# Building an annotation database for metaseqR2

Panagiotis Moulos

#### 27 October 2020

# 1 Simple, flexible and reusable annotation for metaseqR2 pipeline

When using the first version of metaseqR, one had to either embed the annotation to the gene/exon/3’ UTR counts, or to download and construct on-the-fly the required annotation when starting from BAM files. Although the counting and gene model construction results could (anf still can) be saved and re-used with other analysis parameters changed (e.g. statistical algorithms), one could not easily add for example new data to an existing dataset without re-running the whole pipeline and re-downloading annotation. On top of that, many times, the main Ensembl servers (when using Ensembl annotations) do not respond well to biomaRt calls, so the whole pipeline may stall until the servers are back.

Another main issue with the annotation used by metaseqR was that there was no straightforward way, provided by metaseqR, to archive and version the annotation used by a specific analysis and was up to the user to take care of reproducibility at this level. Furthermore, there was no straightforward way for a user to plugin own annotation elements (e.g. in the form of a GTF file) and use it in the same manner as standard annotations supported by metaseqR, e.g. when analyzing data from not-so-often studied organisms such as insects. Plugging-in own annotation was possible but usually a painful procedure, which has become now very easy.

The annotation database builder for metaseqR2 remedies the above situations. The `buildAnnotationDatabase` function should be run once with the organisms one requires to have locally to work with and then that’s it! Of course you can manage your database by adding and removing specific annotations (and you even can play with an SQLite browser, although not advised, as the database structure is rather simple). Furthermore, you can use the metaseqR2 annotation database and management mechanism for any other type of analysis where you require to have a simple tab-delimited annotation file, acquired with very little effort.

# 2 Supported organisms

The following organisms (essentially genome versions) are supported for automatic database builds:

- Human (Homo sapiens) genome version hg38
- Human (Homo sapiens) genome version hg19
- Human (Homo sapiens) genome version hg18
- Mouse (Mus musculus) genome version mm10
- Mouse (Mus musculus) genome version mm9
- Rat (Rattus norvegicus) genome version rn6
- Rat (Rattus norvegicus) genome version rn5
- Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) genome version dm6
- Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) genome version dm3
- Zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome version danRer7
- Zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome version danRer10
- Zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome version danRer11
- Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) genome version panTro4
- Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) genome version panTro5
- Pig (Sus scrofa) genome version susScr3
- Pig (Sus scrofa) genome version susScr11
- Horse (Equus cabalus) genome version equCab2
- Arabidopsis (Arabidobsis thaliana) genome version TAIR10

# 3 Using the local database

## 3.1 Installation of metaseqR2

To install the metaseqR2 package, start R and enter:

    if(!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
        install.packages("BiocManager")
    BiocManager::install("metaseqR2")

## 3.2 Setup the database

By default, the database file will be written in the `system.file(package="metaseqR2")` directory. You can specify another prefered destination for it using the `db` argument in the function call, but if you do that, you will have to supply the `localDb` argument pointing to the SQLite database file you created to every metaseqr2 call you perform, otherwise, the pipeline will download and use annotations on-the-fly.

In this vignette, we will build a minimal database comprising only the mouse mm9 genome version from Ensembl. The database will be build in a temporary directory inside session `tempdir()`.

Important note: As the annotation build function makes use of Kent utilities for creating 3’UTR annotations from RefSeq and UCSC, the latter cannot be built in Windows. Therefore it is advised to either build the annotation database in a Linux system or use our pre-built databases.

    library(metaseqR2)

    buildDir <- file.path(tempdir(),"test_anndb")
    dir.create(buildDir)

    # The location of the custom database
    myDb <- file.path(buildDir,"testann.sqlite")

    # Since we are using Ensembl, we can also ask for a version
    organisms <- list(mm9=67)
    sources <- ifelse(.Platform$OS.type=="unix",c("ensembl","refseq"),"ensembl")

    # If the example is not running in a multicore system, rc is ignored
    buildAnnotationDatabase(organisms,sources,forceDownload=FALSE,db=myDb,rc=0.5)

    ## Opening metaseqR2 SQLite database C:\Users\biocbuild\bbs-3.12-bioc\tmpdir\RtmpakicZU/test_anndb/testann.sqlite

    ## Retrieving genome information for mm9 from ensembl

    ## Retrieving gene annotation for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Using Ensembl host https://may2012.archive.ensembl.org

    ## Retrieving transcript annotation for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Using Ensembl host https://may2012.archive.ensembl.org

    ## Merging transcripts for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Retrieving 3' UTR annotation for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Using Ensembl host https://may2012.archive.ensembl.org

    ## Merging gene 3' UTRs for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Merging transcript 3' UTRs for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Retrieving exon annotation for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Using Ensembl host https://may2012.archive.ensembl.org

    ## Retrieving extended exon annotation for mm9 from ensembl version 67

    ## Using Ensembl host https://may2012.archive.ensembl.org

    ## Merging exons for mm9 from ensembl version 67
    ## Merging exons for mm9 from ensembl version 67

## 3.3 Use the database

Now, that a small database is in place, let’s retrieve some data. Remember that since the built database is not in the default location, we need to pass the database file in each data retrieval function. The annotation is retrieved as a `GRanges` object by default.

    # Load standard annotation based on gene body coordinates
    genes <- loadAnnotation(genome="mm9",refdb="ensembl",level="gene",type="gene",
        db=myDb)
    genes

    ## GRanges object with 37583 ranges and 4 metadata columns:
    ##                      seqnames          ranges strand |            gene_id
    ##                         <Rle>       <IRanges>  <Rle> |        <character>
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090025     chr1 3044314-3044814      + | ENSMUSG00000090025
    ##   ENSMUSG00000064842     chr1 3092097-3092206      + | ENSMUSG00000064842
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951     chr1 3195982-3661579      - | ENSMUSG00000051951
    ##   ENSMUSG00000089699     chr1 3456668-3503634      + | ENSMUSG00000089699
    ##   ENSMUSG00000088390     chr1 3668961-3669024      - | ENSMUSG00000088390
    ##                  ...      ...             ...    ... .                ...
    ##   ENSMUSG00000052831     chrY 2086590-2097768      + | ENSMUSG00000052831
    ##   ENSMUSG00000069031     chrY 2118049-2129045      + | ENSMUSG00000069031
    ##   ENSMUSG00000071960     chrY 2156899-2168120      + | ENSMUSG00000071960
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987     chrY 2390390-2398856      + | ENSMUSG00000091987
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090600     chrY 2550262-2552957      + | ENSMUSG00000090600
    ##                      gc_content   gene_name        biotype
    ##                       <numeric> <character>    <character>
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090025      48.30     Gm16088     pseudogene
    ##   ENSMUSG00000064842      36.36          U6          snRNA
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951      38.51        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000089699      39.27      Gm1992      antisense
    ##   ENSMUSG00000088390      34.38          U7          snRNA
    ##                  ...        ...         ...            ...
    ##   ENSMUSG00000052831      36.60     Rbmy1a1 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000069031      37.06     Gm10256 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000071960      37.12     Gm10352 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987      34.84      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090600      44.40      Gm3395 protein_coding
    ##   -------
    ##   seqinfo: 21 sequences from mm9 genome

    # Load standard annotation based on 3' UTR coordinates
    utrs <- loadAnnotation(genome="mm9",refdb="ensembl",level="gene",type="utr",
        db=myDb)
    utrs

    ## GRanges object with 161406 ranges and 4 metadata columns:
    ##                      seqnames          ranges strand |      transcript_id
    ##                         <Rle>       <IRanges>  <Rle> |        <character>
    ##   ENSMUST00000160944     chr1 3044815-3045092      + | ENSMUST00000160944
    ##   ENSMUST00000082908     chr1 3092207-3092484      + | ENSMUST00000082908
    ##   ENSMUST00000162897     chr1 3195704-3195981      - | ENSMUST00000162897
    ##   ENSMUST00000159265     chr1 3196326-3196603      - | ENSMUST00000159265
    ##   ENSMUST00000070533     chr1 3204285-3204562      - | ENSMUST00000070533
    ##                  ...      ...             ...    ... .                ...
    ##   ENSMUST00000078383     chrY 2167760-2168120      + | ENSMUST00000078383
    ##   ENSMUST00000078383     chrY 2168121-2168398      + | ENSMUST00000078383
    ##   ENSMUST00000166474     chrY 2398496-2398856      + | ENSMUST00000166474
    ##   ENSMUST00000166474     chrY 2398857-2399134      + | ENSMUST00000166474
    ##   ENSMUST00000172100     chrY 2552084-2552957      + | ENSMUST00000172100
    ##                                 gene_id   gene_name        biotype
    ##                             <character> <character>    <character>
    ##   ENSMUST00000160944 ENSMUSG00000090025     Gm16088     pseudogene
    ##   ENSMUST00000082908 ENSMUSG00000064842          U6          snRNA
    ##   ENSMUST00000162897 ENSMUSG00000051951        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000159265 ENSMUSG00000051951        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000070533 ENSMUSG00000051951        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##                  ...                ...         ...            ...
    ##   ENSMUST00000078383 ENSMUSG00000071960     Gm10352 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000078383 ENSMUSG00000071960     Gm10352 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000166474 ENSMUSG00000091987      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000166474 ENSMUSG00000091987      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUST00000172100 ENSMUSG00000090600      Gm3395 protein_coding
    ##   -------
    ##   seqinfo: 21 sequences from mm9 genome

    # Load summarized exon annotation based used with RNA-Seq analysis
    sumEx <- loadAnnotation(genome="mm9",refdb="ensembl",level="gene",type="exon",
        summarized=TRUE,db=myDb)
    sumEx

    ## GRanges object with 247808 ranges and 4 metadata columns:
    ##                            seqnames          ranges strand |
    ##                               <Rle>       <IRanges>  <Rle> |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090025_MEX_1     chr1 3044314-3044814      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000064842_MEX_1     chr1 3092097-3092206      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_1     chr1 3195982-3197398      - |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_2     chr1 3203520-3207049      - |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_3     chr1 3411783-3411982      - |
    ##                        ...      ...             ...    ... .
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_5     chrY 2394921-2395029      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_6     chrY 2396398-2396478      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_7     chrY 2397909-2397997      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_8     chrY 2398179-2398856      + |
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090600_MEX_1     chrY 2550262-2552957      + |
    ##                                           exon_id            gene_id
    ##                                       <character>        <character>
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090025_MEX_1 ENSMUSG00000090025_M.. ENSMUSG00000090025
    ##   ENSMUSG00000064842_MEX_1 ENSMUSG00000064842_M.. ENSMUSG00000064842
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_1 ENSMUSG00000051951_M.. ENSMUSG00000051951
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_2 ENSMUSG00000051951_M.. ENSMUSG00000051951
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_3 ENSMUSG00000051951_M.. ENSMUSG00000051951
    ##                        ...                    ...                ...
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_5 ENSMUSG00000091987_M.. ENSMUSG00000091987
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_6 ENSMUSG00000091987_M.. ENSMUSG00000091987
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_7 ENSMUSG00000091987_M.. ENSMUSG00000091987
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_8 ENSMUSG00000091987_M.. ENSMUSG00000091987
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090600_MEX_1 ENSMUSG00000090600_M.. ENSMUSG00000090600
    ##                              gene_name        biotype
    ##                            <character>    <character>
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090025_MEX_1     Gm16088     pseudogene
    ##   ENSMUSG00000064842_MEX_1          U6          snRNA
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_1        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_2        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000051951_MEX_3        Xkr4 protein_coding
    ##                        ...         ...            ...
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_5      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_6      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_7      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000091987_MEX_8      Gm3376 protein_coding
    ##   ENSMUSG00000090600_MEX_1      Gm3395 protein_coding
    ##   -------
    ##   seqinfo: 21 sequences from mm9 genome

    # Load standard annotation based on gene body coordinates from RefSeq
    if (.Platform$OS.type=="unix") {
        refGenes <- loadAnnotation(genome="mm9",refdb="refseq",level="gene",
            type="gene",db=myDb)
        refGenes
    }

Or as a data frame if you prefer using `asdf=TRUE`. The data frame however does not contain metadata like `Seqinfo` to be used for any susequent validations:

    # Load standard annotation based on gene body coordinates
    genes <- loadAnnotation(genome="mm9",refdb="ensembl",level="gene",type="gene",
        db=myDb,asdf=TRUE)
    head(genes)

    ##   chromosome   start     end            gene_id gc_content strand gene_name
    ## 1       chr1 3044314 3044814 ENSMUSG00000090025      48.30      +   Gm16088
    ## 2       chr1 3092097 3092206 ENSMUSG00000064842      36.36      +        U6
    ## 3       chr1 3195982 3661579 ENSMUSG00000051951      38.51      -      Xkr4
    ## 4       chr1 3456668 3503634 ENSMUSG00000089699      39.27      +    Gm1992
    ## 5       chr1 3668961 3669024 ENSMUSG00000088390      34.38      -        U7
    ## 6       chr1 3773818 3773879 ENSMUSG00000089420      38.71      -        U7
    ##          biotype
    ## 1     pseudogene
    ## 2          snRNA
    ## 3 protein_coding
    ## 4      antisense
    ## 5          snRNA
    ## 6          snRNA

## 3.4 Add a custom annotation

Apart from the supported organisms and databases, you can add a custom annotation. Such an annotation can be:

- A non-supported organism (e.g. an insect or another mammal e.g. dog)
- A modification or further curation you have done to existing/supported annotations
- A supported organism but from a different source
- Any other case where the provided annotations are not adequate

This can be achieved through the usage of GTF files, along with some simple metadata that you have to provide for proper import to the annotation database. This can be achieved through the usage of the `buildCustomAnnotation` function. Details on required metadata can be found in the function’s help page.

Important note: Please note that importing a custom genome annotation directly from UCSC (UCSC SQL database dumps) is not supported in Windows as the process involves using the `genePredToGtf` which is not available for Windows.

Let’s try a couple of exammples. The first one is a custom annotation for the Ebola virus from UCSC:

    # Setup a temporary directory to download files etc.
    customDir <- file.path(tempdir(),"test_custom")
    dir.create(customDir)

    # Convert from GenePred to GTF - Unix/Linux only!
    if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix" && !grepl("^darwin",R.version$os)) {
        # Download data from UCSC
        goldenPath="http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/"
        # Gene annotation dump
        download.file(paste0(goldenPath,"eboVir3/database/ncbiGene.txt.gz"),
            file.path(customDir,"eboVir3_ncbiGene.txt.gz"))
        # Chromosome information
        download.file(paste0(goldenPath,"eboVir3/database/chromInfo.txt.gz"),
            file.path(customDir,"eboVir3_chromInfo.txt.gz"))

        # Prepare the build
        chromInfo <- read.delim(file.path(customDir,"eboVir3_chromInfo.txt.gz"),
            header=FALSE)
        chromInfo <- chromInfo[,1:2]
        rownames(chromInfo) <- as.character(chromInfo[,1])
        chromInfo <- chromInfo[,2,drop=FALSE]

        # Coversion from genePred to GTF
        genePredToGtf <- file.path(customDir,"genePredToGtf")
        if (!file.exists(genePredToGtf)) {
            download.file(
            "http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/genePredToGtf",
                genePredToGtf
            )
            system(paste("chmod 775",genePredToGtf))
        }
        gtfFile <- file.path(customDir,"eboVir3.gtf")
        tmpName <- file.path(customDir,paste(format(Sys.time(),"%Y%m%d%H%M%S"),
            "tgtf",sep="."))
        command <- paste0(
            "zcat ",file.path(customDir,"eboVir3_ncbiGene.txt.gz"),
            " | ","cut -f2- | ",genePredToGtf," file stdin ",tmpName,
            " -source=eboVir3"," -utr && grep -vP '\t\\.\t\\.\t' ",tmpName," > ",
            gtfFile
        )
        system(command)

        # Build with the metadata list filled (you can also provide a version)
        buildCustomAnnotation(
            gtfFile=gtfFile,
            metadata=list(
                organism="eboVir3_test",
                source="ucsc_test",
                chromInfo=chromInfo
            ),
            db=myDb
        )

        # Try to retrieve some data
        eboGenes <- loadAnnotation(genome="eboVir3_test",refdb="ucsc_test",
            level="gene",type="gene",db=myDb)
        eboGenes
    }

Another example, the Atlantic cod from UCSC. The same things apply for the operating system.

    if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix") {
        # Gene annotation dump
        download.file(paste0(goldenPath,"gadMor1/database/augustusGene.txt.gz"),
            file.path(customDir,"gadMori1_augustusGene.txt.gz"))
        # Chromosome information
        download.file(paste(goldenPath,"gadMor1/database/chromInfo.txt.gz",sep=""),
            file.path(customDir,"gadMori1_chromInfo.txt.gz"))

        # Prepare the build
        chromInfo <- read.delim(file.path(customDir,"gadMori1_chromInfo.txt.gz"),
            header=FALSE)
        chromInfo <- chromInfo[,1:2]
        rownames(chromInfo) <- as.character(chromInfo[,1])
        chromInfo <- chromInfo[,2,drop=FALSE]

        # Coversion from genePred to GTF
        genePredToGtf <- file.path(customDir,"genePredToGtf")
        if (!file.exists(genePredToGtf)) {
            download.file(
            "http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/genePredToGtf",
                genePredToGtf
            )
            system(paste("chmod 775",genePredToGtf))
        }
        gtfFile <- file.path(customDir,"gadMori1.gtf")
        tmpName <- file.path(customDir,paste(format(Sys.time(),"%Y%m%d%H%M%S"),
            "tgtf",sep="."))
        command <- paste0(
            "zcat ",file.path(customDir,"gadMori1_augustusGene.txt.gz"),
            " | ","cut -f2- | ",genePredToGtf," file stdin ",tmpName,
            " -source=gadMori1"," -utr && grep -vP '\t\\.\t\\.\t' ",tmpName," > ",
            gtfFile
        )
        system(command)

        # Build with the metadata list filled (you can also provide a version)
        buildCustomAnnotation(
            gtfFile=gtfFile,
            metadata=list(
                organism="gadMor1_test",
                source="ucsc_test",
                chromInfo=chromInfo
            ),
            db=myDb
        )

        # Try to retrieve some data
        gadGenes <- loadAnnotation(genome="gadMor1_test",refdb="ucsc_test",
            level="gene",type="gene",db=myDb)
        gadGenes
    }

Another example, Armadillo from Ensembl. This should work irrespectively of operating system. We are downloading chromosomal information from UCSC.

    # Gene annotation dump from Ensembl
    download.file(paste0("ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-98/gtf/",
        "dasypus_novemcinctus/Dasypus_novemcinctus.Dasnov3.0.98.gtf.gz"),
        file.path(customDir,"Dasypus_novemcinctus.Dasnov3.0.98.gtf.gz"))

    # Chromosome information will be provided from the following BAM file
    # available from Ensembl. We have noticed that when using Windows as the OS,
    # a remote BAM files cannot be opened by scanBamParam, so for this example,
    # chromosome length information will not be available when running in Windows.
    bamForInfo <- NULL
    if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix")
        bamForInfo <- paste0("ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-98/bamcov/",
            "dasypus_novemcinctus/genebuild/Dasnov3.broad.Ascending_Colon_5.1.bam")

    # Build with the metadata list filled (you can also provide a version)
    buildCustomAnnotation(
        gtfFile=file.path(customDir,"Dasypus_novemcinctus.Dasnov3.0.98.gtf.gz"),
        metadata=list(
            organism="dasNov3_test",
            source="ensembl_test",
            chromInfo=bamForInfo
        ),
        db=myDb
    )

    # Try to retrieve some data
    dasGenes <- loadAnnotation(genome="dasNov3_test",refdb="ensembl_test",
        level="gene",type="gene",db=myDb)
    dasGenes

## 3.5 A complete build

A quite complete build (with latest versions of Ensembl annotations) would look like (supposing the default annotation database location):

    organisms <- list(
        hg18=67,
        hg19=75,
        hg38=97:98,
        mm9=67,
        mm10=97:98,
        rn5=79,
        rn6=97:98,
        dm3=78,
        dm6=97:98,
        danrer7=79,
        danrer10=91,
        danrer11=97:98,
        pantro4=90,
        pantro5=97:98,
        susscr3=89,
        susscr11=97:98,
        equcab2=97:98
    )

    sources <- c("ensembl","ucsc","refseq")

    buildAnnotationDatabase(organisms,sources,forceDownload=FALSE,rc=0.5)

The aforementioned complete built can be found here Complete builts will become available from time to time (e.g. with every new Ensembl relrase) for users who do not wish to create annotation databases on their own. Root access may be required (depending on the metaseqR2 library location) to place it in the default location where it can be found automatically.

# 4 Annotations on-the-fly

If for some reason you do not want to build and use an annotation database for metaseqR2 analyses (not recommended) or you wish to perform an analysis with an organism that does not yet exist in the database, the `loadAnnotation` function will perform all required actions (download and create a `GRanges` object) on-the-fly as long as there is an internet connection.

However, the above function does not handle custom annotations in GTF files. In a scenario where you want to use a custom annotation only once, you should supply the `annotation` argument to the `metaseqr2` function, which is almost the same as the `metadata` argument used in `buildCustomAnnotation`, actually augmented by a list member for the GTF file, that is:

    annotation <- list(
        gtf="PATH_TO_GTF",
        organism="ORGANISM_NAME",
        source="SOURCE_NAME",
        chromInfo="CHROM_INFO"
    )

The above argument can be passed to the metaseqr2 call in the respective position.

For further details about custom annotations on the fly, please check `buildCustomAnnotation` and `importCustomAnnotation` functions.

# 5 Session Info

    sessionInfo()

    ## R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
    ## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
    ## Running under: Windows Server 2012 R2 x64 (build 9600)
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] LC_COLLATE=C
    ## [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252
    ## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
    ## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
    ## [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ##  [1] splines   parallel  stats4    stats     graphics  grDevices utils
    ##  [8] datasets  methods   base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ##  [1] metaseqR2_1.2.0             locfit_1.5-9.4
    ##  [3] limma_3.46.0                DESeq2_1.30.0
    ##  [5] SummarizedExperiment_1.20.0 Biobase_2.50.0
    ##  [7] MatrixGenerics_1.2.0        matrixStats_0.57.0
    ##  [9] GenomicRanges_1.42.0        GenomeInfoDb_1.26.0
    ## [11] IRanges_2.24.0              S4Vectors_0.28.0
    ## [13] BiocGenerics_0.36.0         BiocStyle_2.18.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##   [1] R.utils_2.10.1            tidyselect_1.1.0
    ##   [3] heatmaply_1.1.1           RSQLite_2.2.1
    ##   [5] AnnotationDbi_1.52.0      htmlwidgets_1.5.2
    ##   [7] grid_4.0.3                TSP_1.1-10
    ##   [9] BiocParallel_1.24.0       baySeq_2.24.0
    ##  [11] DESeq_1.42.0              munsell_0.5.0
    ##  [13] codetools_0.2-16          preprocessCore_1.52.0
    ##  [15] DT_0.16                   colorspace_1.4-1
    ##  [17] knitr_1.30                GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.4
    ##  [19] hwriter_1.3.2             bit64_4.0.5
    ##  [21] rhdf5_2.34.0              vctrs_0.3.4
    ##  [23] generics_0.0.2            lambda.r_1.2.4
    ##  [25] xfun_0.18                 BiocFileCache_1.14.0
    ##  [27] EDASeq_2.24.0             R6_2.4.1
    ##  [29] rmdformats_0.3.7          seriation_1.2-9
    ##  [31] NBPSeq_0.3.0              bitops_1.0-6
    ##  [33] rhdf5filters_1.2.0        DelayedArray_0.16.0
    ##  [35] assertthat_0.2.1          scales_1.1.1
    ##  [37] bsseq_1.26.0              gtable_0.3.0
    ##  [39] affy_1.68.0               log4r_0.3.2
    ##  [41] rlang_0.4.8               genefilter_1.72.0
    ##  [43] rtracklayer_1.50.0        lazyeval_0.2.2
    ##  [45] DSS_2.38.0                BiocManager_1.30.10
    ##  [47] yaml_2.2.1                reshape2_1.4.4
    ##  [49] abind_1.4-5               GenomicFeatures_1.42.0
    ##  [51] qvalue_2.22.0             tools_4.0.3
    ##  [53] lava_1.6.8                bookdown_0.21
    ##  [55] ggplot2_3.3.2             affyio_1.60.0
    ##  [57] ellipsis_0.3.1            gplots_3.1.0
    ##  [59] RColorBrewer_1.1-2        Rcpp_1.0.5
    ##  [61] plyr_1.8.6                sparseMatrixStats_1.2.0
    ##  [63] progress_1.2.2            zlibbioc_1.36.0
    ##  [65] purrr_0.3.4               RCurl_1.98-1.2
    ##  [67] prettyunits_1.1.1         openssl_1.4.3
    ##  [69] viridis_0.5.1             zoo_1.8-8
    ##  [71] magrittr_1.5              data.table_1.13.2
    ##  [73] futile.options_1.0.1      survcomp_1.40.0
    ##  [75] aroma.light_3.20.0        hms_0.5.3
    ##  [77] evaluate_0.14             xtable_1.8-4
    ##  [79] XML_3.99-0.5              VennDiagram_1.6.20
    ##  [81] jpeg_0.1-8.1              gridExtra_2.3
    ##  [83] compiler_4.0.3            biomaRt_2.46.0
    ##  [85] tibble_3.0.4              KernSmooth_2.23-17
    ##  [87] crayon_1.3.4              R.oo_1.24.0
    ##  [89] htmltools_0.5.0           tidyr_1.1.2
    ##  [91] geneplotter_1.68.0        DBI_1.1.0
    ##  [93] SuppDists_1.1-9.5         formatR_1.7
    ##  [95] corrplot_0.84             dbplyr_1.4.4
    ##  [97] MASS_7.3-53               rappdirs_0.3.1
    ##  [99] ShortRead_1.48.0          Matrix_1.2-18
    ## [101] rmeta_3.0                 permute_0.9-5
    ## [103] vsn_3.58.0                R.methodsS3_1.8.1
    ## [105] pkgconfig_2.0.3           GenomicAlignments_1.26.0
    ## [107] registry_0.5-1            plotly_4.9.2.1
    ## [109] xml2_1.3.2                foreach_1.5.1
    ## [111] annotate_1.68.0           webshot_0.5.2
    ## [113] XVector_0.30.0            prodlim_2019.11.13
    ## [115] stringr_1.4.0             digest_0.6.27
    ## [117] Biostrings_2.58.0         rmarkdown_2.5
    ## [119] harmonicmeanp_3.0         dendextend_1.14.0
    ## [121] edgeR_3.32.0              DelayedMatrixStats_1.12.0
    ## [123] curl_4.3                  Rsamtools_2.6.0
    ## [125] gtools_3.8.2              lifecycle_0.2.0
    ## [127] jsonlite_1.7.1            ABSSeq_1.44.0
    ## [129] Rhdf5lib_1.12.0           survivalROC_1.0.3
    ## [131] futile.logger_1.4.3       viridisLite_0.3.0
    ## [133] askpass_1.1               BSgenome_1.58.0
    ## [135] pillar_1.4.6              lattice_0.20-41
    ## [137] httr_1.4.2                survival_3.2-7
    ## [139] glue_1.4.2                png_0.1-7
    ## [141] iterators_1.0.13          pander_0.6.3
    ## [143] bit_4.0.4                 stringi_1.5.3
    ## [145] HDF5Array_1.18.0          bootstrap_2019.6
    ## [147] blob_1.2.1                latticeExtra_0.6-29
    ## [149] caTools_1.18.0            memoise_1.1.0
    ## [151] FMStable_0.1-2            dplyr_1.0.2