Section 8: insmod



This page was been converted automatically, from Debian GNU/Linux man pages.




INSMOD(8)              Linux Module Support             INSMOD(8)


NAME

insmod - install loadable kernel module

SYNOPSIS

insmod [-fkmpqrsxXvyY] [-P prefix] [-o module_name] object_file [ symbol=value ... ]

DESCRIPTION

Insmod installs a loadable module in the running kernel. Insmod tries to link a module into the running kernel by resolving all symbols from the kernel's exported symbol table. If the object file name is given without extension, insmod will search for the module in some common default directo- ries. The environment variable MODPATH can be used to override this default. If a module configuration file such as /etc/modules.conf exists, it will override the paths defined in MODPATH. The environment variable MODULECONF can also be used to select a different configuration file from the default /etc/modules.conf (or /etc/conf.modules (depreciated)). This environment variable will override all the defini- tions above. OPTIONS -f Attempt load the module even if the version of the running kernel and the version of the kernel for which the module was compiled do not match. -k Set the auto-clean flag on the module. This flag will be used by kerneld(8) to remove modules that have not been used in some period of time -- usu- ally one minute. -m Output a load map, making it easier to debug the module in the event of a kernel panic. -o module_name Explicitly name the module, rather than deriving the name from the base name of the source object file. -p Probe the module to see if it could be successfully loaded. This includes locating the object file in the module path, checking version numbers, and resolving symbols. -q Do not print a list of any unresolved symbols. Do not complain about version mismatch. The problem will only be reflected in the exit status of ins- mod. Linux October 12 1999 1 INSMOD(8) Linux Module Support INSMOD(8) -r Some users compile modules under a non-root userid then install the modules as root. This process can leave the modules owned by the non-root userid, even though the modules directory is owned by root. If the non-root userid is compromised, an intruder can overwrite existing modules owned by that userid and use this exposure to bootstrap up to root access. By default, modutils will reject attempts to use a module that is not owned by root. Specifying -r will suppress the error and allow root to load mod- ules that are not owned by root. Use of -r is a major security exposure and is not recommended. -s Output everything to syslog(3) instead of the ter- minal. -v Be verbose. -X, -x Do and do not export all of the module's external symbols, respectively. The default is for the sym- bols to be exported. This option is only effective if the module does not explicitly export its own controlled symbol table, and thus is depreciated. -Y, -y Do and do not add ksymoops symbols to ksyms. These symbols are used by ksymoops to provide better debugging if there is an Oops in this module. The default is for the ksymoops symbols to be defined. This option is independent of the -X/-x options. ksymoops symbols add approximately 260 bytes per loaded module. Unless you are really short on ker- nel space and are trying to reduce ksyms to its minimum size, take the default and get more accu- rate Oops debugging. -P prefix This option can be used with versioned modules for an SMP or bigmem kernel, since such modules have an extra prefix added in their symbol names. If the kernel was built with symbol versions then insmod will automatically extract the prefix from the def- inition of "get_module_symbol" which must exist in any kernel that supports modules. If the kernel has no symbol versions but the module was built with symbol versions then the user must supply -P. MODULE PARAMETERS Some modules accept load-time parameters to customize their operation. These parameters are often I/O port and Linux October 12 1999 2 INSMOD(8) Linux Module Support INSMOD(8) IRQ numbers that vary from machine to machine and cannot be determined from the hardware. In modules built for 2.0 series kernels, any integer or character pointer symbol may be treated as a parameter and modified. Beginning in the 2.1 series kernels, symbols are explicitly marked as parameters so that only specific values may be changed. Furthermore type information is provided for checking the values provided at load time. In the case of integers, all values may be in decimal, octal or hexadecimal a la C: 17, 021 or 0x11. Array ele- ments are specified sequence separated by commas; elements can be skipped by omitting the value. In 2.0 series modules, values that do not begin with a number are considered strings. Beginning in 2.1, the parameter's type information indicates whether to inter- pret the value as a string. If the value begins with dou- ble-quotes ("), the string is interpreted as in C, escape sequences and all. Do note that from the shell prompt, the quotes themselves may need to be protected from shell interpretation. KSYMOOPS ASSISTANCE To assist with debugging of kernel Oops when using mod- ules, insmod defaults to adding some symbols to ksyms, see the -Y option. These symbols start with __insmod_module- name_. The modulename is required to make the symbols unique, it is legal to load the same object more than once under different module names. Currently defined symbols are __insmod_modulename_Oobjectfile_Mmtime_Vversion objectfile is the name of the file that the object was loaded from. This ensures that ksymoops can match the code to the correct object. mtime is the last modified timestamp on that file in hex, zero if stat failed. ver- sion is the kernel version that the module was compiled for, -1 if no version is available. The _O symbol has the same start address as the module header. __insmod_modulename_Ssectionname_Llength This symbol appears at the start of selected ELF sections, currently .text, .rodata, .data and .bss. It only appears if the section has a non-zero size. sectionname is the name of the ELF section, length is the length of the sec- tion in decimal. These symbols help ksymoops map addresses to sections when no symbols are available. The other problem with debugging kernel Oops in modules is that the contents of /proc/ksyms and /proc/modules can Linux October 12 1999 3 INSMOD(8) Linux Module Support INSMOD(8) change between the Oops and when you process the log file. To help overcome this problem, if directory /var/log/ksy- moops exists then insmod and rmmod will automatically copy /proc/ksyms and /proc/modules to /var/log/ksymoops with a prefix of `date +`. The system administrator can tell ksymoops which snapshot files to use when debug- ging an Oops. There is no switch to disable this auto- matic copy, if you do not want it to occur, do not create /var/log/ksymoops. If that directory exists, it should be owned by root and be mode 644 or 600 and you should run this script every day or so. The script below is installed as insmod_clean_ksymoops. #!/bin/sh # Delete saved ksyms and modules not accessed in 2 days if [ -d /var/log/ksymoops ] then set -e # Make sure there is always at least one version d=`date +` cp -a /proc/ksyms /var/log/ksymoops/${d}.ksyms cp -a /proc/modules /var/log/ksymoops/${d}.modules find /var/log/ksymoops -type f -atime +2 -exec rm {} \; fi SEE ALSO rmmod(8), modprobe(8), depmod(8), lsmod(8), ksyms(8), mod- ules(2), genksyms(8), kerneld(8), ksymoops(kernel).

HISTORY

Module support was first conceived by Anonymous Initial Linux version by Bas Laarhoven Version 0.99.14 by Jon Tombs Extended by Bjorn Ekwall Original ELF help from Eric Youngdale Rewritten for 2.1.17 by Richard Henderson Extended by Bjorn Ekwall for modu- tils-2.2.*, March 1999 Assistance for ksymoops by Keith Owens , May 1999 Linux October 12 1999 4