Print Dictionaries

This chapter defines a base tag set for encoding human-oriented monolingual and polyglot dictionaries (as opposed to computational lexica, which are intended for use by language-processing software). Dictionaries are most familiar in their printed form; however, increasing numbers of dictionaries exist also in electronic forms which are independent of any particular printed form, but from which various displays can be produced --- e.g. CD-ROM dictionaries.

Both typographically and structurally, dictionaries are extremely complex. In addition, dictionaries interest many communities with different and sometimes conflicting goals. As a result, many general problems of text encoding are particularly pronounced here, and more compromises and alternatives within the encoding scheme may be required. We refer the reader to previous and current discussions of a common format for encoding dictionaries. For example, Robert A. Amsler and Frank W. Tompa, An SGML-Based Standard for English Monolingual Dictionaries, in Information in Text: Fourth Annual Conference of the U[niversity of] W[aterloo] Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary October 26-28, 1988, Waterloo, Canada, pp. 61-79; Nicoletta Calzolari et al., Computational Model of the Dictionary Entry: Preliminary Report, Acquilex: Esprit Basic Research Action No. 3030, Six-Month Deliverable, Pisa, April 1990; John Fought and Carol Van Ess-Dykema, Toward an SGML Document Type Definition for Bilingual Dictionaries, TEI working paper TEI AIW20 (available from the TEI); Nancy Ide and Jean Veronis, Encoding Print Dictionaries, Computers and the Humanities (special TEI issue --- to appear); Nancy Ide, Jacques Le Maitre, and Jean Veronis, Outline of a Model for Lexical Databases, (Information Processing and Management, 29, 2, 159-186, 1993); Nancy Ide, Jean Veronis, Susan Warwick- Armstrong, Nicoletta Calzolari, Principles for Encoding machine readable dictionaries, Proceedings of the Fifth EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX'92 (to appear), University of Tempere, Finland; and The DANLEX Group, Descriptive tools for electronic processing of dictionary data, in Lexicographica, Series Maior (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1987). Two problems are particularly prominent.

First, because the structure of dictionary entries varies widely both among and within dictionaries, the simplest way for an encoding scheme to accommodate the entire range of structures actually encountered is to allow virtually any element to appear virtually anywhere in a dictionary entry. It is clear, however, that strong and consistent structural principles do govern the vast majority of conventional dictionaries, as well as many or most entries even in more exotic dictionaries; ideally, a set of encoding guidelines should capture these structural principles. We therefore define two distinct elements for dictionary entries, one (entry) which captures the regularities of most conventional dictionary entries, and a second (entryFree) which uses the same elements, but allows them to combine much more freely. It is recommended that entry be used in preference to entryFree wherever the structure of the entry allows it. These elements and their contents are described in sections , , and .

Second, since so much of the information in printed dictionaries is implicit or highly compressed, their encoding requires clear thought about whether it is to capture the precise typographic form of the source text or the underlying structure of the information it presents. Since both of these views of the dictionary may be of interest, it proves necessary to develop methods of recording both, and of recording the interrelationship between them as well. Users interested mainly in the printed format of the dictionary will require an encoding to be faithful to an original printed version. However, other users will be interested primarily in capturing the lexical information in a dictionary in a form suitable for further processing, which may demand the expansion or rearrangement of the information contained in the printed form. Further, some users wish to encode both of these views of the data, and retain the links between related elements of the two encodings. Problems of recording these two different views of dictionary data are discussed in section , together with mechanisms for retaining both views when this is desired.

Whichever view is adopted, a parameter entity TEI.dictionaries must be declared within the document type subset of any document using this base tag set. This should have the value INCLUDE, as further described in section . A document using this base tag set and no other additional tag sets will thus begin as follows: ]> ]]> Dictionary Body and Overall Structure

Overall, dictionaries have the same structure of front matter, body, and back matter familiar from other texts; the base tag set for dictionaries uses the same front-matter and back-matter elements as other TEI base tag sets; these are documented in chapter . In addition, dictionaries define the elements entry, entryFree, and superEntry as component-level elements which can occur directly within a text division or the text body.

The following tags should be used to mark the gross structure of a printed dictionary; the dictionary-specific tags are discussed further in the following section. contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample. contains any prefatory matter (headers, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found before the start of a text proper. contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter. contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text. contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text. contains the largest possible subdivision of the body of a text. contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text (the largest, if div0 is not used, the second largest if it is). contains a reasonably well-structured dictionary entry. contains a dictionary entry which does not necessarily conform to the constraints imposed by the entry element. groups successive entries for a set of homographs. The text-division elements div2 through div7 may also be used, as described in chapter .

As members of the class entries, entry and entryFree share the following attributes: indicates type of entry, in dictionaries with multiple types. Suggested values include: a main entry (default). a homograph with a separate entry. a reduced entry whose only function is to point to another main entry (e.g. for forms of an irregular verb or for variant spellings: was pointing to be, or esthete to aesthete). an entry for a prefix, infix, or suffix. an entry for an abbreviation. a supplemental entry (for use in dictionaries which issue supplements to their main work in which they include updated information about entries). an entry for a foreign word in a monolingual dictionary. contains a (sortable) character sequence reflecting the entry's alphabetical position in the printed dictionary.

The front and back matter of a dictionary may well contain specialized material like lists of common and proper nouns, grammatical tables, gazetteers, a guide to the use of the dictionary, etc. These may be tagged as elements defined in the core tag set (chapter ) or as specialized dictionary elements as defined in this chapter.

The body element consists of a set of entries, optionally grouped into one or several div, div0, or div1 elements. These text divisions might correspond, for example, to sections for different languages in a bilingual dictionaries, sections for different letters of the alphabet, etc.It is unlikely that many conventional dictionaries will require smaller divisions, but all the usual division elements div2 through div7 may be used. In print dictionaries, entries are typically typographically distinct entities, each headed by some morphological form of the lexical item described (the headword), and sorted in alphabetical order or (for non-alphabetic scripts) in some other conventional sequence. Dictionary entries should be encoded as distinct successive items, each marked as an entry element. The type attribute may be used to distinguish different types of entries, for example main entries, related entries, run-on entries, or entries for cross-references, etc.

Some dictionaries provide distinct entries for homographs, on the basis of etymology, part-of-speech, or both, and typically provide a numeric superscript on the headword identifying the homograph number. In these cases each homograph should be encoded as a separate entry; the superEntry element may optionally be used to group such successive homograph entries. In addition to a series of entry elements, the superEntry may contain a preliminary form group (see section ) when information about hyphenation, pronunciation, etc., is given only once for two or more homograph entries. If the homograph number is to be recorded, the global attribute n should be used for this purpose. In some dictionaries, homographs are treated in distinct parts of the same entry; in these cases, they may be separated by use of the hom element, for which see section .

A sort key, given in the key attribute, is often required for superentries and entries, especially in cases where the order of entries does not follow the local character-set collating sequence (as, for example, when an entry for 3D appears at the place where three-D would appear).

The body of a bilingual dictionary with two parts will thus have an overall structure resembling the following: ... ... ... ... ... ... ]]>

A dictionary with no internal divisions might have a structure like the following; a superEntry is shown grouping two homograph entries. ... ... ... ... ]]>

The base tag set for dictionaries is contained in the files teidict2.ent and teidict2.dtd. The first of these defines the class comp.dictionaries, so that the generic text-division elements div, div0, div1, etc. can contain entry elements: ]]> The dictionary-specific elements are all declared in the file teidict2.dtd, which has the following overall structure. %TEI.structure.dtd; ]]&nil;> ]]> The Structure of Dictionary Entries

A simple dictionary entry may contain information about the form of the word treated, its grammatical characterization, its definition, synonyms, or translation equivalents, its etymology, cross-references to other entries, usage information, and examples. These we refer to as the constituent parts or constituents of the entry; some dictionary constituents possess no internal structure, while others are most naturally viewed as groups of smaller elements, which may be marked in their own right. In some styles of markup, tags will be applied only to the low-level items, leaving the constituent groups which contain them untagged. We distinguish the class of top-level constituents of dictionary entries, which can occur directly within entries, from the class of phrase-level constituents, which can normally occur only within top-level constituents. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are described in section , and documented more fully, together with their phrase-level sub-constituents, in section .

In addition, however, dictionary entries often have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, an entry may consist of two or more sub-parts, each corresponding to information for a different part-of-speech homograph of the headword. The entry (or part-of-speech homographs, if the entry is split this way) may also consist of senses, each of which may in turn be composed of two or more sub-senses, etc. Each sub-part, homograph entry, sense, or sub-sense we call a level; at any level in an entry, any or all of the constituent parts of dictionary entries may appear. The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are documented in section . Hierarchical Levels

The outermost structural level of an entry is marked with the elements entry or entryFree. The hom element marks the subdivision of entries into part-of-speech homographs. The sense element marks the subdivision of entries and part-of-speech homographs into senses; this element nests recursively in order to provide for a hierarchy of sub-senses of any depth. All of these levels may each contain any of the constituent parts of an entry. A special case of hierarchical structure is represented by the re (related entry) element, which is discussed in section . contains a reasonably well-structured dictionary entry. contains a dictionary entry which does not necessarily conform to the constraints imposed by the entry element. groups information relating to one homograph within an entry. groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry (definitions, examples, translation equivalents, etc.) Attributes include: gives the nesting depth of this sense.

For example, an entry with two senses will have the following structure: ]]>

An entry with two homographs, the first with two senses and the second with three (one of which has two sub-senses), will have a structure like this: ... ... ... ... ... ... ]]> In some dictionaries, homographs typically receive separate entries; in such a case, as noted in section , the two homographs may be treated as entries, optionally grouped by a superentry: ... ... ... ... ... ... ]]>

The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are declared as shown in the following DTD fragment. As may be seen, the content model for entry specifies that entries do not nest, that homographs nest within entries, and that senses nest within entries, homographs, or senses, and may be nested to any depth to reflect the embedding of sub-senses. Any of the top-level constituents (def, usg, form, etc.) can appear at any level (i.e., within entries, homographs, or senses). ]]> Groups and Constituents

As noted above, dictionary entries, and subordinate levels within dictionary entries, may comprise several constituent parts, each providing a different type of information about the word treated. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are: information about the form of the word treated (orthography, pronunciation, hyphenation, etc.) grammatical information (part of speech, grammatical sub-categorization, etc.) definitions or translations into another language etymology examples usage information cross-references to other entries notes entries (often of reduced form) for related words, typically called related entries Any of the hierarchical levels (entry, entryFree, hom, sense) may contain any of these top-level constituents, since information about word form, particular grammatical information, special pronunciation, usage information, etc., may apply to an entire entry, or to only one homograph, or only to a particular sense. The examples below illustrate this point.

The following elements are used to encode these top-level constituents: groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword. groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. pos, gen, number, case, or itype (inflectional class). contains definition text in a dictionary entry. contains translation text and related information (within an entry in a multilingual dictionary). (in a dictionary) contains an example text containing at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described; examples may be quoted from (named) authors or contrived. contains usage information in a dictionary entry. contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text. encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry. contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry. contains a note or annotation.

In a simple entry with no internal hierarchy, all top-level constituents appear at the entry level. Each example taken from a real dictionary indicates its source using the following abbreviations for dictionary names: To simplify the electronic presentation of this document on systems with limited character sets, many of the pronunciations are presented using the transliteration found in the electronic edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Also, the middle dot in quoted entries is rendered with a full stop, while within the sample transcriptions hyphenation and syllabification points are indicated with |, regardless of their rendition in the source text. com.peti.tor /k@m"petit@(r)/ n person who competes. [OALD]

competitor com|peti|tor k@m"petit@(r)
n person who competes. ]]> For the elements which appear within the form and gramGrp elements of this example, see below, section , and section .

As mentioned above, any top-level constituent can appear at any level when the hierarchical structure of the entry is more complex. The most obvious examples are def and trans, which appear at the sense level when several senses or translations exist: disproof (dIs"pru:f) n. 1. facts that disprove something. 2. the act of disproving. [CED]

disproof dIs"pru:f
n facts that disprove something. the act of disproving. ]]>

In the following example, gramGrp is used to distinguish two homographs: bray /breI/ n cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. ▪ vt [VP2A] make a cry or sound of this kind. [OALD]

bray breI
n cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. vt VP2A make a cry or sound of this kind. ]]>

Information of the same kind can appear at different levels within the same entry; here, grammatical information occurs both at entry and homograph level. ca.reen /k@"ri:n/ vt,vi 1 [VP6A] turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc. 2 [VP6A, 2A] (cause to) tilt, lean over to one side. [OALD]

careen ca|reen k@"ri:n
vt vi VP6A turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc. VP6A VP2A (cause to) tilt, lean over to one side. ]]>

Alone among the constituent groups, form can appear at the superEntry level as well as at the entry, hom, and sense levels: a.ban.don 1 /@"b&nd@n/ v [T1] 1 to leave completely and for ever; desert: The sailors abandoned the burning ship. 2 ... abandon 2 n [U] the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control: The people were so excited that they jumped and shouted with abandon / in gay abandon. [LDOCE]

abandon a|ban|don @"b&nd@n
v T1 to leave completely and for ever ... n/pos> U the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control ]]>

The class of top-level constituents for dictionary entries is defined by the following DTD fragment: ]]>

The individual constituents are declared below, each in the section which documents it in more detail. Top-level Constituents of Entries

This section describes the top-level constituents of dictionary entries, together with the phrase-level constituents peculiar to each. the form element, which groups orthographic information and pronunciations, is described in section the gramGrp element, which groups elements for the grammatical characterization of the headword, is described in section the def and trans elements, which describe the meaning of the headword, are described in section the etym element and its special phrase-level elements are documented in section the eg, usg, lbl, xr, and note elements are described in section the re element, which marks nested entries for related words, is described in section Information on Written and Spoken Forms

Dictionary entries most often begin with information about the form of the word to which the entry applies. Typically, the orthographic form of the word, sometimes marked for syllabification, is the first item in an entry. Other information about the word, including variant or alternate forms, inflected forms, pronunciation, etc., is also often given.

The following elements should be used to encode this information: the form element groups one or more occurrences of any of the others; it can also be recursively nested to reflect more complex sub-grouping of information about word form(s), as shown in the examples. groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword. Attributes include: classifies form as simple, compound, etc. Suggested values include: single free lexical item the headword itself a variant form word formed from simple lexical items word derived from headword word in other than usual dictionary form multiple-word lexical item gives the orthographic form of a dictionary headword. Attributes include: gives the type of spelling. gives the extent of the orthographic information provided. Sample values include: full form prefix suffix partial contains the pronunciation(s) of the word. Attributes include: indicates whether the pronunciation is for whole word or part. Sample values include: full form prefix suffix partial contains a hyphenated form of a dictionary headword, or hyphenation information in some other form. contains the syllabification of the headword. contains the stress pattern for a dictionary headword, if given separately. in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.

In addition to those listed above, the following elements, which encode morphological details of the form, may also occur within form elements: within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form. Attributes include: classifies the grammatical information given according to some convenient typology --- in the case of terminological information, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. Suggested values include: part of speech (any of the word classes to which a word may be assigned in a given language, based on form, meaning, or a combination of features, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.) gender (formal classification by which nouns and pronouns, and often accompanying modifiers, are grouped and inflected, or changed in form, so as to control certain syntactic relationships) number (e.g. singular, plural, dual, ...) animate or inanimate proper noun or common noun identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary. indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary. contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form. contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2d, 3d, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary. indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary. contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. indicative, subjunctive, imperative) indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item. Attributes include: indicates the type of indicator used to specify the inflection class, when it is necessary to distinguish between the usual abbreviated indications (e.g. inv) and other kinds of indicators, such as special codes referring to conjugation patterns, etc. Sample values include: abbreviated indicator coded reference to a table of verbs Of these, the gram element is most general, and all of the others are synonymous with gram elements with appropriate values (gen, number, case, etc.) for the type attribute.

Different dictionaries use different means to mark hyphenation, syllabification, and stress, and they often use special symbols (e.g., the middle dot for hyphenation). Many of these symbols are defined as entities within standard ISO entity sets (see chapter ; others may require the definition of new entities. For pronunciation transcriptions, the user is referred to the discussion of TEI definitions for the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet, in chapter . When alternative or additional symbols are used in the encoding, the conventions used should be fully documented in the header. (This may occur, for instance, in cases where pronunciations are not given at all in the original, but are added in the encoded text, when a simplified pronunciation transcription is used, when pronunciations in several dictionaries are normalized to a single scheme, or when pronunciation symbols are transliterated into a standard character set like ISO 646, as in the scheme used by the OALD and by some examples here.)

Among the ISO entity sets most likely to be useful in the transcription of form information are: ISOlat1 (Latin characters and diacritics for Western European languages) ISOlat2 (Eastern European languages) ISOpub (miscellaneous publishing and special symbols) ISOnum (numeric and related symbols)

In the simplest case, nothing is given but the orthography: doom-laden ]]>

Often, however, pronunciation is given. soucoupe [sukup] ... [DNT] soucoupe sukup ]]>

For a variety of reasons including ease of processing, it may be desired to split into separate elements information which is collapsed into a single element in the source text; orthography and hyphenation may for example be transcribed as separate elements, although given together in the source text. For a discussion of the issues involved, and of methods for retaining both the presentation form and the interpreted form, see section .

This example splits orthography and hyphenation, and adds syllabification because it differs from hyphenation: ar.ea ... [W7] area ar|ea ar|e|a ]]>

Multiple orthographic forms may be given, e.g. to illustrate a word's inflectional pattern: brag ... vb. brags, bragging, bragged ... [CED] brag br&g vb

brags bragging bragged
]]> Or the inflectional pattern may be indicated by reference to a table of paradigms, as here: horrifier [ORifje] (7) vt ... [C/R] horrifier ORifje 7 ]]>

As noted, itype etc. are synonymous with appropriately typed instances of the general gram element; the last example might equally be tagged thus: horrifier ORifje 7 ]]>

Explanatory labels may be attached to alternate forms: MTBF abbrev. for mean time between failures. [CED]

MTBF
abbrev. for mean time between failures
]]>

When multiple orthographic forms are given, a pronunciation may be associated with all of them, as here: biryani or biriani (%bIrI"A:nI) ... [CED]

biryani biriani %bIrI"A:nI
]]>

In other cases, different pronunciations are provided for different orthographic forms; here, the form element is repeated to associate the first orthographic form explicitly with the first pronunciation, and the second orthographic form with the second pronunciation: mackle ("m&k^@l) or macule ("m&kju:l) ... [CED]

mackle "m&k&supschwa;l
macule "m&kju:l
]]>

Recursive nesting of the form element can preserve relations among elements that are implicit in the text. For example, in the CED entry for hospitaller, it is clear that U.S. is associated only with hospitaler, but that the pronunciation applies to both forms. The following encoding preserves these relations: hospitaller or U.S. hospitaler ("hQspIt@l@) ... [CED] hospitaller

U.S. hospitaler
"hQspIt@l@ ]]>

The formal declarations for the elements of the form group are these: ]]>

The classes of morphological elements, and of elements allowed within the form group, are declared thus: ]]> Grammatical Information

The gramGrp element groups grammatical information, such as part of speech, subcategorization information (e.g., syntactic patterns for verbs, count/mass distinctions for nouns), etc. It can contain any of the following elements: indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) contains subcategorization information (transitive/intransitive, countable/non-count, etc.) contains a collocate of the headword.

In addition, gramGrp can contain any of the morphological elements defined in section for form: within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form. indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item. identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary. indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary. contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form. contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2d, 3d, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary. indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary. contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. indicative, subjunctive, imperative) Elements conveying morphological information bear different interpretations within gramGrp and form groups, the difference being that in the form group, the morphological information specified pertains to the specific alternate form in question, while within gramGrp it applies to the headword form. For example, in the entry pinna ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas [CED], the word defined can be either singular or plural; the pl. specification applies only to the inflected forms provided. Compare this with pants (paents) pl. n., where pl. applies to the headword itself.

As noted above in section , the elements for morphological information are simply shorthand for the general purpose gram element. Consider this entry for the French word médire: médire v.t. ind. (de) ... [PLC] This entry can be tagged using specialized grammatical elements: médire v t ind de ]]> Or using the gram element: médire v t ind de ]]>

Like form, gramGrp can be repeated, recursively nested, or used at the sense level to show relations among elements. isotope adj. et n. m. ... [DNT] isotope adj n m ]]> wits (wIts) pl. n. 1. (sometimes sing.) the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly... [CED]

wits wIts
pl n sometimes sing the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly... ]]>

The following gives the formal declarations for elements in the grammatical-information group. ]]>

The class of elements allowed within the gramGrp element is declared thus. The class morphInfo is defined above in section . ]]> Sense Information

Dictionaries may describe the meanings of words in a wide variety of different ways --- by means of synonyms, paraphrases, translations into other languages, formal definitions in various highly stylized forms, etc. No attempt is made here to distinguish all the different forms which sense information may take; all alike may be tagged using the def element described in section .

Because as a special case it is frequently desired to distinguish the provision of translation equivalents in other languages from other forms of sense information, however, the specialized elements tr (translation equivalent) and trans (which groups a translation equivalent with related information such as its grammatical description) are defined for this purpose in section .

Whether sense information in multilingual dictionaries is consistently tagged using tr or def is a matter of the encoder's choice; no blanket recommendation is made here. Definitions

Dictionary definitions are those pieces of prose in a dictionary entry that describe the meaning of some lexical item. Most often, definitions describe the headword of the entry; in some cases, they describe translated texts, examples, etc.; see tr, section , and eg, section . The def element directly contains the text of the definition; unlike form and gramGrp, that is, it does not serve solely to group a set of smaller elements. The close analysis of definition text, such as the tagging of hypernyms, typical objects, etc., is not covered by these Guidelines.

Definitions may occur directly within an entry; when multiple definitions are given, they typically are identified as belonging to distinct senses, as here: demigod (...) n. 1.a. a being who is part mortal, part god. b. a lesser deity. 2. a godlike person. [CP]

demigod ...
n a being who is part mortal, part god. a lesser deity. a godlike person. ]]>

In multilingual dictionaries, it is sometimes possible to distinguish translation equivalents from definitions proper; here a def element is distinguished from the translation information within which it appears. rémoulade [Remulad] nf remoulade, rémoulade (dressing containing mustard and herbs). [C/R]

rémoulade Remulad
n f remoulade rémoulade dressing containing mustard and herbs ]]>

The following gives the formal definition of def: ]]> Translation Equivalents

Multi-lingual dictionaries contain information about translations of a given word in some source language for one or more target languages. Minimally, the dictionary provides the corresponding translation in the target language; other information, such as morphological information (gender, case), various kinds of usage restrictions, etc., may also be given. If translation equivalents are to be distinguished from other kinds of sense information, they may be encoded using the tr element.

As in monolingual dictionaries, the sense element is used in multi-lingual dictionaries to group information (forms, grammatical information, usage, translation(s), etc.) about a given sense of a word where necessary, as in monolingual dictionaries. Information about the individual translation equivalents within a sense is grouped using trans element. This information may include the translation text (tagged tr or def), morphological information (gen, case, etc.), usage notes (usg), translation labels (lbl), and definitions (def). contains translation text and related information (within an entry in a multilingual dictionary). contains a translation of the headword or an example. in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.

Note how in the following example, different translation equivalents are grouped into the same or different senses, following the punctuation of the source and the usage labels: dresser ... (a) (Theat) habilleur m, -euse f; (Comm: window ~) étalagiste mf. she's a stylish ~ elle s'habille avec chic; V hair. (b) (tool) (for wood) raboteuse f; (for stone) rabotin m. [C/R]

dresser
n Theat habilleur m -euse f Comm
window
etalagiste mf she's a stylish elle s'habille avec chic V. hair tool for wood raboteuse f for stone rabotin m ]]>

In this encoding, a distinction is made between the translation equivalent (OAS) and a descriptive phrase providing further information for the user of the dictionary. O.A.S. ... nf (abrév de Organisation de l'Armée secrète) OAS (illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria). [C/R] OAS illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria ]]>

Note that tr may also be used in monolingual dictionaries when a translation is given for a foreign word: havdalah or havdoloh Hebrew. (Hebrew hAvdA"lA; Yiddish hAv"dOl@) n. Judaism. the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices. [literally: separation] [CED]

havdalah havdoloh
Judaism the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices. literally separation ]]>

The formal definition of these elements is as follows: ]]> Etymological Information

The element etym marks a block of etymological information. Etymologies may contain highly structured lists of words in an order indicating their descent from each other, but often also include related words and forms outside the direct line of descent, for comparison. Not infrequently, etymologies include commentary of various sorts, and can grow into short (or long!) essays with prose-like structure. This variation in structure makes it impracticable to define tags which capture the entire intellectual structure of the etymology or record the precise interrelation of all the words mentioned. It is, however, feasible to mark some of the more obvious phrase-level elements frequently found in etymologies, using tags defined in the core tag set or elsewhere in this chapter. Of particular relevance for the markup of etymologies are: encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry. name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion. contains a date in any format. marks words or phrases mentioned, not used. identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase. contains the pronunciation(s) of the word. contains usage information in a dictionary entry. in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.

As in other prose, individual word forms mentioned in an etymological description are tagged with mentioned elements. Pronunciations, usage labels, and glosses can be tagged using the pron, usg, and gloss elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines. In addition, the lang element may be used to identify a particular language name where it appears, in addition to using the lang attribute of the mentioned element.

Examples: abismo m. (del gr. a priv. y byssos, fondo). Sima, gran profundidad. ...

abismo
del gr. a priv. y byssos, fondo ]]> neume \'n(y)üm\ n [F, fr. ML pneuma, neuma, fr. Gk pneuma breath --- more at pneumatic]: any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant ... [WNC] F fr. ML pneuma neuma fr. Gk pneumabreath more at any of various symbols ... ]]>

The formal definition for the elements described in this section and not declared elsewhere is: ]]> Other Information Examples

Dictionaries typically include examples of word use, usually accompanying definitions or translations. In some cases, the examples are quotations from another source, and are occasionally followed by a citation to the author.

The eg element contains usage examples and associated information; the example text itself should be enclosed in a cit element, if attributed, or a q or quote element otherwise. The cit element associates a quotation with a bibliographic reference to its source. (in a dictionary) contains an example text containing at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described; examples may be quoted from (named) authors or contrived. contains a quotation or apparent quotation --- a representation of speech or thought marked as being quoted from someone else (whether in fact quoted or not); in narrative, the words are usually those of of a character or speaker; in dictionaries, q may be used to mark real or contrived examples of usage. contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text. A quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source.

Examples frequently abbreviate the headword, and so their transcription will frequently make use of the oRef or oVar elements described below in section .

Examples: multiplex /.../ adj tech having many parts: the multiplex eye of the fly. [LDOCE] the multiplex eye of the fly. ]]> As the following example shows, eg can also contain elements such as pron, def, etc. some ... 4. (S~ and any are used with more): Give me ~ more /s@'mO:(r)/ [OALD] and any are used with more Give me more s@'mO:(r) ]]> In multilingual dictionaries, examples may also be accompanied by translations: horrifier ... vt to horrify. elle était horrifiée par la dépense she was horrified at the expense. [C/R] to horrify elle était horrifiée par la dépense she was horrified at the expense. ]]> When a source is indicated, the example should be marked with a cit element: valeur ... n. f. ... 2. Vx. Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat). La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des annees (Corneille). ... [DNT] Vx. Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat) La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des annees Corneille ]]>

The formal definition of eg is: ]]> Usage Information and Other Labels

Most dictionaries provide restrictive labels and phrases indicating the usage of given words or particular senses. Other labels, not necessarily related to usage, may be attached to forms, translations, cross references, and examples. Usage and other labels should be marked with the following elements: contains usage information in a dictionary entry. in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc. Typical usage labels mark temporal use (archaic, obsolete, etc.) register (slang, formal, taboo, ironic, facetious, etc.) style (literal, figurative, etc.) connotative effect (e.g. derogatory, offensive) subject field (Astronomy, Philosophy, etc.) national or regional use (Australian, U.S., Midland dialect, etc.) Many dictionaries provide an explanation and/or a list of such usage labels in a preface or appendix. The type of the usage information may be indicated in the type attribute on the usg element. Some typical values are: In addition to this kind of information, multilingual dictionaries often provide semantic cues to help the user determine the right sense of a word in the source language (and hence the correct translation). These include synonyms, concept subdivisions, typical subjects and objects, typical verb complements, etc. These labels are also marked with the usg element; sample values for the type attribute in these cases include:

In this entry, one spelling is marked as geographically restricted: colour or U.S. color ... [CED] colour

U.S. color ]]>

In this example, usage labels are used to indicate domains, register, and synonyms associated with different senses: palette [palEt] nf (a) (Peinture: lit, fig) palette. (b) (Boucherie) shoulder. (c) (aube de roue) paddle; (battoir à linge) beetle; (Manutention, Constr) pallet. [C/R] Peinture lit fig palette Boucherie shoulder aube de roue paddle battoir à linge beetle Manutention Constr beetle ]]>

When the usage label is hard to classify, it may be described as a hint: rempaillage [...] nm reseating, rebottoming (with straw). [C/R] reseating rebottoming with straw ]]>

The following gives the formal definition of usg and lbl: ]]> Cross References to Other Entries

Dictionary entries frequently refer to information in other entries, often using extremely dense notations to convey the headword of the entry to be sought, the particular part of the entry being referred to, and the nature of the information to be sought there (synonyms, antonyms, usage notes, etymology, an illustration, etc.)

Cross references may be tagged in dictionaries using the simple ref and ptr elements defined in the core tag set (section ), or the extended pointing elements xref and xptr defined in the additional tag set for linking, segmentation, and alignment (section ). In addition, the xr element may be used to group all the information relating to a cross reference. The following elements may be used for tagging cross references within dictionaries: contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text. defines a reference to another location in the current document, in terms of one or more identifiable elements, possibly modified by additional text or comment. defines a pointer to another location in the current document in terms of one or more identifiable elements. defines a reference to another location in the current document, or an external document, using an extended pointer notation, possibly modified by additional text or comment. defines a pointer to another location in the current document or an external document. in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.

As in other types of text, the actual pointing element (e.g. ref or ptr) is used to tag the cross-reference target proper (in dictionaries, usually the headword, possibly accompanyied by a homograph number, a sense number, or other further restriction specifiying what portion of the target entry is being referred to); as usual, a ptr element may be used when the actual text of the target description can be reconstructed automatically, and a ref element is typically to be preferred when it cannot be reconstructed automatically. The xr element is used to group the target with any accompanying phrases or symbols used to label the cross reference; the cross reference label itself may be tagged as a lbl or may remain untagged. Both of the following are thus legitimate: glee ... Compare madrigal (sense 1) [CED]

glee Compare ]]> hostellerie Syn. de hôtellerie (sens 1). [DNT] Syn. de hôtellerie (sens 1). ]]> In addition to using, or not using, lbl to mark the cross-reference label, the two examples differ in another way. The former assumes that the first sense of madrigal has the SGML identifier madrigal.1, and that the specific form of the reference in the source volume can be reconstructed, if needed, from that information. The latter does not require the first sense of hôtellerie to have an SGML identifier, and retains the print form of the cross reference; by omitting the target attribute of the ref element, however, the second example does assume implicitly either that some software could usefully parse the phrase tagged as a ref and find the location referred to, or else that such processing will not be necessary.

The type attribute on the pointing element or on the xr element may be used to indicate what kind of cross reference is being made, using any convenient typology. Since different dictionaries may label the same kind of cross reference in different ways, it may be useful to give normalized indications in the type attribute, enabling the encoder to distinguish irregular forms of cross reference more reliably: rose2 ... vb. the past tense of rise. [CED] rose the past tense of rise ]]> from cross-references for synonyms and the like: antagonist ... syn see adverse [W7] syn see adverse ]]> Strictly speaking, this reference is not to the entry given, but to the list of synonyms it contains. Slightly more complicated is this reference to an illustration accompanying another article: ax, axe ... → see the illus at tool [OALD] This entry refers to the illustration at the entry for tool, not the entry itself. The target attribute might give the identifier of the illustration itself, or of the enclosing entry (in which case the type attribute might be used to infer that the reference is actually to the illustration, not the entry as a whole). see the illus at ]]> In some cases, the cross reference is to a particular subset of the meanings of the entry in question: globe ...V. armillaire (sphère) [PR] V. armillaire sphère ]]>

Cross-references occasionally occur in definition texts, example texts, etc., or may be free-standing within an entry. These may typically be encoded using ref or ptr, without an enclosing xr. For example: entacher ... Acte entaché de nullité, contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un incapable*. [DNT] The asterisk signals a reference to the entry for incapable. contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un . ]]> In some cases, the form in the definition is inflected, and thus ref must be used, as here: justifier ...4. IMPRIM Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de blancs (2, sens 1, 3). [DNT] imprim Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de blancs (2, sens 1, 3) ]]>

The formal definition for xr is as follows: ]]> Notes within Entries

Dictionaries may include extensive explanatory notes about usage, grammar, context, etc. within entries. Very often, such notes appear as a separate section at the end of an entry. The note element should be used for such material. contains a note or annotation.

For example:

ain't (eInt) Not standard. contraction of am not, is not, are not, have not or has not: I ain't seen it. ....

▴Usage. Although the interrogative form ain't I? would be a natural contraction of am I not?, it is generally avoided in spoken English and never used in formal English. [CED]

ain't eInt
Not standard
contraction of am not is not are not have not has not
I ain't seen it. Although the interrogative form ain't I? would be a natural contraction of am I not?, it is generally avoided in spoken English and never used in formal English. ]]>

The formal declaration for note is given in section . It has this form: ]]> Related Entries

The re element encloses a degenerate entry which appears in the body of another entry for some purpose. Many dictionaries include related entries for direct derivatives or inflected forms of the entry word, or for compound words, phrases, collocations, and idioms containing the entry word.

Related entries can be complex, and may in fact include any of the information to be found in a regular entry. Therefore, the re element is defined to contain the same elements as an entry element, with the exception that it may not contain any nested re elements.

Examples: bevvy ("bEvI) Dialect. ~ n., pl. -vies. 1. a drink, esp. an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night. 2. a night of drinking. ~ vb. - vies, -vying, -vied (intr.) 3. to drink alcohol [probably from Old French vevee, buvee, drinking] --'bevvied adj. [CED]

bevvy "bEvI
Dialect n a drink, esp. an alcoholic one vb to drink alcohol probably from Old French bevee, buvee drinking
'bevvied
adj ]]>

The formal definition of re is ]]> Headword and Pronunciation References

Examples, definitions, etymologies, and occasionally other elements such as cross references, orthographic forms, etc., often contain a shortened or iconic reference to the headword, rather than repeating the headword itself. The references may be to the orthographic form or to the pronunciation, to the form given or to a variant of that form. The following elements are used to encode such iconic references to a headword: in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword. Attributes include: indicates the kind of typographic modification made to the headword in the reference. Sample values include: indicates first letter is given as capital indicates that the headword, though a prefix or suffix, loses its hyphen in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword. in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant orthographic form(s) of the headword. Attributes include: indicates the kind of variant involved. Sample values include: past tense past participle present participle feminine plural in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant pronunciation(s) of the headword.

As members of the class formPointers, all these elements share a target attribute, which may optionally be used to resolve any ambiguity about the headword form being referred to. gives the SGML identifier of the orthographic form referred to.

Headword references come in a variety of formats:

The oRef element should be used for iconic or shortened references to the orthographic form(s) of the headword itself. It is an empty element and replaces, rather than enclosing, the reference. Note that the reference to a headword is not necessarily a simple string replacement. In the example colour1, (US = color) ...~ films; ~ TV; Red, blue and yellow are ~s. [OALD], the tilde stands for either headword form (colour, color).

Examples: colonel ... army officer above a lieutenant-~. [OALD] army officer above a lieutenant- ]]> academy ... The Royal A~ of Arts [OALD] The Royal of Arts ]]>

The following example demonstrates the use of the target attribute to refer to a specific form of the headword: vag- or vago- comb form ... : vagus nerve < vagal > < vagotomy > [W7]

vag- vago-
vagus nerve al tomy ]]>

In many cases the reference is not to the orthographic form of the headword, but rather to another form of the headword --- usually to an inflected form. In these cases, the element oVar should be used; this element takes as its content the string as it appears in the text. take ... < Mr Burton took us for French > [NPEG] Mr Burton took us for French ]]> take ... < was quite ~n with him > [NPEG] was quite n with him ]]>

Note that, in the example above, tilde and font shift combine. The encoding was quite n with him ]]> would correspond to was quite ~n with him (no font shift).

The next example shows a discontinuous reference, using the attributes next and prev, which are defined in the additional tag set for linking, segmentation, and alignment (see chapter ) and therefore require that that tag set be selected in addition to that for dictionaries. mix up... < it's easy to mix her up with her sister > [NPEG] it's easy to mix her up with her sister ]]>

In addition, some dictionaries make reference to the pronunciation of the headword in the pronunciation of related entries, variants, or examples. The pRef and pVar elements should be used for such references. hors d'oeuvre /,aw'duhv (Fr O:r dœvr)/ n, pl hors d'oeuvres also hors d'oeuvre /'duhv(z) (Fr ~)/ [NPEG] hors d'oeuvre %aU"dUv

Fr OR d0vR
pl hors d'oeuvres hors d'oeuvre "dUv(z) Fr
]]>

Because headword and pronunciaton references can occur virtually anywhere in an entry, the oRef, oVar, pRef, and pVar elements can appear within any other element defined for dictionary entries.

Since existing printed dictionaries use different conventions for headword references (swung dash, first letter abbreviated form, capitalization or italicization of the word, etc.) the exact method used should be documented in the header.

The class of headword references is defined thus: ]]>

The formal declaration for headword reference elements is: ]]> Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data

Among the many possible views of dictionaries, it is useful to distinguish at least the following three, which help to clarify some issues raised with particular urgency by dictionaries, on account of the complexity of both their typography and their information structure. (a) the typographic view, which is concerned with the two-dimensional printed page, including information about line and page breaks and other features of layout (b) the editorial view --- the one-dimensional sequence of tokens which can be seen as the input to the typesetting process; the wording and punctuation of the text and the sequencing of items are visible in this view, but specifics of the typographic realization are not (c) the lexical view --- this view includes the underlying information represented in a dictionary, without concern for its exact textual form

For example, a domain indication in a dictionary entry might be broken over a line and therefore hyphenated (naut- ical); the typographic view of the dictionary preserves this information. In a purely editorial view, the particular form in which the domain name is given in the particular dictionary (as nautical, rather than naut., Naut., etc.) would be preserved, but the fact of the line break would not. Font shifts might plausibly be included in either a strictly typographic or an editorial view. In the lexical view, the only information preserved concerning domain would be some standard symbol or string representing the nautical domain (e.g. naut.) regardless of the form in which it appears in the printed dictionary.

In practice, publishers begin with the lexical view --- i.e., lexical data as it might appear in a database --- and generate first the editorial view, which reflects editorial choices for a particular dictionary (such as the use of the abbreviation Naut. for nautical, the fonts in which different types of information are to be rendered, etc.), and then the typographic view, which is tied to a specific printed rendering. Computational linguists and philologists often begin with the typographic view and analyse it to obtain the editorial and/or lexical views. Some users may ultimately be concerned with retaining only the lexical view, or they may wish to preserve the typographic or editorial views as a reference text, perhaps as a guard against the loss or misinterpretation of information in the translation process. Some researchers may wish to retain all three views, and study their interrelations, since research questions may well span all three views.

In general, an electronic encoding of a text will allow the recovery of at least one view of that text (the one which guided the encoding); if editorial and typographic practices are consistently applied in the production of a printed dictionary, or if exceptions to the rules are consistently recorded in the electronic encoding, then it is in principle possible to recover the editorial view from an encoding of the lexical view, and the typographic view from an encoding of the editorial view. In practice, of course, the severe compression of information in dictionaries, the variety of methods by which this compression is achieved, the complexity of formulating completely explicit rules for editorial and typographic practice, and the relative rarity of complete consistency in the application of such rules, all make the mechanical transformation of information from one view into another something of a vexed question.

This section describes some principles which may be useful in capturing one or the other of these views as consistently and completely as possible, and describes some methods of attempting to capture more than one view in a single encoding. Only the editorial and lexical views are explicitly treated here; for methods of recording the physical or typographic details of a text, see chapter . Other approaches to these problems, such as the use of repetitive encoding and links to show their correspondences, or the use of feature structures to capture the information structure, and of the ana and inst attributes to link feature structures to a transcription of the editorial view of a dictionary, are not discussed here. (For feature structures, see chapter . For linkage of textual form and underlying information, see chapter .) Editorial View

Common practice in encoding texts of all sorts relies on principles such as the following, which can be used successfully to capture the editorial view when encoding a dictionary: All characters of the source text should be retained, with the possible exception of rendition text (for which see further below). Characters appearing in the source text should typically be given as character data content in the SGML document, rather than as the value of an attribute; again, rendition text may optionally be excepted from this rule. Apart from the characters or graphics in the source text, nothing else should appear as content in the SGML document, although it may be given in attribute values. The material in the source text should appear in the encoding in the same order. Complications of the character sequence by footnotes, marginal notes, etc., text wrapping around illustrations, etc., may be dealt with by the usual means (for notes, see section ).Complications of sequence caused by marginal or interlinear insertions and deletions, which are frequent in manuscripts, or by unconventional page layouts, as in concrete poetry, magazines with imaginative graphic designers, and texts about the nature of typography as a medium, typically do not occur in dictionaries, and so are not discussed here.

In a very conservative transcription of the editorial view of a text, rendition characters (e.g. the commas, parentheses, etc., used in dictionary entries to signal boundaries among parts of the entry) and rendition text (for example, conjunctions joining alternate headwords, etc.) are typically retained. Removing the SGML tags from such a transcription will leave all and only the characters of the source text, in their original sequence.This is a slight oversimplification. Even in conservative transcriptions, it is common to omit page numbers, signatures of gatherings, running titles and the like. The simple description above also elides, for the sake of simplicity, the difficulties of assigning a meaning to the phrase original sequence when it is applied to the printed characters of a source text; the original sequence retained or recovered from a conservative transcription of the editorial view is, of course, the one established during the transcription by the encoder.

Consider, for example, the following entry: pinna ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas. 1. any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. 2. Zoology. a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. 3. another name for auricle (sense 2). [C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin] [CED] A conservative encoding of the editorial view of this entry, which retains all rendition text, might resemble the following:

pinna ("pIn@)
n.,
pl. -nae (-ni:)
or -nas 1. any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. 2. Zoology a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. 3. another name for auricle (sense 2). [C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin] ]]>

A somewhat simplified encoding of the editorial view of this entry might exploit the fact that rendition text is often systematically recoverable. For example, parentheses consistently appear around pronunciation in this dictionary, and thus are effectively implied by the start- and end-tags for pron.The omission of rendition text is particularly common in systems for document production; it is considered good practice there, since automatic generation of rendition text is more reliable and more consistent than attempting to maintain it manually in the electronic text. In such an encoding, removing the tags should exactly reproduce the sequence of characters in the source, minus rendition text. The original character sequence can be recovered fully by replacing tags with any rendition text they imply.

Encoding in this way, the example given above might resemble the following. The tagUsage element in the header would be used to record the following patterns of rendition text: parentheses appear around pron elements commas appear before inflected forms the word or appears before alternate forms brackets appear around the etymology full stops appear after pos, inflection information, and sense numbers senses are numbered in sequence unless otherwise specified using the global n attribute

pinna "pIn@
n
pl -nae -ni:
-nas any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. Zoology a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. another name for auricle (sense 2). C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin ]]>

When rendition text is omitted, it is recommended that the means to regenerate it be fully documented, using the tagUsage element of the TEI header.

If rendition text is used systematically in a dictionary, with only a few mistakes or exceptions, the global attribute rend may be used on any tag to flag exceptions to the normal treatment. The values of the rend attribute are not prescribed, but it can be used with values such as no-comma, no-left-paren, etc. Specific values can be documented using the rendition element in the TEI header.

In the following (imaginary) example, no left parenthesis precedes the pronunciation: biryani or biriani %bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes ... [from Urdu] This irregularity can be recorded thus:

biryani biriani %bIrI"A:nI
any of a variety of Indian dishes ... from Urdu ]]> Lexical View

If the text to be interchanged retains only the lexical view of the text, there may be no concern for the recoverability of the editorial (not to speak of the typographic) view of the text. However, it is strongly recomended that the TEI header be used to document fully the nature of all alterations to the original data, such as normalization of domain names, expansion of inflected forms, etc.

In an encoding of the lexical view of a text, there are degrees of departure from the original data: normalizing inconsistent forms like nautical, naut., Naut., etc., to nautical is a relatively slight alteration; expansion of delay -ed -ing to delay, delayed, delaying is a more substantial departure. Still more severe is the rearranging of the order of information in entries --- for example, reorganizing the order of elements in an entry to show their relationship, as in clem (klEm) or clam vb. clems, clemming, clemmed or clams, clammimg, clammed [CED] where in a strictly lexical view it would be necessary to group clem and clam with their respective inflected forms. splitting an entry into two separate entries, as in celi.bacy /"selIb@sI/ n [U] state of living unmmarried, esp as a religious obligation. celi.bate /"selIb@t/ n [C] unmmarried person (esp a priest who has taken a vow not to marry). [OALD] For some purposes, this entry might usefully be split into an entry for celibacy and a separate entry for celibate.

An encoding which captures the lexical view of the example given in the previous section might look something like the following. In this encoding, abbreviated forms have been silently expanded some forms have been moved to allow related forms to be grouped together the part of speech information has been moved to allow all forms to be given together the cross reference to auricle has been simplified

pinna "pIn@ pl pinnae 'pIni:
pinnas n any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. Zoology a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin ]]> Retaining Both Views

It is sometimes desirable to retain both the lexical and the editorial view, in which case a potential conflict exists between the two. When there is a conflict between the encodings for the lexical and editorial views, the principles described in the following sections may be applied. Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views

If the order of the data is the same in both views, then both views may be captured by encoding one dominant view in the character data content of the document, and encoding the other using attribute values on the appropriate elements. If all SGML tags were to be removed, the remaining characters would be those of the dominant view of the text.

The attribute class dictionaries is used to provide attributes for use in encoding multiple views of the same dictionary entry. These attributes are available for use on all elements when the base tag set for dictionaries is selected.

When the editorial view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to capture the lexical view: gives a normalized form of information given by the source text in a non-normalized form gives the list of split values for a merged form

When the lexical view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to record the editorial view: gives the original string or is the empty string when the element does not appear in the source text. gives a reference to another element, where the original appears as a merged form.

One attribute is useful in either view: indicates whether the element is optional or not

For example, if the source text had the domain label naut., it might be encoded as follows. With the editorial view dominant: naut. ]]> The lexical view of the same label would transcribe the normalized form as content of the usg element, the typographic form as an attribute value: nautical ]]>

If the source text gives inflectional information for the verb delay as delay, -ed, -ing, it might usefully be expanded to delayed, delayed, delaying. An encoding of the editorial view might take this form: delay

-ed
-ing
]]> Note the use of the tns tag with null content, to enable the representation of implicit information even though it has no print realization.

The lexical view might be encoded thus: delay

delayed pst pstp
delaying prsp
]]>

A particular problem may be posed by the common practice of presenting two alternate forms of a word in a single string, by marking some parts of the word as optional in some forms. The following entry is for a word which can be spelled either thyrostimuline or thyréostimuline: thyr(é)ostimuline [tiR(e)ostimylin] ... With the editorial view dominant, this entry might begin thus: thyr(é)ostimuline tiR(e)ostimylin ]]> With the lexical view dominant, however, two orth and two pron elements would be encoded, in order to disentangle the two forms; the orig attribute would be used to record the typographic presentation of the information in the source. thyrostimuline tiRostimylin

thyréostimuline tiReostimylin
]]>

This example might also be encoded using the opt attribute combined with the attributes next and prev defined in chapter . thyr é ostimuline tiR e ostimylin ]]>

Note that this transcription preserves both the lexical and editorial views in a single encoding. However, it has the disadvantage that the strings corresponding to entire words do not appear in the encoding uninterrupted, and therefore complex processing is required to retrieve them from the encoded text. The use of the opt attribute is recomended, however, when long spans of text are involved, or when the optional part contains embedded tags.

For example, the following gives two definitions in one text: picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons, and coloured chalk made into crayons: pas.tel /"p&stl US: p&"stel/ n 1 (picture drawn with) coloured chalk made into crayons. 2... [OALD]

A simple encoding solution would be to leave the definition text unanalysed, but this might be felt inadequate since it does not show that there are two definitions. A possible alternative encoding would be: coloured chalk made into crayons picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons ]]>

This transcribes some characters of the source text twice, however, which deviates from the usual practice. The following encoding records both the editorial and lexical views: picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons ]]>

A more complex example is the following, in which the optional element contains additional tags: canary ...(Geog) Canary Isles, Canaries (îles fpl) Canaries fpl... [C/R] Geog

Canary Isles Canaries
îles f pl Canaries f pl ]]> Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements

The attributes described in the previous section are useful only when the order of material is the same in both the editorial and the lexical view. When the two views impose different orders on the data, the SGML ID/IDREF mechanism may be used to show the original location of material transposed in an encoding of the lexical view.

If the original is only slightly modified, the anchor element may be used to mark the original location of the material, and the location attribute may be used on the lexical encoding of that material to indicate its original location(s). Like those in the preceding section, this attribute is defined for the attribute class dictionaries: indicates whether the element is optional or not

For example: pinna ("pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas. [CED] pinna 'pIn@

pl -nae -ni:
-nas n ]]> Attributes for Dictionary Elements

The attributes provided for all dictionary-specific elements and documented in this section are defined thus: ]]> Unstructured Entries

The content model for the entry element provides an entry structure suitable for many average dictionaries, as well as many regular entries in more exotic dictionaries. However, the structure of some dictionaries does not allow the restrictions imposed by the content model for entry. To handle these cases, the entryFree element is defined, which allows for much wider variation in entry structure. Its content model places no constraints at all upon the entry: any element defined in this chapter, as well as all the phrase-level and inter-level elements defined in the core tag set, can appear anywhere in an entry. With the entryFree element, the encoder is free to use any element anywhere, as well as to use or omit grouping elements such as form, gramGrp, etc.

The entryFree element allows the encoding of entries which violate the structure specified for the entry element. For example, in the following entry from a dictionary already in electronic form, it is necessary to include a pron element within a def. This is not permitted in the content model for entry, but it poses no problem in the entryFree element. demi|god"demIgQd one who is partly divine and partly human (in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, egHercules"h3:kjUli:z [OALD electronic] ]]>

demigod demi|god "demIgQd
n one who is partly divine and partly human (in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, eg Hercules"h3:kjUli:z ]]>

The entryFree element also makes it possible to transcribe a dictionary using only phrase-level (atomic) elements---that is, using no grouping elements at all. This can be desirable if the encoder wants a completely flat view, with no indication of or commitment to the association of one element with another. The following encoding uses no grouping elements, and keeps all rendition text: biryani or biriani (%bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes...[from Urdu] [CED] biryani or biriani (%bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes... [from Urdu] ]]>

The declaration of entryFree is given above in section . It allows any elements defined for use within dictionary entries to appear within it, in any order. ]]>