GAlignments-class {GenomicAlignments} | R Documentation

## GAlignments objects

### Description

The GAlignments class is a simple container which purpose is to store a set of genomic alignments that will hold just enough information for supporting the operations described below.

### Details

A GAlignments object is a vector-like object where each element describes a genomic alignment i.e. how a given sequence (called "query" or "read", typically short) aligns to a reference sequence (typically long).

Typically, a GAlignments object will be created by loading records from a BAM (or SAM) file and each element in the resulting object will correspond to a record. BAM/SAM records generally contain a lot of information but only part of that information is loaded in the GAlignments object. In particular, we discard the query sequences (SEQ field), the query qualities (QUAL), the mapping qualities (MAPQ) and any other information that is not needed in order to support the operations or methods described below.

This means that multi-reads (i.e. reads with multiple hits in the reference) won't receive any special treatment i.e. the various SAM/BAM records corresponding to a multi-read will show up in the GAlignments object as if they were coming from different/unrelated queries. Also paired-end reads will be treated as single-end reads and the pairing information will be lost (see `?GAlignmentPairs` for how to handle aligned paired-end reads).

Each element of a GAlignments object consists of:

- The name of the reference sequence. (This is the RNAME field in a SAM/BAM record.)

- The strand in the reference sequence to which the query is aligned. (This information is stored in the FLAG field in a SAM/BAM record.)

- The CIGAR string in the "Extended CIGAR format" (see the SAM Format Specifications for the details).

- The 1-based leftmost position/coordinate of the clipped query relative to the reference sequence. We will refer to it as the "start" of the query. (This is the POS field in a SAM/BAM record.)

- The 1-based rightmost position/coordinate of the clipped query relative to the reference sequence. We will refer to it as the "end" of the query. (This is NOT explicitly stored in a SAM/BAM record but can be inferred from the POS and CIGAR fields.) Note that all positions/coordinates are always relative to the first base at the 5' end of the plus strand of the reference sequence, even when the query is aligned to the minus strand.

- The genomic intervals between the "start" and "end" of the query that are "covered" by the alignment. Saying that the full [start,end] interval is covered is the same as saying that the alignment contains no junction (no N in the CIGAR). It is then considered to be a simple alignment. Note that a simple alignment can have mismatches or deletions (in the reference). In other words, a deletion (encoded with a D in the CIGAR) is NOT considered to introduce a gap in the coverage, but a junction is.

Note that the last 2 items are not expicitly stored in the GAlignments object: they are inferred on-the-fly from the CIGAR and the "start".

Optionally, a GAlignments object can have names (accessed thru the `names` generic function) which will be coming from the QNAME field of the SAM/BAM records.

The rest of this man page will focus on describing how to:

- Access the information stored in a GAlignments object in a way that is independent from how the data are actually stored internally.

- How to create and manipulate a GAlignments object.

### Constructor

  `GAlignments(seqnames=Rle(factor()), pos=integer(0), cigar=character(0), strand=NULL, names=NULL, seqlengths=NULL, ...)`: Low-level GAlignments constructor. Generally not used directly. Named arguments in `...` are used as metadata columns.

### Accessors

In the code snippets below, `x` is a GAlignments object.

  `length(x)`: Return the number of alignments in `x`.

  `names(x)`, `names(x) <- value`: Get or set the names on `x`. See `readGAlignments` for how to automatically extract and set the names when reading the alignments from a file.

  `seqnames(x)`, `seqnames(x) <- value`: Get or set the name of the reference sequence for each alignment in `x` (see Details section above for more information about the RNAME field of a SAM/BAM file). `value` can be a factor, or a 'factor' Rle, or a character vector.

  `rname(x)`, `rname(x) <- value`: Same as `seqnames(x)` and `seqnames(x) <- value`.

  `strand(x)`, `strand(x) <- value`: Get or set the strand for each alignment in `x` (see Details section above for more information about the strand of an alignment). `value` can be a factor (with levels +, - and *), or a 'factor' Rle, or a character vector.

  `cigar(x)`: Returns a character vector of length `length(x)` containing the CIGAR string for each alignment.

  `qwidth(x)`: Returns an integer vector of length `length(x)` containing the length of the query *after* hard clipping (i.e. the length of the query sequence that is stored in the corresponding SAM/BAM record).

  `start(x)`, `end(x)`: Returns an integer vector of length `length(x)` containing the "start" and "end" (respectively) of the query for each alignment. See Details section above for the exact definitions of the "start" and "end" of a query. Note that `start(x)` and `end(x)` are equivalent to `start(granges(x))` and `end(granges(x))`, respectively (or, alternatively, to `min(rglist(x))` and `max(rglist(x))`, respectively).

  `width(x)`: Equivalent to `width(granges(x))` (or, alternatively, to `end(x) - start(x) + 1L`). Note that this is generally different from `qwidth(x)` except for alignments with a trivial CIGAR string (i.e. a string of the form `"<n>M"` where <n> is a number).

  `njunc(x)`: Returns an integer vector of the same length as `x` containing the number of junctions (i.e. N operations in the CIGAR) in each alignment. Equivalent to `unname(elementNROWS(rglist(x))) - 1L`.

  `seqinfo(x)`, `seqinfo(x) <- value`: Get or set the information about the underlying sequences. `value` must be a Seqinfo object.

  `seqlevels(x)`, `seqlevels(x) <- value`: Get or set the sequence levels. `seqlevels(x)` is equivalent to `seqlevels(seqinfo(x))` or to `levels(seqnames(x))`, those 2 expressions being guaranteed to return identical character vectors on a GAlignments object. `value` must be a character vector with no NAs. See `?seqlevels` for more information.

  `seqlengths(x)`, `seqlengths(x) <- value`: Get or set the sequence lengths. `seqlengths(x)` is equivalent to `seqlengths(seqinfo(x))`. `value` can be a named non-negative integer or numeric vector eventually with NAs.

  `isCircular(x)`, `isCircular(x) <- value`: Get or set the circularity flags. `isCircular(x)` is equivalent to `isCircular(seqinfo(x))`. `value` must be a named logical vector eventually with NAs.

  `genome(x)`, `genome(x) <- value`: Get or set the genome identifier or assembly name for each sequence. `genome(x)` is equivalent to `genome(seqinfo(x))`. `value` must be a named character vector eventually with NAs.

  `seqnameStyle(x)`: Get or set the seqname style for `x`. Note that this information is not stored in `x` but inferred by looking up `seqnames(x)` against a seqname style database stored in the seqnames.db metadata package (required). `seqnameStyle(x)` is equivalent to `seqnameStyle(seqinfo(x))` and can return more than 1 seqname style (with a warning) in case the style cannot be determined unambiguously.

### Coercion

In the code snippets below, `x` is a GAlignments object.

  `granges(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=FALSE)`, `ranges(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=FALSE)`:

  Return a GRanges object (for `granges()`) or IRanges) object (for `ranges()`) parallel to `x` where the i-th element is the range of the genomic region spanned by the i-th alignment in `x`. All gaps in the region are ignored.

  If `use.names` is TRUE, then the names on `x` (if any) are propagated to the returned object. If `use.mcols` is TRUE, then the metadata columns on `x` (if any) are propagated to the returned object.

  `grglist(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=FALSE, order.as.in.query=FALSE, drop.D.ranges=FALSE)`, `rglist(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=FALSE, order.as.in.query=FALSE, drop.D.ranges=FALSE)`:

  Return either a GRangesList or a IntegerRangesList object of length `length(x)` where the i-th element represents the ranges (with respect to the reference) of the i-th alignment in `x`.

  More precisely, the IntegerRangesList object returned by `rglist(x)` is a CompressedIRangesList object.

  If `use.names` is TRUE, then the names on `x` (if any) are propagated to the returned object. If `use.mcols` is TRUE, then the metadata columns on `x` (if any) are propagated to the returned object.

  The `order.as.in.query` toggle affects the order of the ranges within each top-level element of the returned object.

  If FALSE (the default), then the ranges are ordered from 5' to 3' in elements associated with the plus strand (i.e. corresponding to alignments located on the plus strand), and from 3' to 5' in elements associated with the minus strand. So, whatever the strand is, the ranges are in ascending order (i.e. left-to-right).

  If TRUE, then the order of the ranges in elements associated with the minus strand is reversed. So they end up being ordered from 5' to 3' too, which means that they are now in decending order (i.e. right-to-left). It also means that, when `order.as.in.query=TRUE` is used, the ranges are always ordered consistently with the original "query template", that is, in the order defined by walking the "query template" from the beginning to the end.

  If `drop.D.ranges` is TRUE, then deletions (D operations in the CIGAR) are treated like junctions (N operations in the CIGAR), that is, the ranges corresponding to deletions are dropped.

  See Details section above for more information.

  `as(x, "GRanges")`, `as(x, "IntegerRanges")`, `as(x, "GRangesList")`, `as(x, "IntegerRangesList")`: Alternate ways of doing `granges(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=TRUE)`, `ranges(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=TRUE)`, `grglist(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=TRUE)`, and `rglist(x, use.names=TRUE, use.mcols=TRUE)`, respectively.

In the code snippet below, `x` is a GRanges object.

  `as(from, "GAlignments")`: Creates a GAlignments object from a GRanges object. The metadata columns are propagated. cigar values are created from the sequence width unless a "cigar" metadata column already exists in `from`.

### Subsetting and related operations

In the code snippets below, `x` is a GAlignments object.

  `x[i]`: Return a new GAlignments object made of the selected alignments. `i` can be a numeric or logical vector.

### Concatenation

  `c(x, ..., ignore.mcols=FALSE)`: Concatenate GAlignments object `x` and the GAlignments objects in `...` together. See `?c` in the S4Vectors package for more information about concatenating Vector derivatives.

### Other methods

  `show(x)`: By default the `show` method displays 5 head and 5 tail elements. This can be changed by setting the global options `showHeadLines` and `showTailLines`. If the object length is less than (or equal to) the sum of these 2 options plus 1, then the full object is displayed. Note that these options also affect the display of GRanges and GAlignmentPairs objects, as well as other objects defined in the IRanges and Biostrings packages (e.g. IntegerRanges and DNAStringSet objects).

### Author(s)

Hervé Pagès and P. Aboyoun

### References

http://samtools.sourceforge.net/

### See Also

- `readGAlignments` for reading genomic alignments from a file (typically a BAM file) into a GAlignments object.

- GAlignmentPairs objects for handling aligned paired-end reads.

- junctions-methods for extracting and summarizing junctions from a GAlignments object.

- coverage-methods for computing the coverage of a GAlignments object.

- findOverlaps-methods for finding overlapping genomic alignments.

- `seqinfo` in the GenomeInfoDb package for getting/setting/modifying the sequence information stored in an object.

- The GRanges and GRangesList classes defined and documented in the GenomicRanges package.

- The CompressedIRangesList class defined and documented in the IRanges package.

### Examples

    library(Rsamtools)  # for the ex1.bam file
    ex1_file <- system.file("extdata", "ex1.bam", package="Rsamtools")
    gal <- readGAlignments(ex1_file, param=ScanBamParam(what="flag"))
    gal

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## A. BASIC MANIPULATION
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    length(gal)
    head(gal)
    names(gal)  # no names by default
    seqnames(gal)
    strand(gal)
    head(cigar(gal))
    head(qwidth(gal))
    table(qwidth(gal))
    head(start(gal))
    head(end(gal))
    head(width(gal))
    head(njunc(gal))
    seqlevels(gal)

    ## Invert the strand:
    invertStrand(gal)

    ## Rename the reference sequences:
    seqlevels(gal) <- sub("seq", "chr", seqlevels(gal))
    seqlevels(gal)

    grglist(gal)  # a GRangesList object
    stopifnot(identical(unname(elementNROWS(grglist(gal))), njunc(gal) + 1L))
    granges(gal)  # a GRanges object
    rglist(gal)   # a CompressedIRangesList object
    stopifnot(identical(unname(elementNROWS(rglist(gal))), njunc(gal) + 1L))
    ranges(gal)   # an IRanges object

    ## Modify the number of lines in 'show'
    options(showHeadLines=3)
    options(showTailLines=2)
    gal

    ## Revert to default
    options(showHeadLines=NULL)
    options(showTailLines=NULL)

    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    ## B. SUBSETTING
    ## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    gal[strand(gal) == "-"]
    gal[grep("I", cigar(gal), fixed=TRUE)]
    gal[grep("N", cigar(gal), fixed=TRUE)]  # no junctions

    ## A confirmation that none of the alignments contains junctions (in
    ## other words, each alignment can be represented by a single genomic
    ## range on the reference):
    stopifnot(all(njunc(gal) == 0))

    ## Different ways to subset:
    gal[6]             # a GAlignments object of length 1
    grglist(gal)[[6]]  # a GRanges object of length 1
    rglist(gal)[[6]]   # a NormalIRanges object of length 1

    ## Unlike N operations, D operations don't introduce gaps:
    ii <- grep("D", cigar(gal), fixed=TRUE)
    gal[ii]
    njunc(gal[ii])
    grglist(gal[ii])

    ## qwidth() vs width():
    gal[qwidth(gal) != width(gal)]

    ## This MUST return an empty object:
    gal[cigar(gal) == "35M" & qwidth(gal) != 35]
    ## but this doesn't have too:
    gal[cigar(gal) != "35M" & qwidth(gal) == 35]

[Package GenomicAlignments version 1.23.2 Index]