn(gfile, "transpose", storage="int", valdim=c(5,0))

    # apply the function over rows of matrix
    apply.gdsn(n2, margin=1, FUN=c, as.is="gdsnode", target.node=n.t)

    # matrix transpose
    read.gdsn(n.t)

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
    ## [1,]    1    2    3    4
    ## [2,]    5    6    7    8
    ## [3,]    9   10   11   12
    ## [4,]   13   14   15   16
    ## [5,]   17   18   19   20

    # close the GDS file
    closefn.gds(gfile)

## Floating-point number vs. packed real number

In computing, floating point is a method of representing an approximation of a real number in a way that can support a trade-off between range and precision, which can be represented exactly is of the following form “significand \(\times\) 2exponent”. A packed real number in GDS format is defined as “int \(\times\) scale \(+\) offset”, where int can be a 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit signed interger. In some cases, the strategy of packed real numbers can significantly improve the compression ratio for real numbers.

    set.seed(1000)
    val <- sample(seq(0,1,0.001), 50000, replace=TRUE)
    head(val)

    ## [1] 0.579 0.298 0.213 0.050 0.343 0.284

    gfile <- createfn.gds("test.gds")

    add.gdsn(gfile, "N1", val=val)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "N2", val=val, compress="ZIP", closezip=TRUE)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "N3", val=val, storage="float")
    add.gdsn(gfile, "N4", val=val, storage="float", compress="ZIP", closezip=TRUE)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "N5", val=val, storage="packedreal16", scale=0.001, offset=0)
    add.gdsn(gfile, "N6", val=val, storage="packedreal16", scale=0.001, offset=0, compress="ZIP", closezip=TRUE)

    gfile

    ## File: F:\biocbuild\bbs-3.15-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpWMKoOF\Rbuild3c6475896e\gdsfmt\vignettes\test.gds (775.1K)
    ## +    [  ]
    ## |--+ N1   { Float64 50000, 390.6K }
    ## |--+ N2   { Float64 50000 ZIP(24.8%), 96.7K }
    ## |--+ N3   { Float32 50000, 195.3K }
    ## |--+ N4   { Float32 50000 ZIP(46.8%), 91.4K }
    ## |--+ N5   { PackedReal16 50000, 97.7K }
    ## \--+ N6   { PackedReal16 50000 ZIP(76.1%), 74.3K }

Variable | Type | Compression Method | Size | Ratio | Machine epsilon1
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
N1 | 64-bit floating-point number | — | 400.0 KB | 100.0% | 0
N2 | 64-bit floating-point number | zlib | 99.0 KB | 24.8% | 0
N3 | 32-bit floating-point number | — | 200.0 KB | 50.0% | 9.94e-09
N4 | 32-bit floating-point number | zlib | 93.5 KB | 23.4% | 9.94e-09
N5 | 16-bit packed real number | — | 100.0 KB | 25.0% | 0
N6 | 16-bit packed real number | zlib | 76.1 KB | 19.0% | 0

1: the relative error due to rounding in floating point arithmetic.

    # close the GDS file
    closefn.gds(gfile)

## Limited random-access of compressed data

- 10,000,000 random 0,1 sequence of 32-bit integers
  - in each 32 bits, one bit stores random 0,1 and others are ZERO
  - lower bound of compression percentage is 1/32 = 3.125%
- Testing:
  - of 10,000 random positions, read a 32-bit integer
  - compression ratio is maximized for each method
  - compression method: none, ZIP, ZIP_ra, LZ4, LZ4_ra, LZMA, LZMA_ra
  - ZIP_ra, LZ4_ra and LZMA_ra: data stored in the file are composed of multiple independent compressed blocks

    set.seed(100)
    # 10,000,000 random 0,1 sequence of 32-bit integers
    val <- sample.int(2, 10*1000*1000, replace=TRUE) - 1L
    table(val)

    ## val
    ##       0       1
    ## 4999138 5000862

    # cteate a GDS file
    f <- createfn.gds("test.gds")

    # compression algorithms (LZMA_ra:32K is the lower bound of LZMA_ra)
    compression <- c("", "ZIP.max", "ZIP_ra.max:16K", "LZ4.max", "LZ4_ra.max:16K", "LZMA", "LZMA_ra:32K")

    # save
    for (i in 1:length(compression))
        print(add.gdsn(f, paste0("I", i), val=val, compress=compression[i], closezip=TRUE))

    # close the file
    closefn.gds(f)

    cleanup.gds("test.gds")

- System configuration:
  - MacBook Pro, Retina, 13-inch, Late 2013, 2.8 GHz Intel Core i7, 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
  - R 3.2.4

    # open the GDS file
    f <- openfn.gds("test.gds")

    # 10,000 random positions
    set.seed(1000)
    idx <- sample.int(length(val), 10000)

    # enumerate each compression method
    dat <- vector("list", length(compression))
    for (i in seq_len(length(compression)))
    {
        cat("Compression:", compression[i], "\n")
        n <- index.gdsn(f, paste0("I", i))
        print(system.time({
            dat[[i]] <- sapply(idx, FUN=function(k) read.gdsn(n, start=k, count=1L))
        }))
    }

    # check
    for (i in seq_len(length(compression)))
        stopifnot(identical(dat[[i]], dat[[1L]]))

    # close the file
    closefn.gds(f)

Compression Method | Raw | ZIP | ZIP_ra | LZ4 | LZ4_ra | LZMA | LZMA_ra
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Data Size (MB) | 38.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.4
Compression Percent | 100% | 5.08% | 5.42% | 7.39% | 7.60% | 3.65% | 3.78%
Reading Time (second) | 0.21 | 202.64 | 2.97 | 84.43 | 0.84 | 462.1 | 29.7

## Sparse Matrix

Sparse array is supported in gdsfmt since v1.24.0. Only non-zero values and indicies are stored in a GDS file, and reading a gds node of sparse matrix returns a `dgCMatrix` object defined in the package Matrix.

    # create a GDS file
    f <- createfn.gds("test.gds")
    set.seed(1000)
    m <- matrix(sample(c(0:2), 56, replace=T), nrow=4)
    (n <- add.gdsn(f, "sparse", m, storage="sp.int"))

    ## + sparse   { SparseInt32 4x14, 266B }

    # get a dgCMatrix sparse matrix (.sparse=TRUE by default)
    read.gdsn(n)

    ## 4 x 14 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
    ##
    ## [1,] 2 2 1 . 2 2 . 1 2 1 . 1 . 2
    ## [2,] 1 . . . 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 . 1 1
    ## [3,] 2 1 1 1 . . 2 2 2 2 . . 2 1
    ## [4,] . 1 . 1 1 1 . 2 . 2 1 2 2 2

    # get a dense matrix
    read.gdsn(n, .sparse=FALSE)

    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
    ## [1,]    2    2    1    0    2    2    0    1    2     1     0     1     0     2
    ## [2,]    1    0    0    0    1    1    1    2    1     1     1     0     1     1
    ## [3,]    2    1    1    1    0    0    2    2    2     2     0     0     2     1
    ## [4,]    0    1    0    1    1    1    0    2    0     2     1     2     2     2

    closefn.gds(f)

## Checksum for Data Integrity

Users can create hash function digests (e.g., md5, sha1, sha256, sha384, sha512) to verify data integrity, and md5 is the default digest algorithm. For example,

    # create a GDS file
    f <- createfn.gds("test.gds")
    n <- add.gdsn(f, "raw", rnorm(1115), compress="ZIP", closezip=TRUE)
    digest.gdsn(n, action="add")

    ##                                md5
    ## "73ff4a35fd00dac70998570ed654a834"

    print(f, attribute=TRUE)

    ## File: F:\biocbuild\bbs-3.15-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpWMKoOF\Rbuild3c6475896e\gdsfmt\vignettes\test.gds (8.6K)
    ## +    [  ]
    ## \--+ raw   { Float64 1115 ZIP.def(96.1%), 8.4K } *< md5: 73ff4a35fd00dac70998570ed654a834

    closefn.gds(f)

Reopen the file and verify data integrity:

    f <- openfn.gds("test.gds")
    n <- index.gdsn(f, "raw")

    get.attr.gdsn(n)$md5

    ## [1] "73ff4a35fd00dac70998570ed654a834"

    digest.gdsn(n, action="verify")  # NA indicates "not applicable"

    ##      md5     sha1   sha256   sha384   sha512    md5_r   sha1_r sha256_r
    ##     TRUE       NA       NA       NA       NA       NA       NA       NA
    ## sha384_r sha512_r
    ##       NA       NA

    closefn.gds(f)

# Stylish Terminal Output in R

If the R package crayon is installed in the R environment, `print()` can display the context of GDS file with different colours. For example, on MacOS,

Users can disable crayon terminal output by `options(gds.crayon=FALSE)`,

    File: 1KG_autosome_phase3_shapeit2_mvncall_integrated_v5_20130502_genotypes.gds (3.4G)
    +    [  ] *
    |--+ sample.id   { VStr8 2504 ZIP_ra(27.15%), 5.4K }
    |--+ snp.id   { Int32 81271745 ZIP_ra(34.58%), 112.4M }
    |--+ snp.rs.id   { VStr8 81271745 ZIP_ra(38.67%), 193.1M }
    |--+ snp.position   { Int32 81271745 ZIP_ra(39.73%), 129.1M }
    |--+ snp.chromosome   { VStr8 81271745 ZIP_ra(0.10%), 190.2K }
    |--+ snp.allele   { VStr8 81271745 ZIP_ra(17.05%), 57.3M }
    |--+ genotype   { Bit2 2504x81271745 ZIP_ra(5.66%), 2.9G } *
    \--+ snp.annot   [  ]
       |--+ qual   { Float32 81271745 ZIP_ra(0.10%), 316.1K }
       \--+ filter   { VStr8 81271745 ZIP_ra(0.15%), 592.0K }

# Session Information

    sessionInfo()

    ## R version 4.2.0 RC (2022-04-19 r82224 ucrt)
    ## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
    ## Running under: Windows Server x64 (build 20348)
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] LC_COLLATE=C
    ## [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8
    ## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8
    ## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
    ## [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ## [1] Matrix_1.4-1  gdsfmt_1.32.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##  [1] lattice_0.20-45 crayon_1.5.1    digest_0.6.29   grid_4.2.0
    ##  [5] R6_2.5.1        jsonlite_1.8.0  magrittr_2.0.3  evaluate_0.15
    ##  [9] stringi_1.7.6   rlang_1.0.2     cli_3.3.0       jquerylib_0.1.4
    ## [13] bslib_0.3.1     rmarkdown_2.14  tools_4.2.0     stringr_1.4.0
    ## [17] xfun_0.30       yaml_2.3.5      fastmap_1.1.0   compiler_4.2.0
    ## [21] htmltools_0.5.2 knitr_1.38      sass_0.4.1