\documentclass[12pt,reqno]{article} \usepackage[usenames]{color} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsthm} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amscd} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[colorlinks=true, linkcolor=webgreen, filecolor=webbrown, citecolor=webgreen]{hyperref} \definecolor{webgreen}{rgb}{0,.5,0} \definecolor{webbrown}{rgb}{.6,0,0} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{fullpage} \usepackage{float} \usepackage{psfig} \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{latexsym} \usepackage{epsf} \usepackage{breakurl} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.1in} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{.1in} \setlength{\topmargin}{-.1in} \setlength{\textheight}{8.4in} \newcommand{\seqnum}[1]{\href{https://oeis.org/#1}{\underline{#1}}} \usepackage{amscd} \usepackage{lscape} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{tikz-cd} \usepackage{pgfplots} \usetikzlibrary{matrix} \usetikzlibrary{fit,shapes} \usetikzlibrary{positioning, calc} \tikzset{circle node/.style = {circle,inner sep=1pt,draw, fill=white}, X node/.style = {fill=white, inner sep=1pt}, dot node/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=5pt} } \usepackage{tkz-fct} \DeclareMathOperator{\sech}{sech} \DeclareMathOperator{\gd}{gd} \DeclareMathOperator{\erf}{erf} \newcommand{\myboxedtext}[2][rectangle,draw,fill=white,rounded corners]{% \tikz[baseline=-0.6ex] \node [#1,rounded corners]{#2};}% \begin{document} \begin{center} \epsfxsize=4in \leavevmode\epsffile{logo129.eps} \end{center} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} \newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} \newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} \begin{center} \vskip 1cm{\LARGE\bf The Central Coefficients of a Family of \\ \vskip .02in Pascal-like Triangles and \\ \vskip .1in Colored Lattice Paths} \vskip 1cm \large Paul Barry\\ School of Science\\ Waterford Institute of Technology\\ Ireland\\ \href{mailto:pbarry@wit.ie}{\tt pbarry@wit.ie} \end{center} \vskip .2 in \begin{abstract} We study the central coefficients of a family of Pascal-like triangles defined by Riordan arrays. These central coefficients count left-factors of colored Schr\"oder paths. We give various forms of the generating function, including continued fraction forms, and we calculate their Hankel transform. By using the $A$ and $Z$ sequences of the defining Riordan arrays, we obtain a matrix whose row sums are equal to the central coefficients under study. We explore the row polynomials of this matrix. We give alternative formulas for the coefficient array of the sequence of central coefficients. \end{abstract} \vskip .5in \section{Introduction} In the mathematics literature, the designation of ``central binomial coefficients'' is normally reserved for the binomial coefficients $\binom{2n}{n}$ \seqnum{A000984}, as they form the central spine of Pascal's triangle \seqnum{A007318} when it is viewed as a centrally symmetric (or palindromic) triangle. $$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc} & & & & & & \myboxedtext{1} & & & & & & \\ & & & & & 1& &1 & & & & & \\ & & & & 1& & \myboxedtext{2} & &1 & & & & \\ & & &1 & &3 & &3 & &1 & & & \\ & & 1& &4 & & \myboxedtext{6} & &4 & &1 & & \\ & 1& &5 & &10 & &10 & &5 & & 1& \\ 1 & & 6 & & 15 & & \myboxedtext{20} & & 15 & & 6 & & 1 \end{array} $$ When we view Pascal's triangle as a lower-triangular matrix, these numbers skip alternate rows. $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} \myboxedtext{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \myboxedtext{2} & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 3 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 4 & \myboxedtext{6} & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 & 10 & 10 & 5 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 6 & 15 & \myboxedtext{20} & 15 & 6 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ In this note, we shall be principally concerned with generalizations of the central coefficients $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ \seqnum{A001405}, which take numbers from each row when we view Pascal's triangle as a lower-triangular matrix. To distinguish $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ from the usual central binomial coefficients, we shall call $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$, and their generalizations that we shall soon introduce, \emph{complete central coefficients}. $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} \myboxedtext{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \myboxedtext{1} & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \myboxedtext{2} & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & \myboxedtext{3} & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 4 & \myboxedtext{6} & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 & \myboxedtext{10} & 10 & 5 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 6 & 15 & \myboxedtext{20} & 15 & 6 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ We recall that $\binom{2n}{n}$ has the generating function (g.f.) $$\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{2n}{n}x^n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-4x}},$$ while $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ has the generating function $$g(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}x^n=\frac{-1+2x+\sqrt{1-4x^2}}{2x-4x^2}.$$ This generating function can be alternatively expressed as $$g(x)=\frac{1+xc(x^2)}{\sqrt{1-4x^2}}=\frac{1}{1-x-x^2c(x^2)},$$ where $$c(x)=\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4x}}{2x}$$ is the generating function of the sequence of Catalan numbers $C_n=\frac{1}{n+1} \binom{2n}{n}$ \seqnum{A000108}. We note that $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ is given by the interlacing of $\binom{2n}{n}$ and $\binom{2n+1}{n+1}$ \seqnum{A001700} so that we have $$\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}=\binom{n}{n/2}\frac{1+(-1)^n}{2}+\binom{n}{(n+1)/2}\frac{1-(-1)^n}{2}.$$ Now the generating function of $\binom{2n+1}{n+1}$ is $\frac{c(x)}{\sqrt{1-4x}}$, so that we obtain that $$g(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-4x^2}}+\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4x^2}}{2x\sqrt{1-4x^2}}=\frac{-1+2x+\sqrt{1-4x^2}}{2x-4x^2}.$$ We have previously \cite{Cons} defined a family of Pascal-like triangles whose elements are (ordinary) Riordan arrays. In this note, we study the complete central coefficients of this family of triangles. Integer sequences in this note are referred to by their $Annnnnn$ number from the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences \cite{SL1, SL2} where such a number is known. All matrices in this note are integer valued, lower triangular, and invertible. In particular the main diagonal will always consist of all $1$'s. Where examples are given, a suitable truncation is shown. We recall that an ordinary Riordan array $(g(x),f(x))$ \cite{Book, Survey, SGWW} is defined by two generating functions, $$g(x)=g_0+g_1 x+ g_2 x^2 +\ldots, \quad g_0 \ne 0,$$ and $$f(x)= f_1 x+f_2 x^2+ f_3 x^3+ \ldots, \quad f_1 \ne 0,$$ with the $(n,k)$-th element of the corresponding lower-triangular matrix being given by $$[x^n] g(x)f(x)^k.$$ In the sequel we shall always assume that $g_0=f_1=1$. The inverse of the Riordan array $(g(x),f(x))$ is given by $$(g(x),f(x))^{-1}=\left(\frac{1}{g(\bar{f}(x))}, \bar{f}\right),$$ where $\bar{f}(x)$ denotes the compositional inverse of $f(x)$. Thus we have $f(\bar{f}(x))=x$ and $\bar{f}(f(x))=x$. We also use the notation $\text{Rev}(f)(x)=\bar{f}(x)$. The product law for Riordan arrays (which coincides with matrix multiplication) is given by $$(g(x), f(x)) \cdot (u(x), v(x))= (g(x)u(f(x)), v(f(x)).$$ In the group of Riordan arrays, a Bell matrix is a Riordan array defined by a pair $(g(x), xg(x))$. The row sums of a Bell matrix have a generating function given by $$(g(x), xg(x))\cdot \frac{1}{1-x} = \frac{g(x)}{1-xg(x)}.$$ The Hankel transform \cite{Kratt, Layman} of a sequence $a_n$ is the sequence $h_n$ where $h_n=|a_{i+j}|_{0 \le i,j \le n}$. If the g.f. of $a_n$ is expressible as a continued fraction \cite{CFT, Wall} of the form $$\cfrac{\mu_0}{1-\alpha_0 x- \cfrac{\beta_1 x^2}{1-\alpha_1 x - \cfrac{\beta_2 x^2}{1-\alpha_2 x - \cfrac{\beta_3 x^2}{1-\alpha_3 x -\cdots}}}},$$ then the Hankel transform of $a_n$ is given by \cite{Kratt} the Heilermann formula $$h_n=\mu_0^{n+1}\beta_1^n\beta_2^{n-1}\cdots\beta_{n-1}^2\beta_n.$$ \noindent If the g.f. of $a_n$ is expressible as the following type of continued fraction: $$\cfrac{\mu_0}{1+ \cfrac{\gamma_1 x}{1+ \cfrac{\gamma_2 x}{1+\cdots}}},$$ then we have $$h_n=\mu_0^{n+1}(\gamma_1 \gamma_2)^n (\gamma_3 \gamma_4)^{n-1} \cdots (\gamma_{2n-3} \gamma_{2n-2})^2 (\gamma_{2n-1}\gamma_{2n}).$$ A Motzkin path of length $n$ is a lattice path from $(0,0)$ to $(n,0)$ with steps northeast, $(1,1)$, east $(1,0)$ and southeast, $(1,-1)$ , that does not go below the $x$-axis. A left-factor of a Motzkin path is the portion of a Motzkin path that goes from $(0,0)$ to the line $x=n$. A Schr\"oder path of length $n$ is a lattice path from $(0,0)$ to $(2n,0)$ with steps northeast, $(1,1)$, east $(2,0)$ and southeast, $(1,-1)$ , that does not go below the $x$-axis. A left-factor of a Schr\"oder path is the portion of a Schr\"oder path that goes from $(0,0)$ to the line $x=n$. \section{The family of Pascal-like triangles} The Riordan array $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)$$ defines a Pascal-like matrix \cite{Cons} with general term $T_{n,k}$ given by $$T_{n,k}(r)=\sum_{j=0}^k \binom{k}{j}\binom{n-j}{n-k-j}r^j=\sum_{j=0}^{n-k}\binom{k}{j}\binom{n-k}{j}(r+1)^j.$$ These number triangles are ``Pascal-like'' in the sense that $$T_{n,k}=T_{n,n-k}, T_{n,0}=1,T_{n,n}=1,T_{n,k}=0\, \text{for}\, n>k.$$ We have $$T_{n,k}(0)=\binom{n}{k},$$ hence for $r=0$, the obtained number triangle is indeed Pascal's triangle \seqnum{A007318}. The central coefficients of these triangles are given by $$T_{2n,n}(r)=\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}\binom{2n-k}{n-k}r^k=\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}\binom{2n-k}{n}r^k=\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}^2(r+1)^k.$$ Similarly, we have that $$T_{2n+1,n+1}(r)=\sum_{j=0}^{n+1}\binom{n+1}{j}\binom{2n+1-j}{n-j}r^j=\sum_{j=0}^n \binom{n+1}{j}\binom{n}{j}(r+1)^j.$$ \begin{proposition} The generating function of $T_{2n,n}(r)$ is given by $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-2x(r+2)+r^2x^2}}$$ and the generating function of $T_{2n+1,n+1}(r)$ is given by $$\frac{1-rx-\sqrt{1-2x(r+2)+r^2x^2}}{2x\sqrt{1-2x(r+2)+r^2x^2}}.$$ \end{proposition} \begin{proof} Define $G(x)$ and $F(x)$ by $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)=(G(x), xF(x)).$$ Then \begin{align*} T_{2n,n}&=[x^{2n}]G(x)(xF(x))^n\\ &=[x^n]G(x)F(x)^n\\ &=[x^n] \frac{G(x)}{F(x)}F(x)^{n+1}\\ &=(n+1) \frac{1}{n+1}[x^n] \frac{G(x)}{F(x)}F(x)^{n+1}\\ &=[x^n] \frac{G(v(x))}{F(v(x))}v'(x)\end{align*} where $$v(x)=\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{F(x)}\right),$$ and where we have used Lagrange inversion \cite{Central, Lagrange}. Now in this case we have $$v(x)=\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x(1-x)}{1+rx}\right)=\frac{1-rx-\sqrt{1-2x(r+2)+r^2x^2}}{2},$$ whence the result follows. In similar fashion, we have $$T_{2n+1,n+1}=[x^n] G(v(x)) v'(x).$$ \end{proof} From the above we have that $$T_{2n,n}(r)=r^n P_n\left(\frac{r+2}{r}\right),$$ where $P_n(x)$ is the $n$-th Legendre polynomial. In particular we have $$T_{2n,n}(r)=\sum_{k=0}^n (n-k+1)\tilde{T}_{n,k} r^k,$$ where $$\tilde{T}_{n,k}=\frac{1}{n-k+1} \binom{2n-k}{n}\binom{n}{k}$$ is the number triangle \seqnum{A060693} that counts the number of Schr\"oder paths of length $n$ with $k$ peaks. This latter triangle is closely related to the Narayana triangle $(N_{n,k})$ that begins $$\left( \begin{array}{cccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 6 & 6 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 10 & 20 & 10 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ In fact we have $$(N_{n,k}) \cdot B = (\tilde{T}_{n,k}),$$ where $B=(\binom{n}{k})$ is the binomial matrix. We now turn our attention to the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ which define the polynomial sequence that begins $$1,1,r+2,2r+3, r^2+6r+6,\ldots.$$ \begin{example} The Pascal-like Riordan array $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+x)}{1-x}\right)$ (the Delannoy triangle \seqnum{A008288}) begins $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 7 & 13 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 9 & 25 & 25 & 9 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 11 & 41 & 63 & 41 & 11 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ The complete central coefficients form the sequence \seqnum{A026003} that begins $$1,1,3,5,13,25,63,\ldots.$$ This sequence counts left-factors of Schr\"oder paths (from $(0,0)$ to the line $x=n$). \end{example} \begin{example} The Pascal-like triangle $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+2x)}{1-x}\right)$ \seqnum{A081577} begins $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 7 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 10 & 22 & 10 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 13 & 46 & 46 & 13 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 16 & 79 & 136 & 79 & 16 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ The complete central coefficients form the sequence that begins $$1,1,4,7,22,46,136,\ldots.$$ This sequence counts left-factors of Schr\"oder paths (from $(0,0)$ to the line $x=n$), where the horizontal steps come in two colors. See Figure \ref{Schroeder}. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (4,17); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,0)--(1,1)--(2,0)--(3,1); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,2)--(2,4)--(3,3); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,5)--(3,8); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,9)--(2,9)--(3,10); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,11)--(2,11); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (2,11)--(3,12); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,13)--(1,14)--(3,14); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,15)--(1,16); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (1,16)--(3,16); \end{tikzpicture} \caption{The $7$ Schr\"oder left-factors at $x=3$ for $r=2$}\label{Schroeder} \end{center} \end{figure} \end{example} \begin{proposition} The generating function of the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ of the Pascal-like Riordan array $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)$ is given by $$g(x;r)=\frac{\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}+rx^2+2x-1}{2x(1-2x-rx^2)}.$$ \end{proposition} \begin{proof} By the previous proposition, we have \begin{align*}g(x;r)&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}+x\frac{1-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}\\ &=\frac{1+2x-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x \sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}\\ &=\frac{\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}+rx^2+2x-1}{2x(1-2x-rx^2)}.\end{align*} \end{proof} \begin{corollary} We have the following continued fraction form for $g(x;r)$. $$g(x;r)= \cfrac{1}{1-x- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} We solve the equation $$u=\frac{1}{1-\frac{x^2}{1-(r+1)x^2 u}}.$$ Then we find that $$g(x;r)=\frac{1}{1-x-(r+1)x^2 u}.$$ \end{proof} \begin{corollary} We have the following continued fraction form for $g(x;r)$. $$g(x;r)=\cfrac{1}{1-x-rx^2-\cfrac{x^2}{1-rx^2-\cfrac{x^2}{1-rx^2-\cdots}}}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{corollary} We have $$g(x;r)=\frac{1}{1-2x-rx^2}c\left(\frac{-x}{1-2x-rx^2}\right).$$ \end{corollary} \begin{corollary} The Hankel transform $h_n=|T_{i+j, \lfloor \frac{i+j}{2} \rfloor}|_{0 \le i,j \le n}$ of $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ is given by $$h_n= (r+1)^{\lfloor \frac{(n+1)^2}{4} \rfloor}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} We have $$g(x;r)= \cfrac{1}{1-x- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}}$$ whose expansion has the same Hankel transform as the expansion of its INVERT$(1)$ transform $$\cfrac{1}{1- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}}.$$ The Hankel transform result follows from Heilermann's formula. \end{proof} Note that if a sequence has generating function $f(x)$, then its INVERT$(r)$ transform is the sequence with generating function $\frac{f(x)}{1-r x f(x)}$. The Hankel transform of a sequence and that of its INVERT$(r)$ transform are equal \cite{Gessel}. We let $$\mathfrak{c}(x)=\frac{1+xc(x^2)}{\sqrt{1-4x^2}}=\frac{1}{1-x-x^2c(x^2)}=\frac{\sqrt{1-4x^2}+2x-1}{2x(1-x)}$$ be the generating function of $\binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$. We have $$\mathfrak{c}(x)=\left(\frac{1}{1-2x}, \frac{-x}{1-2x}\right)\cdot c(x).$$ \begin{corollary} The generating function $g(x;r)$ of the complete central coefficients $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ of the Pascal-like matrix $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)$ is given by $$g(x;r)=\left(\frac{1}{1-rx^2}, \frac{x}{1-rx^2}\right)\cdot \mathfrak{c}(x)=\frac{1}{1-rx^2}\mathfrak{c}\left(\frac{x}{1-rx^2}\right).$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} This follows since we have the Riordan array factorization $$\left(\frac{1}{1-2x-rx^2},\frac{-x}{1-2x-rx^2}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{1-rx^2}, \frac{x}{1-rx^2}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{1}{1-2x}, \frac{-x}{1-2x}\right).$$ \end{proof} \begin{corollary} We have $$T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}=\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{\frac{n+k}{2}}{k}r^{\frac{n-k}{2}}\frac{1+(-1)^{n-k}}{2}\binom{k}{\lfloor \frac{k}{2} \rfloor} =\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}\binom{n-k}{k}r^{n-2k}\binom{n-2k}{\lfloor \frac{n-2k}{2} \rfloor}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} The general term of the Riordan array $\left(\frac{1}{1-rx^2}, \frac{x}{1-rx^2}\right)$ is given by $\binom{\frac{n+k}{2}}{k}r^{\frac{n-k}{2}}\frac{1+(-1)^{n-k}}{2}$. \end{proof} \section{A matrix whose row sums are $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$} In this section, we wish to construct a matrix whose row sums are equal to the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$. In order to do this, we will make use of the $A$ and the $Z$ sequences of the Pascal-like triangle $(T_{n,k})$. \begin{proposition} For the Pascal-like triangle $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right),$$ we have $$Z(x)=1, \quad A(x)=\frac{1+x+\sqrt{1+2x(2r+1)+x^2}}{2}.$$ \end{proposition} \begin{proof} We let $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)=(g(x), f(x))$. Then $$A(x)=\frac{x}{\bar{f}(x)},$$ where $\bar{f}(x)$ is the solution of the equation $f(u)=x$ for which $u(0)=0$. Thus we are looking for the solution of the equation $$\frac{u(1+ru)}{1-u}=x.$$ We find that $$\bar{f}(x)=\frac{\sqrt{1+2x(2r+1)+x^2}-x-1}{2r},$$ and so $$A(x)=\frac{1+x+\sqrt{1+2x(2r+1)+x^2}}{2}.$$ That $Z(x)=1$ follows from the fact that $g(x)=\frac{1}{1-x}$. \end{proof} We now wish to construct the Riordan array $M$ whose $A$-sequence is $A(x^2)$, and whose $Z$-sequence is $Z(x^2)$. By the theory of Riordan arrays, this matrix will have its inverse given by $$M^{-1}=\left(1-\frac{x Z(x^2)}{A(x^2)}, \frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right)=\left(1-\frac{x}{A(x^2)}, \frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right).$$ Now $$A(x^2)=\frac{1+x^2+\sqrt{1+2x^2(2r+1)+x^4}}{2}.$$ Thus if $M=(u(x), v(x))$, we have $$v(x)=\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right)=\text{Rev}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+2x^2(2r+1)+x^4}-x^2-1}{2rx}\right).$$ We obtain that $$v(x)=\frac{1-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x}.$$ It follows that $$u(x)=\frac{1}{1-x}.$$ We then have the following result. \begin{proposition} We consider the Pascal-like Riordan array $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right).$$ Let the $Z$-sequence, respectively the $A$-sequence of this matrix be given by $Z(x)$, respectively $A(x)$. Then the matrix whose $Z$-sequence is $Z(x^2)$, and whose $A$-sequence is $A(x^2)$, is given by $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x},\frac{1-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x}\right).$$ \end{proposition} \begin{corollary} The row sums of the matrix $M$ have generating function given by $$\frac{2x}{(1-x)(\sqrt{r^2x^4-2x^2(r+2)+1}+rx^2+2x-1)}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} This follows since the row sums of $M=(u,v)$ have generating function $\frac{u}{1-v}$. \end{proof} We now form the Riordan array $$\tilde{M}=(1-x, x)M=(1, v(x))$$ which will have row sums whose generating function is given by $$\frac{2x}{\sqrt{r^2x^4-2x^2(r+2)+1}+rx^2+2x-1}=\frac{\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}-rx^2-2x+1}{2(1-2x-rx^2)}.$$ We then have \begin{proposition} The generating function $s(x)$ of the row sums of the matrix $\tilde{M}$ satisfies $$s(x)=1+xg(x),$$ where $g(x)$ is the generating function of the complete central coefficients of the Pascal-like matrix $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right).$$ \end{proposition} \begin{corollary} Let $A(x)$ be the $A$-sequence of the Pascal-like triangle $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)$. The row sums of the Bell matrix $$\left(\frac{v(x)}{x}, v(x)\right)=\left(\frac{1}{x}\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right),\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right)\right) $$ are the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ of the Pascal-like matrix $$\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right).$$ \end{corollary} \begin{proof} We have $$v(x)=\frac{1-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x}.$$ The row sums of $\left(\frac{v(x)}{x}, v(x)\right)$ then have generating function $$\frac{\frac{v(x)}{x}}{1-v(x)}=g(x;r).$$ \end{proof} The matrix $(1, v(x))$ begins \begin{scriptsize} $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & r+1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 r+2 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & r^2+3 r+2 & 0 & 3 r+3 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 r^2+8 r+5 & 0 & 4 r+4 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & r^3+6 r^2+10 r+5 & 0 & 6 r^2+15 r+9 & 0 & 5 r+5 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 r^3+20 r^2+30 r+14 & 0 & 10 r^2+24 r+14 & 0 & 6 r+6 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right),$$ \end{scriptsize} while the matrix $\left(\frac{v(x)}{x}, v(x)\right)$ begins \begin{scriptsize} $$\left( \begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ r+1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 r+2 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ r^2+3 r+2 & 0 & 3 r+3 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 r^2+8 r+5 & 0 & 4 r+4 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ r^3+6 r^2+10 r+5 & 0 & 6 r^2+15 r+9 & 0 & 5 r+5 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 r^3+20 r^2+30 r+14 & 0 & 10 r^2+24 r+14 & 0 & 6 r+6 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ \end{scriptsize} The matrix $R=\left(\frac{1}{x}\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right),\text{Rev}\left(\frac{x}{A(x^2)}\right)\right)$ can be written as $$R=\left(\frac{1}{1-rx^2}c\left(\frac{x^2}{(1-rx^2)^2}\right), \frac{x}{1-rx^2}c\left(\frac{x^2}{(1-rx^2)^2}\right)\right).$$ We define the row polynomials of this matrix $R_n(y;r)$ to be the elements of the sequence with generating function $$\mathcal{R}(x,y)=R\cdot \frac{1}{1-yx}=\left(\frac{1}{1-rx^2}c\left(\frac{x^2}{(1-rx^2)^2}\right), \frac{x}{1-rx^2}c\left(\frac{x^2}{(1-rx^2)^2}\right)\right)\cdot \frac{1}{1-yx}.$$ We find that $$\mathcal{R}(x,y)=\frac{1-2xy-rx^2-\sqrt{1-2x^2(r+2)+r^2x^4}}{2x(rx^2y+x(y^2+1)-y)}.$$ This expands to give the sequence of polynomials $R_n(y;r)$ that begins $$1, y, y^2 + r + 1, y^3 + 2y(r + 1), y^4 + 3y^2(r + 1) + (r + 1)(r + 2), \ldots.$$ The complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ are given by $R_n(1;0)$. We have the following result. \begin{proposition} The generating function $\mathcal{R}(x,y;r)$ of the row polynomials $R_n(y;r)$ can be expressed as the following continued fraction. $$\mathcal{R}(x,y;r)= \cfrac{1}{1-yx- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1- \cfrac{(r+1)x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}}.$$ \end{proposition} \begin{corollary} The Hankel transform of the row polynomial sequence $R_n(y)$ is given by $$h_n=(r+1)^{\lfloor \frac{(n+1)^2}{4}\rfloor}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{example} For $(y,r)=(0,1)$ we have that $R_n(0;1)$ is the sequence of aerated large Schr\"oder numbers $$ 1, 0, 2, 0, 6, 0, 22, 0, 90, 0, 394, 0, 1806,\ldots$$ that counts Schr\"oder paths of length $n$. \end{example} \begin{example} For $(y,r)=(2,0)$, we have that $R_n(2;0)$ is the sequence \seqnum{A054341} which begins $$1, 2, 5, 12, 30, 74, 185, 460, 1150, 2868, 7170, 17904, 44760,\ldots$$ and which counts Motzkin paths of length $n$ for which the horizontal steps at level $0$ come in two colours, and which have no horizontal steps at higher level (Emeric Deutsch). \end{example} \begin{example} For $(y,r)=(2,1)$, we have that $R_n(2,1)$, which begins $$ 1, 2, 6, 16, 46, 128, 366, 1032, 2946, 8352, 23826, 67720, 193126,\ldots,$$ counts left-factors of length $n$ of Motzkin paths whose the horizontal steps at level $0$ come in two colours, and which have no horizontal steps at higher level. See Figure \ref{Motzkin}. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,19); \draw [ultra thick] (0,0)--(3,3); \draw [ultra thick] (0,4)--(1,5)--(2,4)--(3,5); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,6)--(1,6); \draw[ultra thick] (1,6)--(3,8); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,9)--(1,9); \draw[ultra thick] (1,9)--(3,11); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,12)--(1,12); \draw[ultra thick] (1,12)--(2,13)--(3,12); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,14)--(1,14); \draw[ultra thick] (1,14)--(2,15)--(3,14); \draw[ultra thick] (0,16)--(1,17)--(2,16); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (2,16)--(3,16); \draw[ultra thick] (0,18)--(1,19)--(2,18); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (2,18)--(3,18); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (5,18)--(8,18); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (5,16)--(7,16); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (7,16)--(8,16); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (5,14)--(6,14); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (6,14)--(8,14); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (5,12)--(8,12); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (5,9)--(6,9); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (6,9)--(7,9); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (7,9)--(8,9); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (5,6)--(7,6); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (7,6)--(8,6); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (5,4)--(6,4); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (6,4)--(8,4); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (5,0)--(6,0); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (6,0)--(7,0); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (7,0)--(8,0); \end{tikzpicture} \caption{The $16=R_2(2,1)$ Motzkin left-factors for $y=2$ and $r=1$ at $x=3$.}\label{Motzkin} \end{center} \end{figure} We note that the Riordan array \seqnum{A110109} \cite{Bac} $$\left(\frac{1-x^2-\sqrt{1-6x^2+x^4}}{2x^2},\frac{1-x^2-\sqrt{1-6x^2+x^4}}{2x}\right)$$ counts the number of left factors of Schr\"oder paths from $(0,0)$ to $(n,k)$. Its general term \cite{KrattL} is given by $$L_{n,k}=\sum_{j=0}^{\frac{n}{2}}\binom{n-j}{j}\left(\binom{n-2j}{\frac{n+k-2j}{2}}-\binom{n-2j}{\frac{n+k-2j+2}{2}}\right),$$ with the convention that a binomial coefficient whose lower parameter is not an integer is $0$. We have $$R_n(2,1)=\sum_{k=0}^n L_{n,k}2^k,$$ and in general $$R_n(y,1)=\sum_{k=0}^n L_{n,k}y^k.$$ This corresponds to the fact that the generating function $$\cfrac{1}{1-yx- \cfrac{2x^2}{1- \cfrac{x^2}{1- \cfrac{2x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}$$ expands to the matrix that begins $$\left( \begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 6 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 16 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 22 & 0 & 30 & 0 & 10 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 68 & 0 & 48 & 0 & 12 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ This is $(L_{n,k})$. \end{example} \section{Further results} We begin this section by considering the coefficient array of the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$. We have $$T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} \binom{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}{k}\binom{n-k}{n-\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor-k}r^k,$$ and hence the coefficient array has coefficients $$ \binom{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}{k}\binom{n-k}{n-\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor-k}=\binom{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}{k}\binom{n-k}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}.$$ This coefficient array begins $$\left( \begin{array}{cccccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 6 & 6 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 10 & 12 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 20 & 30 & 12 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 35 & 60 & 30 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 70 & 140 & 90 & 20 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 126 & 280 & 210 & 60 & 5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ The $(n,k)$-th element of this array represents the number of left-factors of Schr\"oder paths (Schr\"oder paths from $(0,0)$ to the line $x=n$) with $k$ peaks. This gives us the interpretation of the complete central coefficients $T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ as counting left-factors of Schr\"oder paths where the horizontal steps can have any of $r$ colors. Rectifying the above matrix (let $n \mapsto n+k$), we get the array that begins $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & 6 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 6 & 12 & 12 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 10 & 30 & 30 & 20 & 5 & 1 & 0 \\ 20 & 60 & 90 & 60 & 30 & 6 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$ We recognise in this the exponential Riordan array \seqnum{A107230} $$\left[I_0(2x)+I_1(2x), x\right].$$ Since the Bessel function $I_n(x)$ is given by $$I_n(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{i!(n+i)!}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{n+2i},$$ we can also describe the elements of the coefficient array as $$\frac{(n-k)!}{k!}\left([n-2k\,\text{is even}]\frac{1}{\frac{n-2k}{2}!^2}+[n-2k-1\,\text{is even}] \frac{1}{\frac{n-2k-1}{2}! \frac{n-2k+1}{2}!}\right).$$ Here we have used the Iverson bracket notation $[\mathcal{P}]$, where $[\mathcal{P}]$ is $1$ if the proposition $\mathcal{P}$ is true, and $0$ if not \cite{Concrete}. We can generalize $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r)$ by defining $$T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s)=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} \binom{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}{k}\binom{n-k}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}s^{n-k}r^k.$$ We have the following. \begin{proposition} The sequence $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s)$ is the complete central coefficient sequence of the Riordan array $$\left(\frac{1}{1-sx}, \frac{sx(1+rx)}{1-sx}\right).$$ \end{proposition}. \begin{proof} We find that $$T_{n,k}(r,s)= \sum_{j=0}^k \binom{k}{j}\binom{n-j}{k}r^j s^{n-j}.$$ Thus $$T_{n, \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s) = \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} \binom{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}{j}\binom{n-j}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}r^j s^{n-j}.$$ \end{proof} As a consequence of this proposition, we can obtain the following result. \begin{proposition} The generating function of $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s)$ is given by $$g(x;r,s)=\frac{1-2sx-rsx^2-\sqrt{1-2sx^2(r+2s)+r^2s^2x^4}}{2sx(rsx^2+2sx-1)}.$$ We can express this as the continued fraction $$\cfrac{1}{1-sx- \cfrac{s(r+s)x^2}{1- \cfrac{s^2x^2}{1- \cfrac{s(r+s)x^2}{1- \cfrac{s^2x^2}{1-\cdots}}}}}.$$ \end{proposition} \begin{corollary} The generating function of $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s)$ is given by $$\left(\frac{1}{1-2sx-rsx^2}, \frac{-sx}{1-2sx-rsx^2}\right)\cdot c(x)=\left(\frac{1}{1-rsx^2}, \frac{sx}{1-rsx^2}\right)\cdot \mathfrak{c}(x).$$ \end{corollary} \begin{corollary} The Hankel transform of $T_{n,\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}(r,s)$ is given by $$h_n=s^{2 \lfloor \frac{n^2}{4} \rfloor} (s(r+s))^{\lfloor \frac{(n+1)^2}{4} \rfloor}.$$ \end{corollary} \begin{example} For $(r,s)=(0,2)$, we get the sequence \seqnum{A060899} or $2^n \binom{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$ that begins $$ 1, 2, 8, 24, 96, 320, 1280, 4480, 17920, 64512, 258048,\ldots.$$ This counts walks of length $n$ on a square lattice, starting at the origin, staying on points with $x+y \ge 0$. For $(r,s)=(1,2)$, we get the sequence that begins $$ 1, 2, 10, 32, 148, 536, 2440, 9344, 42256, 167072, 752800,\ldots.$$ This counts left-factors of Schr\"oder paths where each type of step can have a choice of two colors. For $(r,s)=(2,2)$, we get the sequence that begins $$1, 2, 12, 40, 208, 800, 4032, 16512, 82176, 348672, 1723392,\ldots.$$ This counts left-factors of Schr\"oder paths where each type of step can have a choice of two colors, and where additionally the horizontal step can be dashed or dotted. See Figure \ref{Schroeder_dd}. \end{example} \begin{figure} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture} \draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (3,21); \draw[color=blue, dashed, ultra thick] (0,20)--(2,20); \draw[color=blue, loosely dotted, ultra thick] (0,19)--(2,19); \draw[color=red, dashed, ultra thick] (0,18)-- (2,18); \draw[color=red, loosely dotted, ultra thick] (0,17)--(2,17); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,14)--(2,16); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,12)--(1,13); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (1,13)--(2,14); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,10)--(1,11); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (1,11)--(2,12); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,8)--(2,10); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,6)--(1,7)--(2,6); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (0,4)--(1,5); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (1,5)--(2,4); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,2)--(1,3); \draw[color=red, ultra thick] (1,3)--(2,2); \draw[color=blue, ultra thick] (0,0)--(1,1)--(2,0); \end{tikzpicture} \caption{The $12$ Schr\"oder left-factors for $x=2$ and $r=2$, $s=2$.}\label{Schroeder_dd} \end{center} \end{figure} \section{Conclusions} We have studied the sequences that are given by the complete central sequences of the Pascal-like triangles defined by the Riordan arrays $\left(\frac{1}{1-x}, \frac{x(1+rx)}{1-x}\right)$. We have given generating functions and closed from formulas. We have also presented Riordan arrays whose row sums are equal to these sequences. Throughout, we have found sequences that are linked to the statistics of Schr\"oder and Motzkin paths. As the techniques used have been of an algebraic and analytical nature, there is as yet no clear combinatorial view of why this should be so. This therefore merits further study. The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for their constructive comments. \begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem{Bac} D. Baccherini, D. Merlini, and R. Sprugnoli, Level generating trees and proper Riordan arrays, \emph{Appl. Anal. Discrete Math.}, \textbf{2} (2008), 69--91. \bibitem{Book} P. Barry, \emph{Riordan Arrays: A Primer}, Logic Press, 2017. \bibitem{Central} P. Barry, On the central coefficients of Riordan matrices, \emph{J. Integer Sequences}, \textbf{16} (2013), \href{https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL16/Barry1/barry242.pdf} {Article 13.5.1}. \bibitem{CFT} P. Barry, Continued fractions and transformations of integer sequences, \emph{J. Integer Sequences}, \textbf{12} (2009), \href{https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL12/Barry3/barry93.pdf} {Article 09.7.6}. \bibitem{Cons} P. Barry, On integer-sequence-based constructions of generalized Pascal triangles, \emph{J. Integer Sequences}, \textbf{9} (2006), \href{https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL9/Barry/barry91.pdf} {Article 06.2.4}. \bibitem{Gessel} I. M. Gessel and G. Xin, The generating function of ternary trees and continued fractions, \emph{Electron. J. Combin.}, \textbf{13} (2006), Research Paper \#R$53$. \bibitem{Concrete} I. Graham, D. E. Knuth, and O. Patashnik, \emph{Concrete Mathematics}, Addison--Wesley, Reading, MA. \bibitem{KrattL} C. Krattenthaler, Lattice path enumeration, in M. Bona (ed) \emph{Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics}, Chapman \& Hall/CRC Press, available electronically at \url{https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05930}. \bibitem{Kratt} C. Krattenthaler, Advanced determinant calculus: a complement, \emph{Lin. Alg. Appl.}, {\bf 411} (2005), 68–-166. \bibitem{Layman} J. W. Layman, The Hankel transform and some of its properties, \emph{J. of Integer Sequences}, {\bf 4} (2001), \href{http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL4/LAYMAN/hankel.html} {Article 01.1.5}. \bibitem{Lagrange} D. Merlini, R. Sprugnoli, and M.~C.~Verri, Lagrange inversion: when and how, \emph{Acta Appl. Math.}, \textbf{94} (2006), 233--249. \bibitem{Survey} L. Shapiro, A survey of the Riordan group, available electronically at \href{http://www.combinatorics.cn/activities/Riordan\%20Group.pdf} {Center for Combinatorics}, Nankai University, 2018. \bibitem{SGWW} L. W. Shapiro, S. Getu, W.-J. Woan, and L. C. Woodson, The Riordan group, \emph{Discr. Appl. Math.} \textbf{34} (1991), 229--239. \bibitem{SL1} N. J. A.~Sloane, \emph{The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences}. Published electronically at \url{https://oeis.org}, 2018. \bibitem{SL2} N. J. A.~Sloane, The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, \emph{Notices Amer. Math. Soc.}, \textbf{50} (2003), 912--915. \bibitem{Wall} H.~S. Wall, \emph{Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions}, AMS Chelsea Publishing, 2001. \end{thebibliography} \bigskip \hrule \bigskip \noindent 2010 {\it Mathematics Subject Classification}: Primary 15B36; Secondary 05A10, 05A15, 11C20, 11B37, 11B83. \noindent \emph{Keywords:} Pascal-like triangle, Riordan array, central binomial coefficient, lattice path, Motzkin path, Schr\"oder path. \bigskip \hrule \bigskip \noindent (Concerned with sequences \seqnum{A000108}, \seqnum{A000984}, \seqnum{A001405}, \seqnum{A001700}, \seqnum{A007318}, \seqnum{A008288}, \seqnum{A026003}, \seqnum{A054341}, \seqnum{A060693}, \seqnum{A060899}, \seqnum{A081577}, \seqnum{A107230}, and \seqnum{A110109}.) \bigskip \hrule \bigskip \vspace*{+.1in} \noindent Received July 28 2018; revised version received December 19 2018. Published in {\it Journal of Integer Sequences}, December 19 2018. \bigskip \hrule \bigskip \noindent Return to \htmladdnormallink{Journal of Integer Sequences home page}{http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/}. \vskip .1in \end{document}