% NOTE -- ONLY EDIT Rgraphviz.Rnw!!!
% Biobase.tex file will get overwritten.
%
%\VignetteIndexEntry{How To Plot A Graph Using Rgraphviz}
%\VignetteDepends{Rgraphviz, graph, Biobase}
%\VignetteKeywords{tools, graphs}
%\VignettePackage{Rgraphviz}

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\newcommand{\Rfunction}[1]{{\texttt{#1}}}
\newcommand{\Rpackage}[1]{{\textit{#1}}}
\newcommand{\Robject}[1]{{\textit{#1}}}
\newcommand{\Rclass}[1]{{\textit{#1}}}

\newcommand{\inclfig}[3]{%
 \begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=#2]{#1}
   \caption{\label{#1}#3}
 \end{center} \end{figure}
}

\author{Jeff Gentry, Robert Gentleman, Wolfgang Huber}
\begin{document}
\title{How To Plot A Graph Using Rgraphviz}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\section{Overview}
This vignette demonstrate how to easily render a graph from R into
various formats using the \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package.  To do this,
let us generate a graph using the \Rpackage{graph} package:
%
<<createGraph1, results=hide>>=
library("Rgraphviz")
set.seed(123)
V <- letters[1:10]
M <- 1:4
@ 
<<createGraph2, print=TRUE>>=
g1 <- randomGraph(V, M, 0.2)
@

\section{Different layout methods}

It is quite simple to generate a R plot window to display your graph.
Once you have your graph object, simply use the \Rfunction{plot}
method. 
%
<<plotDot, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1)
@
%
\inclfig{plotDot}{0.4\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with \textit{dot}.}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{plotDot}.
The \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package allows you to specify varying layout
engines, such as \textit{dot} (the default), \textit{neato} 
and \textit{twopi}.  
%
<<plotNeato, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, "neato")
@ 
<<plotTwopi, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, "twopi")
@
\begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plotNeato}
  \hspace*{19mm}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plotTwopi}
  \caption{\label{plotNeatoTwopi}\Robject{g1} laid out with 
  \textit{neato} (left) and \textit{twopi} (right).}
\end{center} \end{figure}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{plotNeatoTwopi}.

A word of warning: some versions of graphviz (notably 2.4, 2.6 and
2.8) have a problem using the \textit{neato} layout on graphs with
singletons (single nodes, unconnected to any other node). If you are
trying to run these examples on such a system, just add an edge to
these singleton nodes (that however, will change the output).

% wh 16.6.06):
%  I have commented the following remarks about fully connectedness 
%  and the definition of g2 out. Note that g2 is not connected, either!
%
% The "twopi" layout method requires a graph to be fully connected.
% To determine if your graph is fully connected:
%
% <<connected>>=
% isConnected(g1)
% @
%
% A working "twopi" layout can be seen with this graph:
% <<workingTwopi, fig=TRUE>>=
% set.seed(123)
% V <- letters[14:22]
% g2 <- randomEGraph(V, .2)
% isConnected(g2)
% z <- plot(g2,"twopi")
% @
%
%And finally, to demonstrate how the differing layout methods work on
%this second graph:
% <<g2dot, fig=TRUE>>=
% z <- plot(g2,"dot")
% @
% <<g2neato, fig=TRUE>>=
% z <- plot(g2,"neato")
% @

\subsection{Reciprocated edges}
There is an option \Robject{recipEdges} that details how to
deal with reciprocated edges in a graph.  The two options are
\Robject{combined} (the default) and \Robject{distinct}.  This is
mostly useful in directed graphs that have reciprocating edges - the
\Robject{combined} option will display them as a single edge with an
arrow on both ends while \Robject{distinct} shows them as two separate edges.
%
<<rEG>>=
rEG <- new("graphNEL", nodes=c("A", "B"), edgemode="directed")
rEG <- addEdge("A", "B", rEG, 1)
rEG <- addEdge("B", "A", rEG, 1)
@
%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{recipEdgesComb}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{recipEdgesDistinct}
  \caption{\label{recipEdges}\Robject{rEG} laid out with 
  \Robject{recipEdges} set to \Robject{combined} (left) and 
  \Robject{distinct} (right).}
\end{center} \end{figure}
%
<<recipEdgesComb, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(rEG)
@ 
<<recipEdgesDistinct, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(rEG, recipEdges="distinct")
@
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{recipEdges}.

The function \Rfunction{removedEdges} can be used to return a
numerical vector detailing which edges (if any) would be removed by
the combining of edges.
%
<<removedEdges>>=
removedEdges(g1)
@

\section{Subgraphs}

\Rpackage{Rgraphviz} supports the ability to define specific
clustering of nodes.  This will instruct the layout algorithm to
attempt to keep the clustered nodes close together.  To do this, one
must first generate the desired set (one or more) of subgraphs with
the \Robject{graph} object.

<<getSubgraphs>>=
sg1 <- subGraph(c("a","d","j","i"), g1)
sg1
sg2 <- subGraph(c("b","e","h"), g1)
sg3 <- subGraph(c("c","f","g"), g1)
@

To plot using the subgraphs, one must use the \Rfunction{subGList}
argument which is a list of lists, with each sublist having three
elements:

\begin{itemize}
\item \Robject{graph} : The actual \Robject{graph} object for this
subgraph.
\item \Robject{cluster} : A logical value noting if this is a \texttt{cluster}
or a \texttt{subgraph}.  A value of \Robject{TRUE} (the default, if
this element is not used) indicates a \texttt{cluster}.  In Graphviz,
\texttt{subgraphs} are used as an organizational mechanism but are not
necessarily laid out in such a way that they are visually together.
Clusters are laid out as a separate graph, and thus Graphviz will tend
to keep nodes of a cluster together.  Typically for
\Rpackage{Rgraphviz} users, a \texttt{cluster} is what one wants to
use.
\item \Robject{attrs} : A named vector of attributes, where the names are the
attribute and the elements are the value.  For more information about
attributes, see Section~\ref{sec:attributes} below.
\end{itemize}

Please note that only the \Robject{graph} element is required.  If the
\Robject{cluster} element is not specified, the subgraph is assumed to
be a \texttt{cluster} and if there are no attributes to specify for
this subgraph then \Robject{attrs} is unnecessary.
%
<<subGplot, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
subGList <- vector(mode="list", length=3)
subGList[[1]] <- list(graph=sg1)
subGList[[2]] <- list(graph=sg2, cluster=FALSE)
subGList[[3]] <- list(graph=sg3)
plot(g1, subGList=subGList)
@
\begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{subGplot}
  \hspace*{19mm}
  \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{subGPlot2}
  \caption{\label{subGplot}\Robject{g1} laid out with 
  two different settings for the parameter \Robject{subGList}.}
\end{center} \end{figure}
%
The result is shown in the left panel of Figure~\ref{subGplot}, 
and for comparison, another example:
%
<<subGPlot2, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
sg1 <- subGraph(c("a","c","d","e","j"), g1)
sg2 <- subGraph(c("f","h","i"), g1)
plot(g1, subGList=list(list(graph=sg1), list(graph=sg2)))
@

\subsection{A note about edge names}

While internal node naming is quite straight forward (it is simply
taken from the \Robject{graph} object), \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} needs to
be able to uniquely identify edges by name.  End users as well will
need to be able to do this to correctly assign attributes.  
The name of an edge between tail node \verb+x+
and head node \verb+y+ is \verb+x~y+.  The method
\Rfunction{edgeNames} can be used to obtain a vector of all edge
names, and it takes the argument \Robject{recipEdges} so that the
output correctly matches which edges will be used by
\Rpackage{Rgraphviz}.

<<edgeNames>>=
edgeNames(g1)
edgeNames(g1, recipEdges="distinct")
@

%--------------------------------------------------
\section{Attributes}
\label{sec:attributes}
%--------------------------------------------------

\subsection{Global attributes}

There are many visualization options in Graphviz that can be set
beyond those which are given explicit options using Rgraphviz - such
as colors of nodes and edges, which node to center on for twopi plots,
node labels, edge labels, edge weights, arrow heads and tails, etc.  A
list of all available attributes is accessible online at:
\url{http://www.graphviz.org/pub/scm/graphviz2/doc/info/attrs.html}.
Note that there are some differences between default values and also
some attributes will not have an effect in Rgraphviz.  Please see the
man page for \Rfunction{graphvizAttributes} for more details.

Attributes can be set both globally (for the entire graph, for all
edges, all nodes, etc) as well as on a per-node and per-edge basis.
Global attributes are set via a list and passed in as the
\Robject{attrs} argument to \Rfunction{plot}.  A default set of global
attributes are used for global values which are not specified (by
using the \Rfunction{getDefaultAttrs} function).  The
\Rfunction{getDefaultAttrs} function will take a partial global
attribute list (see below for a description) and/or the layout type to
be used (dot, neato, or twopi) and will generate an attribute list to
be used with defaults for values that the user did not specify.  
%
% FIXME (wh 16.6.2006)
% Both of the following are somewhat minor, but would be nice to have...
% 
% 1.) 'getDefaultAttrs' is an odd name for a function that sets user-defined
% attributes. If the package maintainer or someone had the energy, they
% could 
% 1. deprecate this function and call it 'setAttributes'
% 2. give it a somewhat nicer user interface
%  e.g. the current syntax for making node boundaries red is:
%      getDefaultAttrs(list(node=list(color="red")))
%  nicer would be (imho)
%      setAttributes(node=c(color="red"))
%
% 2.) Why is the value of 'getDefaultAttrs' a list of lists, and not a list of 
% character vectors: anyway all elements of those inner lists seem to be 
% characters. I find it confusing to allow sth to be a list if semantically
% it is a vector. 
% I don't know what the data types are that graphviz uses, do they have
% the notion of numeric or other data types?
% 

The list has four elements: 'graph', 'cluster', 'edge' and 'node'.
Within each element is another list, where the names correspond to
attributes and the values correspond to the value to use globally on
that attribute.  An example of this structure can be seen with the
default list provided by \Rfunction{getDefaultAttrs}:

<<defAttrs, print=TRUE>>=
defAttrs <- getDefaultAttrs()
@

To manually set some attributes, but not others, pass in a list with
the specific attributes that you desire.  In the following example
(see Figure~\ref{defAttrs2}, we set two attributes
(\Robject{label} and \Robject{fillcolor} for nodes, one for edges
(\Robject{color}) and one for the graph itself (\Robject{rankdir}).
We could also have called \Rfunction{getDefaultAttrs} with the same
list that we are passing as the \Robject{attrs} argument, but there is
no need here.
%
<<defAttrs2, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, attrs=list(node=list(label="foo", fillcolor="lightgreen"),
           edge=list(color="cyan"),
           graph=list(rankdir="LR")))
@ 
%
\inclfig{defAttrs2}{0.4\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with
user-defined \Robject{attrs}.}


\subsection{Per node attributes}

Users can also set attributes per-node and per-edge.  In this case, if
an attribute is defined for a particular node then that node uses the
specified attribute and the rest of the nodes use the global default.
Note that any attribute that is set on a per-node or per-edge basis
\texttt{must} have a default set globally, due to the way that
Graphviz sets attributes.  Both the per-node and per-edge attributes
are set in the same basic manner - the attributes are set using a list
where the names of the elements are the attributes, and each element
contains a named vector.  The names of this vector correspond to
either node names or edge names, and the values of the vector are the
values to set the attribute to for that node or edge.  The following
sections will demonstrate how to set per-node and per-edge attributes
for commonly desired tasks.  For these we will use two lists
\Robject{nAttrs} and \Robject{eAttrs}.

<<baseLists>>=
nAttrs <- list()
eAttrs <- list()
@


\subsection{Node labels}

By default, nodes use the node name as their label and edges do not
have a label.  However, both can have custom labels supplied via
attributes.

<<makeLabels1>>=
z <- strsplit(packageDescription("Rgraphviz")$Description, " ")[[1]]
z <- z[1:numNodes(g1)]
names(z) = nodes(g1)
nAttrs$label <- z
@ 
<<makeLabels2>>=
eAttrs$label <- c("a~h"="Label 1", "c~h"="Label 2")
@ 
<<makeLabels3>>=
attrs <- list(node=list(shape="ellipse", fixedsize=FALSE))
@ 
<<figLabels, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, nodeAttrs=nAttrs, edgeAttrs=eAttrs, attrs=attrs)
@
\inclfig{figLabels}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with
user-defined node and edge labels.}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{figLabels}.

\subsection{Using edge weights for labels}

A common desire for edge weights is to use the edge weights 
for the edge labels.  This can be done with
just a couple of extra steps.  First we will get the edge weights, and
unlist them, to provide them in vector format.  Then, first we will
determine which of those to remove (this step is only necessary if
\Robject{recipEdges} is set to \Robject{TRUE}, which is default
behavior for both undirected and directed graphs) and remove those
positions from our vector.  Finally, we will get the set of edge names
which will be used for plotting and bundle that into the appropriate
structure for plotting.

Please note to take care with edge names.  If \Robject{recipEdges} is
set to \Robject{combined}, then only one of any pair of reciprocal
edges will actually be used.  Users should utilize the
\Rfunction{edgeNames} method to be sure that they are setting
attributes for the right edge names.


<<edgeWeights>>=
ew <- as.character(unlist(edgeWeights(g1)))
ew <- ew[setdiff(seq(along=ew), removedEdges(g1))]
names(ew) <- edgeNames(g1)
eAttrs$label <- ew
## FIXME (wh 17.6.06): This does not work - see bug report:
## attrs$edge$labelfontsize="27"
@ 
<<edgeWeightLabels, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, nodeAttrs=nAttrs, edgeAttrs=eAttrs, attrs=attrs)
@
\inclfig{edgeWeightLabels}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with
edge weights as edge labels.}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{edgeWeightLabels}.


%--------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Adding color}
%--------------------------------------------------

There are many areas where color can be specified to the plotted
graph.  Edges can be drawn in a non-default color, as can nodes.
Nodes can also have a specific \Robject{fillcolor} defined, detailing
what color the interior of the node should be.  The color used for the
labels can also be specified with the \Robject{fontcolor} attribute.

<<colors>>=
## Specify node drawing color
nAttrs$color <- c(a="red", b="red", g="green", d="blue")

## Specify edge drawing color
eAttrs$color <- c("a~d"="blue", "c~h"="purple")

## Specify node fill color
nAttrs$fillcolor <- c(j="yellow")

## label color
nAttrs$fontcolor <- c(e="green", f="red")
eAttrs$fontcolor <- c("a~h"="green", "c~h"="brown")

nAttrs
eAttrs
@ 
<<figColors, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, nodeAttrs=nAttrs, attrs=attrs)
@
\inclfig{figColors}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with
colors.}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{figColors}.

%--------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Node shapes}
%--------------------------------------------------

The \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package allows you to specify different
shapes for your nodes.  Currently, the supported shapes are
\Robject{circle} (the default), \Robject{ellipse}, \Robject{plaintext}
and \Robject{box}. \Robject{plaintext} is simply a
\Robject{box} that is not displayed for purposes of layout.
As with previous attributes, the shape can be set globally or for
specific nodes.  
Figure~\ref{figNodeShapes} shows the graph of the previous example,
with the default shape as \Robject{ellipse} and with two nodes
specified as being \Robject{box}, one as a \Robject{circle} and one as
a \Robject{plaintext} node:
%
<<nodeShapes>>=
attrs$node$shape <- "ellipse"
nAttrs$shape <- c(g="box", f="circle", j="box", a="plaintext")
@ 
<<figNodeShapes, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1, attrs=attrs, nodeAttrs=nAttrs)
@
\inclfig{figNodeShapes}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out with
user defined node shapes.}

%--------------------------------------------------

%--------------------------------------------------
\section{Layout, rendering and the function \Rfunction{agopen}}
%--------------------------------------------------
The calls to the \Rfunction{plot} that we have made above amount to
two different processing steps, \textit{layout} and
\textit{rendering}.  In the layout step, Graphviz lays out the nodes
and edges on a (virtual) 2D plotting surface. In the
\textit{rendering} step, a plot consisting of lines, shapes, and
letters with particular line styles, colors, fonts, font size etc.\ is
created.

By dissecting these steps and manually interfering, we can achieve
finer control over the appearance of the rendered graph.

The functions \Rfunction{buildNodeList} and \Rfunction{buildEdgeList}
generate a list of \Robject{pNode} and \Robject{pEdge} objects
respectively.  These are used to provide the information for the
Graphviz layout, and by default they are generated automatically
during the call to the \Robject{plot} function.  By generating these
manually before the layout, one can edit these objects and perform the
layout with these edited lists.  For example:
%
<<getLists1>>=
nodes <- buildNodeList(g1)
edges <- buildEdgeList(g1)
@ 
You can now see the contents of the first \Robject{pNode} and first
\Robject{pEdge} objects in their respective lists.  
<<getLists2>>=
nodes[[1]]
edges[[1]]
@
%
The functions \Rfunction{buildNodeList} and \Rfunction{buildEdgeList}
can also use the attribute lists constructed above.  
%
<<buildwithAttrs>>=
nodes <- buildNodeList(g1, nodeAttrs=nAttrs, defAttrs=defAttrs$node)
edges <- buildEdgeList(g1, edgeAttrs=eAttrs, defAttrs=defAttrs$edge)
nodes[[1]]
edges[[1]]
@ 
Note the difference between the objects in the second example as
compared with the first.  

We can add arrowheads to the a~e and a~h edges 
<<arrowheads>>=
for(j in c("a~e", "a~h"))
  edges[[j]]@attrs$arrowhead <- "open"
@
%
While visually indicating
direction, these will have no bearing on the layout itself as Graphviz
views these edges as undirected. 

Now we can plot this graph (see Figure~\ref{plotbuild}):
%
<<plotbuild, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
vv <- agopen(name="foo", nodes=nodes, edges=edges, attrs=attrs, 
  edgeMode="undirected")
plot(vv)
@
\inclfig{plotbuild}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} laid out via
nodes and edge lists.}


Next we use a different graph, one of the graphs in the 
\Robject{graphExamples} dataset in the \Rpackage{graph}
package and provide another demonstration of working with attributes
to customize your plot.

<<graph17>>=
data(graphExamples)
z <- graphExamples[[8]]
nNodes <- length(nodes(z))

nA <- list()
nA$fixedSize<-rep(FALSE, nNodes)
nA$height <- nA$width <- rep("1", nNodes)
nA$label <- rep("z", nNodes)
nA$color <- rep("green", nNodes)
nA$fillcolor <- rep("orange", nNodes)
nA$shape <- rep("circle", nNodes)
nA$fontcolor <- rep("blue", nNodes)
nA$fontsize <- rep(14, nNodes)
nA <- lapply(nA, function(x) { names(x) <- nodes(z); x})
@ 

<<graph17, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(z, nodeAttrs=nA)
@
\inclfig{graph17}{0.6\textwidth}{Customized layout 
of graph \Robject{z}.}

%--------------------------------------------------
\section{Customized node plots}
%--------------------------------------------------

The \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package provides for customized drawing of
nodes.  Customized nodes must have one of the standard node shapes,
but are able to provide for richer information inside.

To do this, lay out the graph using the shape desired, then, when
plotting the laid out graph, use the \Robject{drawNode}
argument to \Rfunction{plot} to define how the nodes are drawn.  This
argument can be either of length one (in which case all nodes are
drawn with that same function) or a list of length equal to the 
number of nodes in the
graph (in which case the first element of the list is used to draw the
first node, etc).  To work correctly, the function will take four
arguments:
\begin{description}
\item[\Robject{node}] is an object of class \Robject{AgNode}
describing the node's location and other information
\item[\Robject{ur}] is of class
\Robject{XYPoint} and describes the upper right hand point of the
bounding box (the lower left is 0,0)
\item[\Robject{attrs}] is a node attribute list as discussed in
Section~\ref{sec:attributes}. It can be used for post-layout attribute
changes to override values that were used for the layout.
\item[\Robject{radConv}] is used by \Rpackage{Rgraphviz}
to convert Graphviz units to R plotting units.  This argument will
probably not need to be used a custom drawing function, but
does need to exist.   
\end{description}
A custom drawing function is free to ignore these arguments, but the
argument must exist in the function signature.

The default function for node drawing on all nodes is
\Rfunction{drawAgNode}, and users who want to supply their own node
drawing function are encouraged to inspect this function as a
template.

If one wants to use a custom function for some nodes but the standard
function for others, the list passed in to \Robject{drawNode} can have
the custom functions in the elements corresponding to those nodes
desired to have special display and \Rfunction{drawAgNode} in the
elements corresponding to the nodes where standard display is desired.

One function included with the \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package that can
be used for such alternate node drawing is \Rfunction{pieGlyph}.  This
allows users to put arbitrary pie charts in as circular nodes.  

<<pieChartCalc>>=
set.seed(123)
counts = matrix(rexp(numNodes(g1)*4), ncol=4)

g1layout <- agopen(g1, name="foo")

makeNodeDrawFunction <- function(x) {
  force(x)
  function(node, ur, attrs, radConv) {
    nc <- getNodeCenter(node)
    pieGlyph(x, 
             xpos=getX(nc),
             ypos=getY(nc),
             radius=getNodeRW(node),
             col=rainbow(4))
    text(getX(nc), getY(nc), paste(signif(sum(x), 2)), 
      cex=0.5, col="white", font=2)
  }
}

drawFuns <- apply(counts, 1, makeNodeDrawFunction)
@ 

<<pieChartGraph, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE>>=
plot(g1layout, drawNode=drawFuns, main="Example Pie Chart Plot")
@
\inclfig{pieChartGraph}{0.6\textwidth}{\Robject{g1} with pie charts as nodes.}
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{pieChartGraph}.

%------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Special types of graphs}
%------------------------------------------------------------

Up to this point, we have only been working with objects of class
\Robject{graphNEL}, but the other subclasses of the virtual class
\Rclass{graph} (such as \Rclass{distGraph} and \Rclass{clusterGraph})
will work as well, provided that they support the \Rfunction{nodes}
and \Rfunction{edgeL} methods.

In this section, we demonstrate a few examples.  Users should not
notice a difference in the interface, but this will
provide some visual examples as to how these types of graphs will
appear.

\subsection{Cluster graphs}
For our first set of examples, we create an object of class
\Rclass{clusterGraph} and then plot it using all three layout
methods:

<<clusterGraph1, print=TRUE>>=
cG <- new("clusterGraph", clusters=list(a=c(1:10), b=c(11:13),
                            c=c(14:20), d=c(21, 22)))
@

In Figure~\ref{fig:cGdot} we show \Robject{cG} laid
out using three different algorithms.

\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
<<cGdot, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, echo=FALSE, results=hide, width=4>>=
plot(cG, main="dot")
@
<<cGtwopi, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, echo=FALSE, results=hide, width=4>>=
par(bg="#e0e0e0")
plot(cG, "twopi", main="twopi")
@
<<cGneato, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, echo=FALSE, results=hide, width=4>>=
plot(cG, "neato", main="neato")
@
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{Rgraphviz-cGdot}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{Rgraphviz-cGtwopi}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{Rgraphviz-cGneato}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:cGdot}%
A cluster graph laid out using the three layout algorithms.}
\end{figure}
%

%The same demonstration is now given with a \Robject{distGraph} object:
%
%<<distGraph1, fig=TRUE>>=
%    x <- rnorm(26)
%    names(x) <- letters
%    d1 <- dist(x)
%    dG <- new("distGraph", Dist=d1)
%    dG
%
%    plot(dG)
%@
%
%Again using "twopi":
%
%<<dgTwopi, fig=TRUE>>=
%  plot(dG, "twopi")
%%@
%
%And finally using "neato":
%
%<<dgNeato, fig=TRUE>>=
%  plot(dG, "neato")
%@
%%

%--------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Bipartite graphs}
%--------------------------------------------------
We provide a simple example of laying out a bipartite graph. There are
two types of nodes, and edges go only from one type to the other.  We
first construct the bipartite graph.
%
<<bipartite1>>=
set.seed(123)
nodes1 <- paste(0:7)
nodes2 <- letters[1:10]

ft <- cbind(sample(nodes1, 24, replace=TRUE), 
            sample(nodes2, 24, replace=TRUE))
ft <- ft[!duplicated(apply(ft, 1, paste, collapse="")),]

g <-  ftM2graphNEL(ft, edgemode='directed')
g
@
%
Next we set up the node attributes and create subgraphs so that we can
better control the layout.
We want to have color for the nodes, and we want to lay the graph out
from left to right, rather than vertically.
%
<<bipartitelayout>>=
twocolors <- c("#D9EF8B", "#E0F3F8")
nodeType <- 1 + (nodes(g) %in% nodes1)
nA = makeNodeAttrs(g, fillcolor=twocolors[nodeType])

sg1 = subGraph(nodes1, g)
sgL = list(list(graph=sg1, cluster = FALSE, attrs = c(rank="sink")))

att = list(graph = list(rankdir = "LR", rank = ""))
@
%
Finally, in Figure~\ref{figbipartite} we plot the bipartite graph.
%
<<figbipartite, fig=TRUE, include=FALSE, prefix=FALSE, width=4.5>>=
plot(g, attrs = att, nodeAttrs=nA, subGList = sgL)
@
%
\inclfig{figbipartite}{0.4\textwidth}{A bipartite graph.}

%--------------------------------------------------
\section{NEW Another workflow to plot a graph }

Another workflow in doing layout, rendering is as following:
(1) convert a graph in \Robject{graph} class to \Robject{Ragraph} class,
(2) set its default attributes for graph, cluster(s), nodes and edges,
(3) set attributes for individual cluster, node(s) and/or edge(s),
(4) layout it with desired algorithm,
(5) render it to desired media.

Repeat steps (3), (4) and/or (5) as needed.

\subsection{Convert a graph to \Robject{Ragraph} class}

We prepare a graph with two subgraphs: graphExample-01.gxl.gz and 
graphExample-11.gxl.gz from package \Rpackage{graph}.  We specify the 1st one
is NOT a cluster, while the 2nd one is.

Just as in graphviz, \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} treats a cluster as a special subgraph, 
its nodes are layed out and drawn together and within a bounding rectangel. 

<<agopenSimpleDemo>>=
library("graph")
g1_gz <- gzfile(system.file("GXL/graphExample-01.gxl.gz",package="graph"), open="rb")
g11_gz <- gzfile(system.file("GXL/graphExample-11.gxl.gz",package="graph"), open="rb")
g1 <- fromGXL(g1_gz)
g11 <- fromGXL(g11_gz)
g1_11 <- join(g1, g11)
sgl <- vector(mode="list", length=2)
sgl[[1]] <- list(graph=g1, cluster=FALSE)
sgl[[2]] <- list(graph=g11, cluster=TRUE)
ng <- agopenSimple(g1_11, "tmpsg", subGList=sgl)
@

Note: this instance of \Robject{Ragraph} class from \Rfunction{agopenSimple} 
contains less content than that
you obtain from calling \Robject{agopen}: it maintains a pointer for access to
graphviz; after setting various attributes and doing layout, other entries 
are filled in for drawing only.   

The following workflow works well for an instance of \Robject{Ragraph} class 
obtained from \Rfunction{agopen} as well.

\subsection{Get default attributes}

There are default attributes associated with a graph, a cluster (a subgraph), 
nodes and edges.  You can find out what they are as follows:

After you explicitly set one or more default attributes, you'll see the
default attributes.

If you like the notation from package \Robject{graph} better, the following
codes accomplish the same:

<<DataDefaultsDemo1>>=
graphDataDefaults(ng)
nodeDataDefaults(ng)
edgeDataDefaults(ng)
@

\subsection{Set default attributes}

If you want to set default attributes yourself, you could call functions like
following:

<<DataDefaultsDemo2>>=
graphDataDefaults(ng, c("size", "bgcolor")) <- c("1", "yellow")
nodeDataDefaults(ng, c("fontcolor", "width")) <- c("blue", 0.5)
edgeDataDefaults(ng, c("color", "style")) <- c("green", "dotted")
@

As shown in the examples, you can specify multiple attributes and their 
corresponding values in one call.  R's circular rule applies.

Currently, only the 1st call to set default attributes has effects.  Subsequent calls yield no effect.

\subsection{Get attributes}

You could set attributes for individual elements: graph, cluster(s), node(s) and
edge(s).  As R's circular rule applies, you could get multiple
attributes to multiple elements in one call.

The package \Robject{graph} like notations are:

<<DataDemo1>>=
graphData(ng, "bgcolor")
nodeData(ng, "a", c("fontcolor", "width"))
edgeData(ng, "f", "h", c("color", "arrowhead"))

@

The return value, "default {graph, node, cluster, node} attr val 1", indicates 
that the attribute is NOT defined. 

The return value, "default {graph, node, cluster, node} attr val 2", indicates 
that the attribute is NOT set for this object, the software will use default
instead. 

\subsection{Set attributes}

Likewise, you can set attributes for each element: graph, cluster(s), node(s)
and edge(s).  R's circular rule applies to element(s), attribute name(s) and
attribute value(s).  

A note on default value(s): default value could be set once and only once 
at this time.  Only the first call has effect.

<<DataDemo2>>=
graphData(ng, "bgcolor") <- "orange"
clusterData(ng, 2, "bgcolor") <- "red"
nodeData(ng, "a", c("fontcolor", "width")) <- c("red", "0.8")
edgeData(ng, "f", "h", c("color", "style")) <- c("blue", "solid")
@

You can set as many attributes as you like.  

Not every rendering software honors all the attributes, even for those provided
by graphviz.  Different attributes could have different impact in layout: some
affect layout and drawing, such as node shapes, font size; others affect only
drawing, such as fill color, font color.

Some attribute seem only take effect for certain layout, for instance, 
\Robject{bgcolor} for cluster shows the effect when layout is "dot", but not 
for "circo".

\subsection{Layout and render the graph in various formats}

To do the layout and render the results, there are two main output channels:
(1) interactive output, and
(2) file output which you could use various viewers to view the results.

To plot a graph interactively, simply do:

<<layoutRenderDemo1>>=
plot(ng, "neato")
plot(ng, "circo")
@

Currently, interactive output only honors a small number of attributes, mainly
those from \Robject{buildNodelist} and \Robject{buildEdgeList}.

To do layout and then output to a file, you can do:

<<layoutRenderDemo1>>=
toFile(ng, layoutType="dot", filename="test_dot.svg", fileType="svg")
toFile(ng, layoutType="circo", filename="test_circo.ps", fileType="ps")
toFile(ng, layoutType="twopi", filename="test_twopi.dot", fileType="dot")
@

These examples use various renderer provided by graphviz, which honor a lot 
more attributes.  You can look into graphviz doc to find out more, for instance,
node shapes, color schemes, line types/sizes, etc.

You need corresponding viewers installed to be able to view the output files.


%------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Tooltips and hyperlinks on graphs}
%------------------------------------------------------------
This section is for advanced users. It gives an example for how the
\Rfunction{imageMap} function of the \Rpackage{Rgraphviz} package can
be used to create clickable graph renderings with drill-down
capability.

First, we load an example graph
<<integrinMediatedCellAdhesion>>=
data("integrinMediatedCellAdhesion")
@ 

In the next code chunk, we create a set of plots, one for each
node. Here they are just meaningless ``dummy'' plots, but of course in
your application these could be showing real data, corresponding to
the nodes.

<<dummyPlots>>=
outdir=tempdir()
nd = nodes(IMCAGraph)
plotFiles = paste(seq(along=nd), 'png', sep='.')
for(i in seq(along=nd)) {
  png(file.path(outdir, plotFiles[i]), width=400, height=600)
  plot(cumsum(rnorm(100)), type='l', col='blue', lwd=2, main=nd[i])
  dev.off()
}
@ 

Now we create a HTML page that consists of two parts, so-called
frames, one to hold the graph plot, one for the per-node data plots
that we generated above. 

<<indexhtml>>=
fhtml = file.path(outdir, "index.html")
con = file(fhtml, open="wt")
cat("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>",
"Integrin Mediated Cell Adhesion graph with tooltips and hyperlinks, please click on the nodes.",
"</TITLE></HEAD>",
"<FRAMESET COLS=\"3*,2*\" BORDER=0>",
"  <FRAME SRC=\"graph.html\">",
"  <FRAME NAME=\"nodedata\">",
"</FRAMESET></HTML>", sep="\n", file=con)
close(con)
@ 

Finally, we create the graph plot, and the associated HTML image map.

<<makegraph, results=hide>>=  
width = 600
height = 512
imgname = "graph.png"
png(file.path(outdir, imgname), width=width, height=height)
par(mai=rep(0,4))

lg = agopen(IMCAGraph, name="foo", 
  attrs = list(graph=list(rankdir="LR", rank=""), node=list(fixedsize=FALSE)), 
  nodeAttrs = makeNodeAttrs(IMCAGraph), 
  subGList = IMCAAttrs$subGList)
plot(lg)    
 
con = file(file.path(outdir, "graph.html"), open="wt")
writeLines("<html><body>\n", con)
imageMap(lg, con=con,
         tags=list(HREF=plotFiles,
           TITLE = nd,
           TARGET = rep("nodedata", length(nd))),
         imgname=imgname, width=width, height=height)
writeLines("</body></html>", con)
close(con)
dev.off()
@  

We can have a look at the result by pointing a web browser to it.
<<browseurl>>=
fhtml
if(interactive())
  browseURL(fhtml)
@

\section{Sessioninfo}

This document was produced using
<<echo=FALSE>>=
sessionInfo()
@ 
together with version \Sexpr{graphvizVersion()} of graphviz.


\end{document}
