The Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf, by Unknown This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Beowulf Author: Unknown Editor: James A. Harrison Robert Sharp Release Date: November 22, 2011 [EBook #9700] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders ** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf ** This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version, available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML, presents the original text as printed. This file contains the original version. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex, which is replaced by y-acute (y) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gaest vs. gaest in l. 102, etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use the revised version. Explanation of the Vowel Accenting In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'ae' represents the long vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ae). The long diphthongs (eo, ea, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the _second_ vowel (eo, ea, etc.). ** End of PG Preface ** I. BEOWULF: _AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM_. II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH: _A FRAGMENT_. WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE. EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, AND ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.), PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES. GINN & COMPANY BOSTON--NEW YORK--CHICAGO--LONDON Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA., AND FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. The favor with which the successive editions of "Beowulf" have been received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archaeological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the Notes. For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of "Beowulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented. October, 1893. NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. This third edition of the American issue of Beowulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Beowulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beitraege, X. 209-314). Socin's edition of Heyne's Beowulf (called the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wuelker's new edition (in the Grein _Bibliothek_) is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beitraege contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Moeller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem. The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beitraege, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (me, we, ŝu, ŝe, ge, he); the adverb nu, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them marked. An approximately complete Bibliography of Beowulf literature will be found in Wuelker's _Grundriss_ and in Garnett's translation of the poem. JAMES A. HARRISON, ROBERT SHARP. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888. NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION. The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition of Beowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,--errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern _single_ letters, or occupy very small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wuelker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt passages. The objectionable ae and ae, for the short and the long diphthong, have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing them without entirely recasting the plates. In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided in the correction of the text,--particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English throughout the land. JUNE, 1885. NOTE I. The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Beowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the same text. So many important contributions to the "Beowulf" literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Beowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Koelbing in Herrig's _Archiv_ (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English _Metrik_ is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others. Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland. In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wuelker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing. For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882. NOTE II. The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beowulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the cooeperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places,--"Beowulf" is a most difficult poem,--but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly consulted. A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks. It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. JAMES A. HARRISON, _Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va._ ROBERT SHARP, _University of Louisiana, New Orleans_. April, 1883. The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from hrinan on; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrinan. ARGUMENT. The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:--The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroethgar. Hroethgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroethgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hroethgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of Hroethgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors--to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroethgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hroethgar. A banquet ensues, during which Beowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferheth about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferheth. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's companions; is attacked by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroethgar and the Danes, and their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend and councillor of Hroethgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hroethgar appeals to Beowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroethgar. He then takes leave of Hroethgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Beowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and destroys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Beowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beowulf's shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beowulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beowulf, and receives his last commands. Beowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Beowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.--H. Sweet, in Warton's _History of English Poetry_, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's _History of English Literature_. BEOWULF. I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD. Hwaet! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagum ŝeod-cyninga ŝrym gefrunon, hu ŝa aeethelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaethena ŝreatum, 5 monegum maegethum meodo-setla ofteah. Egsode eorl, syethethan aerest weareth fea-sceaft funden: he ŝaes frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum, weoreth-myndum ethah, oeth ŝaet him aeghwylc ŝara ymb-sittendra 10 ofer hron-rade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan: ŝaet waes god cyning! ŝaem eafera waes aefter cenned geong in geardum, ŝone god sende folce to frofre; fyren-ŝearfe ongeat, 15 ŝaet hie aer drugon aldor-lease lange hwile. Him ŝaes lif-frea, wuldres wealdend, worold-are forgeaf; Beowulf waes breme (blaed wide sprang), Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. 20 Swa sceal geong guma, gode gewyrcean, fromum feoh-giftum on faeder wine, ŝaet hine on ylde eft gewunigen wil-gesiethas, ŝonne wig cume, leode gelaesten: lof-daedum sceal 25 in maegetha gehwaere man geŝeon. Him ŝa Scyld gewat to gescaep-hwile fela-hror feran on frean waere; hi hyne ŝa aetbaeron to brimes faroethe. swaese gesiethas, swa he selfa baed, 30 ŝenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga, leof land-fruma lange ahte. Ŝaer aet hyethe stod hringed-stefna, isig and utfus, aeethelinges faer; a-ledon ŝa leofne ŝeoden, 35 beaga bryttan on bearm scipes, maerne be maeste. Ŝaer waes madma fela, of feor-wegum fraetwa gelaeded: ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwan hilde-waepnum and heaetho-waedum, 40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme laeg madma maenigo, ŝa him mid scoldon on flodes aeht feor gewitan. Nalas hi hine laessan lacum teodan, ŝeod-gestreonum, ŝonne ŝa dydon, 45 ŝe hine aet frumsceafte foreth onsendon aenne ofer yethe umbor wesende: ŝa gyt hie him asetton segen gyldenne heah ofer heafod, leton holm beran, geafon on gar-secg: him waes geomor sefa, 50 murnende mod. Men ne cunnon secgan to soethe sele-raedende, haeleeth under heofenum, hwa ŝaem hlaeste onfeng. II. THE HALL HEOROT. Ŝa waes on burgum Beowulf Scyldinga, leof leod-cyning, longe ŝrage 55 folcum gefraege (faeder ellor hwearf, aldor of earde), oeth ŝaet him eft onwoc heah Healfdene; heold ŝenden lifde, gamol and gueth-reow, glaede Scyldingas. Ŝaem feower bearn foreth-gerimed 60 in worold wocun, weoroda raeswan, Heorogar and Hroethgar and Halga til; hyrde ic, ŝat Elan cwen Ongenŝeowes waes Heaethoscilfinges heals-gebedde. Ŝa waes Hroethgare here-sped gyfen, 65 wiges weoreth-mynd, ŝaet him his wine-magas georne hyrdon, oeth ŝaet seo geogoeth geweox, mago-driht micel. Him on mod bearn, ŝaet heal-reced hatan wolde, medo-aern micel men gewyrcean, 70 ŝone yldo bearn aefre gefrunon, and ŝaer on innan eall gedaelan geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde, buton folc-scare and feorum gumena. Ŝa ic wide gefraegn weorc gebannan 75 manigre maegethe geond ŝisne middan-geard, folc-stede fraetwan. Him on fyrste gelomp aedre mid yldum, ŝaet hit weareth eal gearo, heal-aerna maest; scop him Heort naman, se ŝe his wordes geweald wide haefde. 80 He beot ne aleh, beagas daelde, sinc aet symle. Sele hlifade heah and horn-geap: heaetho-wylma bad, laethan liges; ne waes hit lenge ŝa gen ŝaet se ecg-hete aethum-swerian 85 aefter wael-niethe waecnan scolde. Ŝa se ellen-gaest earfoethlice ŝrage geŝolode, se ŝe in ŝystrum bad, ŝaet he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde hludne in healle; ŝaer waes hearpan sweg, 90 swutol sang scopes. Saegde se ŝe cuethe frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan, cwaeeth ŝaet se aelmihtiga eorethan worhte, wlite-beorhtne wang, swa waeter bebugeeth, gesette sige-hreethig sunnan and monan 95 leoman to leohte land-buendum, and gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum and leafum; lif eac gesceop cynna gehwylcum, ŝara ŝe cwice hwyrfaeth. Swa ŝa driht-guman dreamum lifdon 100 eadiglice, oeth ŝaet an ongan fyrene fremman, feond on helle: waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, maere mearc-stapa, se ŝe moras heold, fen and faesten; fifel-cynnes eard 105 won-saelig wer weardode hwile, siethethan him scyppend forscrifen haefde. In Caines cynne ŝone cwealm gewraec, ece drihten, ŝaes ŝe he Abel slog; ne gefeah he ŝaere faehethe, ac he hine feor forwraec, 110 metod for ŝy mane man-cynne fram. Ŝanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas and ylfe and orcneas, swylce gigantas, ŝa wieth gode wunnon lange ŝrage; he him ŝaes lean forgeald. III. GRENDEL'S VISITS. 115 Gewat ŝa neosian, syethethan niht becom, hean huses, hu hit Hring-Dene aefter beor-ŝege gebun haefdon. Fand ŝa ŝaer inne aeethelinga gedriht swefan aefter symble; sorge ne cuethon, 120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhaelo grim and graedig gearo sona waes, reoc and reethe, and on raeste genam ŝritig ŝegna: ŝanon eft gewat huethe hremig to ham faran, 125 mid ŝaere wael-fylle wica neosan. Ŝa waes on uhtan mid aer-daege Grendles gueth-craeft gumum undyrne: ŝa waes aefter wiste wop up ahafen, micel morgen-sweg. Maere ŝeoden, 130 aeetheling aer-god, unbliethe saet, ŝolode ŝryeth-swyeth, ŝegn-sorge dreah, syethethan hie ŝaes laethan last sceawedon, wergan gastes; waes ŝaet gewin to strang, laeth and longsum. Naes hit lengra fyrst, 135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede moreth-beala mare and no mearn fore faehethe and fyrene; waes to faest on ŝam. Ŝa waes eaeth-fynde, ŝe him elles hwaer gerumlicor raeste sohte, 140 bed aefter burum, ŝa him gebeacnod waes, gesaegd soethlice sweotolan tacne heal-ŝegnes hete; heold hine syethethan fyr and faestor, se ŝaem feonde aetwand. Swa rixode and wieth rihte wan 145 ana wieth eallum, oeth ŝaet idel stod husa selest. Waes seo hwil micel: twelf wintra tid torn geŝolode wine Scyldinga, weana gehwelcne, sidra sorga; forŝam syethethan weareth 150 ylda bearnum undyrne cueth, gyddum geomore, ŝaette Grendel wan, hwile wieth Hroethgar;-- hete-niethas waeg, fyrene and faehethe fela missera, singale saece, sibbe ne wolde 155 wieth manna hwone maegenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feo ŝingian, ne ŝaer naenig witena wenan ŝorfte beorhtre bote to banan folmum; atol aeglaeca ehtende waes, 160 deorc deaeth-scua duguethe and geogoethe seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte heold mistige moras; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-runan hwyrftum scriethaeth. Swa fela fyrena feond man-cynnes, 165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede heardra hynetha; Heorot eardode, sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtum (no he ŝone gif-stol gretan moste, maethethum for metode, ne his myne wisse); 170 ŝaet waes wraec micel wine Scyldinga, modes brecetha. Monig-oft gesaet rice to rune; raed eahtedon, hwaet swieth-ferhethum selest waere wieth faer-gryrum to gefremmanne. 175 Hwilum hie geheton aet haerg-trafum wig-weorethunga, wordum baedon, ŝaet him gast-bona geoce gefremede wieth ŝeod-ŝreaum. Swylc waes ŝeaw hyra, haeethenra hyht; helle gemundon 180 in mod-sefan, metod hie ne cuethon, daeda demend, ne wiston hie drihten god, ne hie huru heofena helm herian ne cuethon, wuldres waldend. Wa bieth ŝaem ŝe sceal ŝurh sliethne nieth sawle bescufan 185 in fyres faeethm, frofre ne wenan, wihte gewendan; wel bieth ŝaem ŝe mot aefter deaeth-daege drihten secean and to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian. IV. HYGELAC'S THANE. Swa ŝa mael-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala seaeth; ne mihte snotor haeleeth wean onwendan: waes ŝaet gewin to swyeth, laeth and longsum, ŝe on ŝa leode becom, nyd-wracu nieth-grim, niht-bealwa maest. Ŝaet fram ham gefraegn Higelaces ŝegn, 195 god mid Geatum, Grendles daeda: se waes mon-cynnes maegenes strengest on ŝaem daege ŝysses lifes, aeethele and eacen. Het him yeth-lidan godne gegyrwan; cwaeeth he gueth-cyning 200 ofer swan-rade secean wolde, maerne ŝeoden, ŝa him waes manna ŝearf. Ŝone sieth-faet him snotere ceorlas lyt-hwon logon, ŝeah he him leof waere; hwetton higerofne, hael sceawedon. 205 Haefde se goda Geata leoda cempan gecorone, ŝara ŝe he cenoste findan mihte; fiftena sum sund-wudu sohte; secg wisade, lagu-craeftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 210 Fyrst foreth gewat: flota waes on yethum, bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon; streamas wundon sund wieth sande; secgas baeron on bearm nacan beorhte fraetwe, 215 gueth-searo geatolic; guman ut scufon, weras on wil-sieth wudu bundenne. Gewat ŝa ofer waeg-holm winde gefysed flota famig-heals fugle gelicost, oeth ŝaet ymb an-tid oethres dogores 220 wunden-stefna gewaden haefde, ŝaet ŝa liethende land gesawon, brim-clifu blican, beorgas steape, side sae-naessas: ŝa waes sund liden, eoletes aet ende. Ŝanon up hraethe 225 Wedera leode on wang stigon, sae-wudu saeldon (syrcan hrysedon, gueth-gewaedo); gode ŝancedon, ŝaes ŝe him yeth-lade eaethe wurdon. Ŝa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, 230 se ŝe holm-clifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, fyrd-searu fuslicu; hine fyrwyt braec mod-gehygdum, hwaet ŝa men waeron. Gewat him ŝa to waroethe wicge ridan 235 ŝegn Hroethgares, ŝrymmum cwehte maegen-wudu mundum, meethel-wordum fraegn: "Hwaet syndon ge searo-haebbendra "byrnum werede, ŝe ŝus brontne ceol "ofer lagu-straete laedan cwomon, 240 "hider ofer holmas helmas baeron? "Ic waes ende-saeta, aeg-wearde heold, "ŝaet on land Dena laethra naenig "mid scip-herge sceethethan ne meahte. "No her cuethlicor cuman ongunnon 245 "lind-haebbende; ne ge leafnes-word "gueth-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, "maga gemedu. Naefre ic maran geseah "eorla ofer eorethan, ŝonne is eower sum, "secg on searwum; nis ŝaet seld-guma 250 "waepnum geweorethad, naefne him his wlite leoge, "aenlic an-syn. Nu ic eower sceal "frum-cyn witan, aer ge fyr heonan "lease sceaweras on land Dena "furethur feran. Nu ge feor-buend, 255 "mere-liethende, minne gehyraeth "an-fealdne geŝoht: ofost is selest "to gecyethanne, hwanan eowre cyme syndon." V. THE ERRAND. Him se yldesta andswarode, werodes wisa, word-hord onleac: 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geata leode "and Higelaces heoreth-geneatas. "Waes min faeder folcum gecyethed, "aeethele ord-fruma Ecgŝeow haten; "gebad wintra worn, aer he on weg hwurfe, 265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman "witena wel-hwylc wide geond eorethan.-- "We ŝurh holdne hige hlaford ŝinne, "sunu Healfdenes, secean cwomon, "leod-gebyrgean: wes ŝu us larena god! 270 "Habbaeth we to ŝaem maeran micel aerende "Deniga frean; ne sceal ŝaer dyrne sum "wesan, ŝaes ic wene. Ŝu wast, gif hit is, "swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, "ŝaet mid Scyldingum sceaetha ic nat hwylc, 275 "deogol daed-hata, deorcum nihtum "eaweeth ŝurh egsan uncuethne nieth, "hynethu and hra-fyl. Ic ŝaes Hroethgar maeg "ŝurh rumne sefan raed gelaeran, "hu he frod and god feond oferswyetheeth, 280 "gyf him ed-wendan aefre scolde "bealuwa bisigu, bot eft cuman "and ŝa cear-wylmas colran wurethaeth; "oethethe a syethethan earfoeth-ŝrage, "ŝrea-nyd ŝolaeth, ŝenden ŝaer wunaeth 285 "on heah-stede husa selest." Weard maethelode, ŝaer on wicge saet ombeht unforht: "AEghwaeethres sceal "scearp scyld-wiga gescad witan, "worda and worca, se ŝe wel ŝenceeth. 290 "Ic ŝaet gehyre, ŝaet ŝis is hold weorod "frean Scyldinga. Gewitaeth foreth beran "waepen and gewaedu, ic eow wisige: "swylce ic magu-ŝegnas mine hate "wieth feonda gehwone flotan eowerne, 295 "niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande "arum healdan, oeth ŝaet eft byreeth "ofer lagu-streamas leofne mannan "wudu wunden-hals to Weder-mearce. "Gueth-fremmendra swylcum gifeethe bieth, 300 "ŝaet ŝone hilde-raes hal gedigeeth." Gewiton him ŝa feran (flota stille bad, seomode on sale sid-faeethmed scyp, on ancre faest); eofor-lic scionon ofer hleor-beran gehroden golde 305 fah and fyr-heard, ferh wearde heold. Guethmode grummon, guman onetton, sigon aetsomne, oeth ŝaet hy sael timbred geatolic and gold-fah ongytan mihton; ŝaet waes fore-maerost fold-buendum 310 receda under roderum, on ŝaem se rica bad; lixte se leoma ofer landa fela. Him ŝa hilde-deor hof modigra torht getaehte, ŝaet hie him to mihton gegnum gangan; gueth-beorna sum 315 wicg gewende, word aefter cwaeeth: "Mael is me to feran; faeder alwalda "mid ar-stafum eowic gehealde "sietha gesunde! ic to sae wille, "wieth wraeth werod wearde healdan." VI. BEOWULF'S SPEECH. 320 Straet waes stan-fah, stig wisode gumum aetgaedere. Gueth-byrne scan heard hond-locen, hring-iren scir song in searwum, ŝa hie to sele furethum in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwomon. 325 Setton sae-meethe side scyldas, rondas regn-hearde wieth ŝaes recedes weal, bugon ŝa to bence; byrnan hringdon, gueth-searo gumena; garas stodon, sae-manna searo, samod aetgaedere, 330 aesc-holt ufan graeg: waes se iren-ŝreat waepnum gewurethad. Ŝa ŝaer wlonc haeleeth oret-mecgas aefter aeethelum fraegn: "Hwanon ferigeaeth ge faette scyldas, "graege syrcan and grim-helmas, 335 "here-sceafta heap?-- Ic eom Hroethgares "ar and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-ŝeodige "ŝus manige men modiglicran. "Wen' ic ŝaet ge for wlenco, nalles for wraec-siethum, "ac for hige-ŝrymmum Hroethgar sohton." 340 Him ŝa ellen-rof andswarode, wlanc Wedera leod word aefter spraec, heard under helme: "We synt Higelaces "beod-geneatas; Beowulf is min nama. "Wille ic asecgan suna Healfdenes, 345 "maerum ŝeodne min aerende, "aldre ŝinum, gif he us geunnan wile, "ŝaet we hine swa godne gretan moton." Wulfgar maethelode (ŝaet waes Wendla leod, waes his mod-sefa manegum gecyethed, 350 wig and wis-dom): "ic ŝaes wine Deniga, "frean Scildinga frinan wille, "beaga bryttan, swa ŝu bena eart, "ŝeoden maerne ymb ŝinne sieth ; "and ŝe ŝa andsware aedre gecyethan, 355 "ŝe me se goda agifan ŝenceeth." Hwearf ŝa hraedlice, ŝaer Hroethgar saet, eald and unhar mid his eorla gedriht; eode ellen-rof, ŝaet he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, cuethe he duguethe ŝeaw. 360 Wulfgar maethelode to his wine-drihtne: "Her syndon geferede feorran cumene "ofer geofenes begang Geata leode: "ŝone yldestan oret-mecgas "Beowulf nemnaeth. Hy benan synt, 365 "ŝaet hie, ŝeoden min, wieth ŝe moton "wordum wrixlan; no ŝu him wearne geteoh, "ŝinra gegn-cwida glaednian, Hroethgar! "Hy on wig-geatwum wyrethe ŝinceaeth "eorla geaehtlan; huru se aldor deah, 370 "se ŝaem heaetho-rincum hider wisade." VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME. Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scyldinga: "Ic hine cuethe cniht-wesende. "Waes his eald-faeder Ecgŝeo haten, "ŝaem to ham forgeaf Hreethel Geata 375 "angan dohtor; is his eafora nu "heard her cumen, sohte holdne wine. "ŝonne saegdon ŝaet sae-liethende, "ŝa ŝe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon "ŝyder to ŝance, ŝaet he ŝrittiges 380 "manna maegen-craeft on his mund-gripe "heaetho-rof haebbe. Hine halig god "for ar-stafum us onsende, "to West-Denum, ŝaes ic wen haebbe, "wieth Grendles gryre: ic ŝaem godan sceal 385 "for his mod-ŝraece madmas beodan. "Beo ŝu on ofeste, hat hig in gan, "seon sibbe-gedriht samod aetgaedere; "gesaga him eac wordum, ŝaet hie sint wil-cuman "Deniga leodum." Ŝa wieth duru healle 390 Wulfgar eode, word inne abead: "Eow het secgan sige-drihten min, "aldor East-Dena, ŝaet he eower aeethelu can "and ge him syndon ofer sae-wylmas, "heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. 395 "Nu ge moton gangan in eowrum gueth-geatawum, "under here-griman, Hroethgar geseon; "laetaeth hilde-bord her onbidian, "wudu wael-sceaftas, worda geŝinges." Aras ŝa se rica, ymb hine rinc manig, 400 ŝryethlic ŝegna heap; sume ŝaer bidon, heaetho-reaf heoldon, swa him se hearda bebead. Snyredon aetsomne, ŝa secg wisode under Heorotes hrof; hyge-rof eode, heard under helme, ŝaet he on heoethe gestod. 405 Beowulf maethelode (on him byrne scan, searo-net seowed smiethes or-ŝancum): "Wes ŝu Hroethgar hal! ic eom Higelaces "maeg and mago-ŝegn; haebbe ic maeretha fela "ongunnen on geogoethe. Me weareth Grendles ŝing 410 "on minre eethel-tyrf undyrne cueth: "secgaeth sae-liethend, ŝaet ŝes sele stande, "reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum "idel and unnyt, siethethan aefen-leoht "under heofenes hador beholen weoretheeth. 415 "Ŝa me ŝaet gelaerdon leode mine, "ŝa selestan, snotere ceorlas, "ŝeoden Hroethgar, ŝaet ic ŝe sohte; "forŝan hie maegenes craeft minne cuethon: "selfe ofersawon, ŝa ic of searwum cwom, 420 "fah from feondum, ŝaer ic fife geband, "yethde eotena cyn, and on yethum slog "niceras nihtes, nearo-ŝearfe dreah, "wraec Wedera nieth (wean ahsodon) "forgrand gramum; and nu wieth Grendel sceal, 425 "wieth ŝam aglaecan, ana gehegan "ŝing wieth ŝyrse. Ic ŝe nu ŝa, "brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, "eodor Scyldinga, anre bene; "ŝaet ŝu me ne forwyrne, wigendra hleo, 430 "freo-wine folca, nu ic ŝus feorran com, "ŝaet ic mote ana and minra eorla gedryht, "ŝes hearda heap, Heorot faelsian. "Haebbe ic eac geahsod, ŝaet se aeglaeca "for his won-hydum waepna ne receeth; 435 "ic ŝaet ŝonne forhicge, swa me Higelac sie, "min mon-drihten, modes bliethe, "ŝaet ic sweord bere oethethe sidne scyld "geolo-rand to guethe; ac ic mid grape sceal "fon wieth feonde and ymb feorh sacan, 440 "laeth wieth laethum; ŝaer gelyfan sceal "dryhtnes dome se ŝe hine deaeth nimeeth. "Wen' ic ŝaet he wille, gif he wealdan mot, "in ŝaem gueth-sele Geatena leode "etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde 445 "maegen Hreethmanna. Na ŝu minne ŝearft "hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile "dreore fahne, gif mec deaeth nimeeth; "byreeth blodig wael, byrgean ŝenceeth, "eteeth an-genga unmurnlice, 450 "mearcaeth mor-hopu: no ŝu ymb mines ne ŝearft "lices feorme leng sorgian. "Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime, "beadu-scruda betst, ŝaet mine breost wereeth, "hraegla selest; ŝaet is Hreethlan laf, 455 "Welandes geweorc. Gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio scel!" VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL. Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scyldinga: "for were-fyhtum ŝu, wine min Beowulf, "and for ar-stafum usic sohtest. "Gesloh ŝin faeder faehethe maeste, 460 "weareth he Heaetholafe to hand-bonan "mid Wilfingum; ŝa hine Wedera cyn "for here-brogan habban ne mihte. "Ŝanon he gesohte Sueth-Dena folc "ofer yetha gewealc, Ar-Scyldinga; 465 "ŝa ic furethum weold folce Deninga, "and on geogoethe heold gimme-rice "hord-burh haeleetha: ŝa waes Heregar dead, "min yldra maeg unlifigende, "bearn Healfdenes. Se waes betera ŝonne ic! 470 "Siethethan ŝa faehethe feo ŝingode; "sende ic Wylfingum ofer waeteres hrycg "ealde madmas: he me aethas swor. "Sorh is me to secganne on sefan minum "gumena aengum, hwaet me Grendel hafaeth 475 "hynetho on Heorote mid his hete-ŝancum, "faer-nietha gefremed. Is min flet-werod, "wig-heap gewanod; hie Wyrd forsweop "on Grendles gryre. God eaethe maeg "ŝone dol-scaethan daeda getwaefan! 480 "Ful oft gebeotedon beore druncne "ofer ealo-waege oret-mecgas, "ŝaet hie in beor-sele bidan woldon "Grendles guethe mid gryrum ecga. "Ŝonne waes ŝeos medo-heal on morgen-tid, 485 "driht-sele dreor-fah, ŝonne daeg lixte, "eal benc-ŝelu blode bestymed, "heall heoru-dreore: ahte ic holdra ŝy laes, "deorre duguethe, ŝe ŝa deaeth fornam. "Site nu to symle and onsael meoto, 490 "sige-hreeth secgum, swa ŝin sefa hwette!" Ŝa waes Geat-maecgum geador aetsomne on beor-sele benc gerymed; ŝaer swieth-ferhethe sittan eodon ŝryethum dealle. Ŝegn nytte beheold, 495 se ŝe on handa baer hroden ealo-waege, scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang hador on Heorote; ŝaer waes haeleetha dream, dugueth unlytel Dena and Wedera. IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BEOWULF. Unfereth maethelode, Ecglafes bearn, 500 ŝe aet fotum saet frean Scyldinga; onband beadu-rune (waes him Beowulfes sieth, modges mere-faran, micel aef-ŝunca, forŝon ŝe he ne uethe, ŝaet aenig oether man aefre maeretha ŝon ma middan-geardes 505 gehedde under heofenum ŝonne he sylfa): "Eart ŝu se Beowulf, se ŝe wieth Brecan wunne, "on sidne sae ymb sund flite, "ŝaer git for wlence wada cunnedon "and for dol-gilpe on deop waeter 510 "aldrum neethdon? Ne inc aenig mon, "ne leof ne laeth, belean mihte "sorh-fullne sieth; ŝa git on sund reon, "ŝaer git eagor-stream earmum ŝehton, "maeton mere-straeta, mundum brugdon, 515 "glidon ofer gar-secg; geofon yethum weol, "wintres wylme. Git on waeteres aeht "seofon niht swuncon; he ŝe aet sunde oferflat, "haefde mare maegen. Ŝa hine on morgen-tid "on Heaetho-raemas holm up aetbaer, 520 "ŝonon he gesohte swaesne eethel "leof his leodum lond Brondinga, "freoetho-burh faegere, ŝaer he folc ahte, "burg and beagas. Beot eal wieth ŝe "sunu Beanstanes soethe gelaeste. 525 "Ŝonne wene ic to ŝe wyrsan geŝinges, "ŝeah ŝu heaetho-raesa gehwaer dohte, "grimre guethe, gif ŝu Grendles dearst "niht-longne fyrst nean bidan!" Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: 530 "Hwaet ŝu worn fela, wine min Unfereth, "beore druncen ymb Brecan spraece, "saegdest from his siethe! Soeth ic talige, "ŝaet ic mere-strengo maran ahte, "earfeetho on yethum, ŝonne aenig oether man. 535 "Wit ŝaet gecwaedon cniht-wesende "and gebeotedon (waeron begen ŝa git "on geogoeth-feore) ŝaet wit on gar-secg ut "aldrum neethdon; and ŝaet geaefndon swa. "Haefdon swurd nacod, ŝa wit on sund reon, 540 "heard on handa, wit unc wieth hron-fixas "werian ŝohton. No he wiht fram me "flod-yethum feor fleotan meahte, "hraethor on holme, no ic fram him wolde. "Ŝa wit aetsomne on sae waeron 545 "fif nihta fyrst, oeth ŝaet unc flod todraf, "wado weallende, wedera cealdost, "nipende niht and norethan wind "heaetho-grim andhwearf; hreo waeron yetha, "Waes mere-fixa mod onhrered: 550 "ŝaer me wieth laethum lic-syrce min, "heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede; "beado-hraegl broden on breostum laeg, "golde gegyrwed. Me to grunde teah "fah feond-scaetha, faeste haefde 555 "grim on grape: hwaeethre me gyfeethe weareth, "ŝaet ic aglaecan orde geraehte, "hilde-bille; heaetho-raes fornam "mihtig mere-deor ŝurh mine hand. X. BEOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.--THE FEAST. "Swa mec gelome laeth-geteonan 560 "ŝreatedon ŝearle. Ic him ŝenode "deoran sweorde, swa hit gedefe waes; "naes hie ŝaere fylle gefean haefdon, "man-fordaedlan, ŝaet hie me ŝegon, "symbel ymb-saeton sae-grunde neah, 565 "ac on mergenne mecum wunde "be yeth-lafe uppe laegon, "sweordum aswefede, ŝaet syethethan na "ymb brontne ford brim-liethende "lade ne letton. Leoht eastan com, 570 "beorht beacen godes; brimu swaethredon, "ŝaet ic sae-naessas geseon mihte, "windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereeth "unfaegne eorl, ethonne his ellen deah! "Hwaeethere me gesaelde, ŝaet ic mid sweorde ofsloh 575 "niceras nigene. No ic on niht gefraegn "under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, "ne on eg-streamum earmran mannan; "hwaeethere ic fara feng feore gedigde, "siethes werig. Ŝa mec sae oethbaer, 580 "flod aefter faroethe, on Finna land, "wadu weallendu. No ic wiht fram ŝe "swylcra searo-nietha secgan hyrde, "billa brogan: Breca naefre git "aet heaetho-lace, ne gehwaeether incer 585 "swa deorlice daed gefremede "fagum sweordum . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . no ic ŝaes gylpe; "ŝeah ŝu ŝinum broethrum to banan wurde, "heafod-maegum; ŝaes ŝu in helle scealt 590 "werhetho dreogan, ŝeah ŝin wit duge, "Secge ic ŝe to soethe, sunu Ecglafes, "ŝaet naefre Grendel swa fela gryra gefremede, "atol aeglaeca ealdre ŝinum, "hynetho on Heorote, gif ŝin hige waere, 595 "sefa swa searo-grim, swa ŝu self talast. "Ac he hafaeth onfunden, ŝaet he ŝa faehethe ne ŝearf, "atole ecg-ŝraece eower leode "swiethe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga; "nymeeth nyd-bade, naenegum araeth 600 "leode Deniga, ac he on lust wigeeth, "swefeeth ond sendeeth, secce ne weneeth "to Gar-Denum. Ac him Geata sceal "eafoeth and ellen ungeara nu "guethe gebeodan. Gaeeth eft se ŝe mot 605 "to medo modig, siethethan morgen-leoht "ofer ylda bearn oethres dogores, "sunne swegl-wered suethan scineeth!" Ŝa waes on salum sinces brytta gamol-feax and gueth-rof, geoce gelyfde 610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Beowulfe folces hyrde faest-raedne geŝoht. Ŝaer waes haeleetha hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, word waeron wynsume. Eode Wealhŝeow foreth, cwen Hroethgares, cynna gemyndig, 615 grette gold-hroden guman on healle, and ŝa freolic wif ful gesealde aerest East-Dena eethel-wearde, baed hine bliethne aet ŝaere beor-ŝege, leodum leofne; he on lust geŝeah 620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-rof kyning. Ymb-eode ŝa ides Helminga duguethe and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne; sinc-fato sealde, oeth ŝaet sael alamp, ŝaet hio Beowulfe, beag-hroden cwen, 625 mode geŝungen, medo-ful aetbaer; grette Geata leod, gode ŝancode wis-faest wordum, ŝaes ŝe hire se willa gelamp, ŝaet heo on aenigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frofre. He ŝaet ful geŝeah, 630 wael-reow wiga aet Wealhŝeon, and ŝa gyddode guethe gefysed, Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: "Ic ŝaet hogode, ŝa ic on holm gestah, "sae-bat gesaet mid minra secga gedriht, 635 "ŝaet ic anunga eowra leoda "willan geworhte, oethethe on wael crunge, "feond-grapum faest. Ic gefremman sceal "eorlic ellen, oethethe ende-daeg "on ŝisse meodu-healle minne gebidan." 640 Ŝam wife ŝa word wel licodon, gilp-cwide Geates; eode gold-hroden freolicu folc-cwen to hire frean sittan. Ŝa waes eft swa aer inne on healle ŝryeth-word sprecen, ŝeod on saelum, 645 sige-folca sweg, oeth ŝaet semninga sunu Healfdenes secean wolde aefen-raeste; wiste aet ŝaem ahlaecan to ŝaem heah-sele hilde geŝinged, siethethan hie sunnan leoht geseon ne meahton, 650 oethethe nipende niht ofer ealle, scadu-helma gesceapu scriethan cwoman, wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras. Grette ŝa giddum guma oetherne, Hroethgar Beowulf, and him hael abead, 655 win-aernes geweald and ŝaet word acwaeeth: "Naefre ic aenegum men aer alyfde, "siethethan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, "ŝryeth-aern Dena buton ŝe nu ŝa. "Hafa nu and geheald husa selest; 660 "gemyne maeretho, maegen-ellen cyeth, "waca wieth wraethum! Ne bieth ŝe wilna gad, "gif ŝu ŝaet ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL. Ŝa him Hroethgar gewat mid his haeleetha gedryht, eodur Scyldinga ut of healle; 665 wolde wig-fruma Wealhŝeo secan, cwen to gebeddan Haefde kyninga wuldor Grendle to-geanes, swa guman gefrungon, sele-weard aseted, sundor-nytte beheold ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard abead; 670 huru Geata leod georne truwode modgan maegnes, metodes hyldo. Ŝa he him of dyde isern-byrnan, helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, irena cyst ombiht-ŝegne, 675 and gehealdan het hilde-geatwe. Gespraec ŝa se goda gylp-worda sum Beowulf Geata, aer he on bed stige: "No ic me an here-waesmum hnagran talige "gueth-geweorca, ŝonne Grendel hine; 680 "forŝan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, "aldre beneotan, ŝeah ic eal maege. "Nat he ŝara goda, ŝaet he me on-gean slea, "rand geheawe, ŝeah ŝe he rof sie "nieth-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon 685 "secge ofersittan, gif he gesecean dear "wig ofer waepen, and siethethan witig god "on swa hwaeethere hond halig dryhten "maeretho deme, swa him gemet ŝince." Hylde hine ŝa heaetho-deor, hleor-bolster onfeng 690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig snellic sae-rinc sele-reste gebeah. Naenig heora ŝohte ŝaet he ŝanon scolde eft eard-lufan aefre gesecean, folc oethethe freo-burh, ŝaer he afeded waes, 695 ac hie haefdon gefrunen, ŝaet hie aer to fela micles in ŝaem win-sele wael-deaeth fornam, Denigea leode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf wig-speda gewiofu, Wedera leodum frofor and fultum, ŝaet hie feond heora 700 ŝurh anes craeft ealle ofercomon, selfes mihtum: soeth is gecyethed, ŝaet mihtig god manna cynnes weold wide-ferheth. Com on wanre niht scriethan sceadu-genga. Sceotend swaefon, 705 ŝa ŝaet horn-reced healdan scoldon, ealle buton anum. Ŝaet waes yldum cueth, ŝaet hie ne moste, ŝa metod nolde, se syn-scaetha under sceadu bregdan; ac he waeccende wraethum on andan 710 bad bolgen-mod beadwa geŝinges. XII. GRENDEL'S RAID. Ŝa com of more under mist-hleoethum Grendel gongan, godes yrre baer. Mynte se man-scaetha manna cynnes sumne besyrwan in sele ŝam hean; 715 wod under wolcnum, to ŝaes ŝe he win-reced, gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse faettum fahne. Ne waes ŝaet forma sieth, ŝaet he Hroethgares ham gesohte: naefre he on aldor-dagum aer ne siethethan 720 heardran haele, heal-ŝegnas fand! Com ŝa to recede rinc siethian dreamum bedaeled. Duru sona onarn fyr-bendum faest, syethethan he hire folmum hran; onbraed ŝa bealo-hydig, ŝa he abolgen waes, 725 recedes muethan. Raethe aefter ŝon on fagne flor feond treddode, eode yrre-mod; him of eagum stod lige gelicost leoht unfaeger. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod aetgaedere, mago-rinca heap: ŝa his mod ahlog, mynte ŝaet he gedaelde, aer ŝon daeg cwome, atol aglaeca, anra gehwylces lif wieth lice, ŝa him alumpen waes 735 wist-fylle wen. Ne waes ŝaet wyrd ŝa gen, ŝaet he ma moste manna cynnes ŝicgean ofer ŝa niht. Ŝryeth-swyeth beheold maeg Higelaces, hu se man-scaetha under faer-gripum gefaran wolde. 740 Ne ŝaet se aglaeca yldan ŝohte, ac he gefeng hraethe forman siethe slaependne rinc, slat unwearnum, bat ban-locan, blod edrum dranc, syn-snaedum swealh: sona haefde 745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fet and folma. Foreth near aetstop, nam ŝa mid handa hige-ŝihtigne rinc on raeste; raehte ongean feond mid folme, he onfeng hraethe 750 inwit-ŝancum and wieth earm gesaet. Sona ŝaet onfunde fyrena hyrde, ŝaet he ne mette middan-geardes eorethan sceata on elran men mund-gripe maran: he on mode weareth 755 forht on ferhethe, no ŝy aer fram meahte; hyge waes him hin-fus, wolde on heolster fleon, secan deofla gedraeg: ne waes his drohtoeth ŝaer, swylce he on ealder-dagum aer gemette. Gemunde ŝa se goda maeg Higelaces 760 aefen-spraece, up-lang astod and him faeste wiethfeng. Fingras burston; eoten waes ut-weard, eorl furethur stop. Mynte se maera, ŝaer he meahte swa, widre gewindan and on weg ŝanon 765 fleon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald on grames grapum. Ŝaet waes geocor sieth, ŝaet se hearm-scaetha to Heorute ateah: dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum weareth, ceaster-buendum, cenra gehwylcum, 770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre waeron begen, reethe ren-weardas. Reced hlynsode; ŝa waes wundor micel, ŝaet se win-sele wiethhaefde heaetho-deorum, ŝaet he on hrusan ne feol, faeger fold-bold; ac he ŝaes faeste waes 775 innan and utan iren-bendum searo-ŝoncum besmiethod. Ŝaer fram sylle abeag medu-benc monig mine gefraege, golde geregnad, ŝaer ŝa graman wunnon; ŝaes ne wendon aer witan Scyldinga, 780 ŝaet hit a mid gemete manna aenig betlic and ban-fag tobrecan meahte, listum tolucan, nymethe liges faeethm swulge on swaethule. Sweg up astag niwe geneahhe; Noreth-Denum stod 785 atelic egesa anra gehwylcum ŝara ŝe of wealle wop gehyrdon, gryre-leoeth galan godes andsacan, sige-leasne sang, sar wanigean helle haeftan. Heold hine to faeste 790 se ŝe manna waes maegene strengest on ŝaem daege ŝysses lifes. XIII. BEOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM. Nolde eorla hleo aenige ŝinga ŝone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlaetan, ne his lif-dagas leoda aenigum 795 nytte tealde. Ŝaer genehost braegd eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, wolde frea-drihtnes feorh ealgian maeres ŝeodnes, ŝaer hie meahton swa; hie ŝaet ne wiston, ŝa hie gewin drugon, 800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, and on healfa gehwone heawan ŝohton, sawle secan, ŝaet ŝone syn-scaethan aenig ofer eorethan irenna cyst, gueth-billa nan gretan nolde; 805 ac he sige-waepnum forsworen haefde, ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal on ŝaem daege ŝysses lifes earmlic wurethan and se ellor-gast on feonda geweald feor siethian. 810 Ŝa ŝaet onfunde se ŝe fela aeror modes myrethe manna cynne fyrene gefremede (he waes fag wieth god) ŝaet him se lic-homa laestan nolde, ac hine se modega maeg Hygelaces 815 haefde be honda; waes gehwaeether oethrum lifigende laeth. Lic-sar gebad atol aeglaeca, him on eaxle weareth syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon burston ban-locan. Beowulfe weareth 820 gueth-hreeth gyfeethe; scolde Grendel ŝonan feorh-seoc fleon under fen-hleoethu, secean wyn-leas wic; wiste ŝe geornor, ŝaet his aldres waes ende gegongen, dogera daeg-rim. Denum eallum weareth 825 aefter ŝam wael-raese willa gelumpen. Haefde ŝa gefaelsod, se ŝe aer feorran com, snotor and swyeth-ferheth sele Hroethgares, genered wieth niethe. Niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-maerethum; haefde East-Denum 830 Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested, swylce oncyethethe ealle gebette, inwid-sorge, ŝe hie aer drugon and for ŝrea-nydum ŝolian scoldon, torn unlytel. Ŝaet waes tacen sweotol, 835 syethethan hilde-deor hond alegde, earm and eaxle (ŝaer waes eal geador Grendles grape) under geapne hrof. XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT. Ŝa waes on morgen mine gefraege ymb ŝa gif-healle gueth-rinc monig: 840 ferdon folc-togan feorran and nean geond wid-wegas wundor sceawian, laethes lastas. No his lif-gedal sarlic ŝuhte secga aenegum, ŝara ŝe tir-leases trode sceawode, 845 hu he werig-mod on weg ŝanon, nietha ofercumen, on nicera mere faege and geflymed feorh-lastas baer. Ŝaer waes on blode brim weallende, atol yetha geswing eal gemenged 850 hatan heolfre, heoro-dreore weol; deaeth-faege deog, siethethan dreama leas in fen-freoetho feorh alegde haeethene sawle, ŝaer him hel onfeng. Ŝanon eft gewiton eald-gesiethas, 855 swylce geong manig of gomen-waethe, fram mere modge, mearum ridan, beornas on blancum. Ŝaer waes Beowulfes maeretho maened; monig oft gecwaeeth, ŝaette sueth ne noreth be saem tweonum 860 ofer eormen-grund oether naenig under swegles begong selra naere rond-haebbendra, rices wyrethra. Ne hie huru wine-drihten wiht ne logon, glaedne Hroethgar, ac ŝaet waes god cyning. 865 Hwilum heaetho-rofe hleapan leton, on geflit faran fealwe mearas, ŝaer him fold-wegas faegere ŝuhton, cystum cuethe; hwilum cyninges ŝegn, guma gilp-hlaeden gidda gemyndig, 870 se ŝe eal-fela eald-gesegena worn gemunde, word oether fand soethe gebunden: secg eft ongan sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian and on sped wrecan spel gerade, 875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwaeeth, ŝaet he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, ellen-daedum, uncuethes fela, Waelsinges gewin, wide siethas, ŝara ŝe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston, 880 faehethe and fyrene, buton Fitela mid hine, ŝonne he swylces hwaet secgan wolde eam his nefan, swa hie a waeron aet nietha gehwam nyd-gesteallan: haefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes 885 sweordum gesaeged. Sigemunde gesprong aefter deaeth-daege dom unlytel, syethethan wiges heard wyrm acwealde, hordes hyrde; he under harne stan, aeethelinges bearn, ana geneethde 890 frecne daede; ne waes him Fitela mid. Hwaeethre him gesaelde, ŝaet ŝaet swurd ŝurhwod wraetlicne wyrm, ŝaet hit on wealle aetstod, dryhtlic iren; draca morethre swealt. Haefde aglaeca elne gegongen, 895 ŝaet he beah-hordes brucan moste selfes dome: sae-bat gehlod, baer on bearm scipes beorhte fraetwa, Waelses eafera; wyrm hat gemealt. Se waes wreccena wide maerost 900 ofer wer-ŝeode, wigendra hleo ellen-daedum: he ŝaes aron ŝah. Siethethan Heremodes hild sweethrode eafoeth and ellen. He mid eotenum weareth on feonda geweald foreth forlacen, 905 snude forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas lemede to lange, he his leodum weareth, eallum aeethelingum to aldor-ceare; swylce oft bemearn aerran maelum swieth-ferhethes sieth snotor ceorl monig, 910 se ŝe him bealwa to bote gelyfde, ŝaet ŝaet ŝeodnes bearn geŝeon scolde, faeder-aeethelum onfon, folc gehealdan, hord and hleo-burh, haeleetha rice, eethel Scyldinga. He ŝaer eallum weareth, 915 maeg Higelaces manna cynne, freondum gefaegra; hine fyren onwod. Hwilum flitende fealwe straete mearum maeton. Ŝa waes morgen-leoht scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig 920 swieth-hicgende to sele ŝam hean, searo-wundor seon, swylce self cyning, of bryd-bure beah-horda weard, tryddode tir-faest getrume micle, cystum gecyethed, and his cwen mid him 925 medo-stig gemaet maegetha hose. XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION. Hroethgar maethelode (he to healle geong, stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof golde fahne and Grendles hond): "ŝisse ansyne al-wealdan ŝanc 930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic laethes gebad, "grynna aet Grendle: a maeg god wyrcan "wunder aefter wundre, wuldres hyrde! "Ŝaet waes ungeara, ŝaet ic aenigra me "weana ne wende to widan feore 935 "bote gebidan ŝonne blode fah "husa selest heoro-dreorig stod; "wea wid-scofen witena gehwylcne "ŝara ŝe ne wendon, ŝaet hie wide-ferheth "leoda land-geweorc laethum beweredon 940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafaeth "ŝurh drihtnes miht daed gefremede, "ŝe we ealle aer ne meahton "snyttrum besyrwan. Hwaet! ŝaet secgan maeg "efne swa hwylc maegetha, swa ŝone magan cende 945 "aefter gum-cynnum, gyf heo gyt lyfaeth, "ŝaet hyre eald-metod este waere "bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Beowulf "ŝec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle "freogan on ferhethe; heald foreth tela 950 "niwe sibbe. Ne bieth ŝe naenigra gad "worolde wilna, ŝe ic geweald haebbe. "Ful-oft ic for laessan lean teohhode "hord-weorethunge hnahran rince, "saemran aet saecce. Ŝu ŝe self hafast 955 "daedum gefremed, ŝaet ŝin dom lyfaeth "awa to aldre. Alwalda ŝec "gode forgylde, swa he nu gyt dyde!" Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: "We ŝaet ellen-weorc estum miclum, 960 "feohtan fremedon, frecne geneethdon "eafoeth uncuethes; uethe ic swiethor, "ŝaet ŝu hinc selfne geseon moste, "feond on fraetewum fyl-werigne! "Ic hine hraedlice heardan clammum 965 "on wael-bedde wriethan ŝohte, "ŝaet he for mund-gripe minum scolde "licgean lif-bysig, butan his lic swice; "ic hine ne mihte, ŝa metod nolde, "ganges getwaeman, no ic him ŝaes georne aetfealh, 970 "feorh-geniethlan; waes to fore-mihtig "feond on feethe. Hwaeethere he his folme forlet "to lif-wraethe last weardian, "earm and eaxle; no ŝaer aenige swa ŝeah "fea-sceaft guma frofre gebohte: 975 "no ŝy leng leofaeth laeth-geteona "synnum geswenced, ac hyne sar hafaeth "in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen, "balwon bendum: ŝaer abidan sceal "maga mane fah miclan domes, 980 "hu him scir metod scrifan wille." Ŝa waes swigra secg, sunu Ecglafes, on gylp-spraece gueth-geweorca, siethethan aeethelingas eorles craefte ofer heahne hrof hand sceawedon, 985 feondes fingras, foran aeghwylc; waes stede naegla gehwylc, style gelicost, haeethenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces egle unheoru; aeg-hwylc gecwaeeth, ŝaet him heardra nan hrinan wolde 990 iren aer-god, ŝaet ŝaes ahlaecan blodge beadu-folme onberan wolde. XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS. Ŝa waes haten hreethe Heort innan-weard folmum gefraetwod: fela ŝaera waes wera and wifa, ŝe ŝaet win-reced, 995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fag scinon web aefter wagum, wundor-siona fela secga gehwylcum ŝara ŝe on swylc staraeth Waes ŝaet beorhte bold tobrocen swiethe eal inne-weard iren-bendum faest, 1000 heorras tohlidene; hrof ana genaes ealles ansund, ŝa se aglaeca fyren-daedum fag on fleam gewand, aldres or-wena. No ŝaet yethe byeth to befleonne (fremme se ŝe wille!) 1005 ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra nyde genydde niethetha bearna grund-buendra gearwe stowe, ŝaer his lic-homa leger-bedde faest swefeeth aefter symle. Ŝa waes sael and mael, 1010 ŝaet to healle gang Healfdenes sunu; wolde self cyning symbel ŝicgan. Ne gefraegen ic ŝa maegethe maran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sel gebaeran. Bugon ŝa to bence blaed-agende, 1015 fylle gefaegon. Faegere geŝaegon medo-ful manig magas + ŝara swieth-hicgende on sele ŝam hean, Hroethgar and Hroethulf. Heorot innan waes freondum afylled; nalles facen-stafas 1020 Ŝeod-Scyldingas ŝenden fremedon. Forgeaf ŝa Beowulfe bearn Healfdenes segen gyldenne sigores to leane, hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan; maere maethethum-sweord manige gesawon 1025 beforan beorn beran. Beowulf geŝah ful on flette; no he ŝaere feoh-gyfte for sceotendum scamigan ŝorfte, ne gefraegn ic freondlicor feower madmas golde gegyrede gum-manna fela 1030 in ealo-bence oethrum gesellan. Ymb ŝaes helmes hrof heafod-beorge wirum bewunden walan utan heold, ŝaet him fela lafe frecne ne meahton scur-heard sceethethan, ŝonne scyld-freca 1035 ongean gramum gangan scolde. Heht ŝa eorla hleo eahta mearas, faeted-hleore, on flet teon in under eoderas; ŝara anum stod sadol searwum fah since gewurethad, 1040 ŝaet waes hilde-setl heah-cyninges, ŝonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde; naefre on ore laeg wid-cuethes wig, ŝonne walu feollon. And ŝa Beowulfe bega gehwaeethres 1045 eodor Ingwina onweald geteah, wicga and waepna; het hine wel brucan. Swa manlice maere ŝeoden, hord-weard haeleetha heaetho-raesas geald mearum and madmum, swa hy naefre man lyheth, 1050 se ŝe secgan wile soeth aefter rihte. XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET--THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST. Ŝa gyt aeghwylcum eorla drihten ŝara ŝe mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah, on ŝaere medu-bence maethethum gesealde, yrfe-lafe, and ŝone aenne heht 1055 golde forgyldan, ŝone ŝe Grendel aer mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde, nefne him witig god wyrd forstode and ŝaes mannes mod: metod eallum weold gumena cynnes, swa he nu git deeth; 1060 forŝan bieth andgit aeghwaer selest, ferhethes fore-ŝanc! fela sceal gebidan leofes and laethes, se ŝe longe her on ŝyssum win-dagum worolde bruceeth. Ŝaer waes sang and sweg samod aetgaedere 1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, gomen-wudu greted, gid oft wrecen, ŝonne heal-gamen Hroethgares scop aefter medo-bence maenan scolde Finnes eaferum, ŝa hie se faer begeat: 1070 "Haeleeth Healfdenes, Hnaef Scyldinga, "in Fr..es waele feallan scolde. "Ne huru Hildeburh herian ŝorfte "Eotena treowe: unsynnum weareth "beloren leofum aet ŝam lind-plegan 1075 "bearnum and broethrum; hie on gebyrd hruron "gare wunde; ŝaet waes geomuru ides. "Nalles holinga Hoces dohtor "meotod-sceaft bemearn, syethethan morgen com, "ŝa heo under swegle geseon meahte 1080 "morethor-bealo maga, ŝaer heo aer maeste heold "worolde wynne: wig ealle fornam "Finnes ŝegnas, nemne feaum anum, "ŝaet he ne mehte on ŝaem meethel-stede "wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 1085 "ne ŝa wea-lafe wige forŝringan "ŝeodnes ŝegne; ac hig him geŝingo budon, "ŝaet hie him oether flet eal gerymdon, "healle and heah-setl, ŝaet hie healfre geweald "wieth Eotena bearn agan moston, 1090 "and aet feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu "dogra gehwylce Dene weorethode, "Hengestes heap hringum wenede, "efne swa swiethe sinc-gestreonum "faettan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn 1095 "on beor-sele byldan wolde. "Ŝa hie getruwedon on twa healfa "faeste frioethu-waere; Fin Hengeste "elne unflitme aethum benemde, "ŝaet he ŝa wea-lafe weotena dome 1100 "arum heolde, ŝaet ŝaer aenig mon "wordum ne worcum waere ne braece, "ne ŝurh inwit-searo aefre gemaenden, "ŝeah hie hira beag-gyfan banan folgedon "ŝeoden-lease, ŝa him swa geŝearfod waes: 1105 "gyf ŝonne Frysna hwylc frecnan spraece "ŝaes morethor-hetes myndgiend waere, "ŝonne hit sweordes ecg syethethan scolde. "Aeth waes geaefned and icge gold "ahaefen of horde. Here-Scyldinga 1110 "betst beado-rinca waes on bael gearu; "aet ŝaem ade waes eeth-gesyne "swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden, "eofer iren-heard, aeetheling manig "wundum awyrded; sume on waele crungon. 1115 "Het ŝa Hildeburh aet Hnaefes ade "hire selfre sunu sweoloethe befaestan, "ban-fatu baernan and on bael don. "Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, "geomrode giddum; gueth-rinc astah. 1120 "Wand to wolcnum wael-fyra maest, "hlynode for hlawe; hafelan multon, "ben-geato burston, ŝonne blod aetspranc "laeth-bite lices. Lig ealle forswealg, "gaesta gifrost, ŝara ŝe ŝaer gueth fornam 1125 "bega folces; waes hira blaed scacen. XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED. "Gewiton him ŝa wigend wica neosian, "freondum befeallen Frysland geseon, "hamas and hea-burh. Hengest ŝa gyt "wael-fagne winter wunode mid Finne 1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde, "ŝeah ŝe he ne meahte on mere drifan "hringed-stefnan; holm storme weol, "won wieth winde; winter yethe beleac "is-gebinde oeth ŝaet oether com 1135 "gear in geardas, swa nu gyt deeth, "ŝa ŝe syngales sele bewitiaeth, "wuldor-torhtan weder. Ŝa waes winter scacen, "faeger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca, "gist of geardum; he to gyrn-wraece 1140 "swiethor ŝohte, ŝonne to sae-lade, "gif he torn-gemot ŝurhteon mihte, "ŝaet he Eotena bearn inne gemunde. "Swa he ne forwyrnde worold-raedenne, "ŝonne him Hunlafing hilde-leoman, 1145 "billa selest, on bearm dyde: "ŝaes waeron mid Eotenum ecge cuethe. "Swylce ferheth-frecan Fin eft begeat "sweord-bealo sliethen aet his selfes ham, "siethethan grimne gripe Guethlaf ond Oslaf 1150 "aefter sae-siethe sorge maendon, "aetwiton weana dael; ne meahte waefre mod "forhabban in hreethre. Ŝa waes heal hroden "feonda feorum, swilce Fin slaegen, "cyning on corethre, and seo cwen numen. 1155 "Sceotend Scyldinga to scypum feredon "eal in-gesteald eoreth-cyninges, "swylce hie aet Finnes ham findan meahton "sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sae-lade "drihtlice wif to Denum feredon, 1160 "laeddon to leodum." Leoeth waes asungen, gleo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft astah, beorhtode benc-sweg, byrelas sealdon win of wunder-fatum. Ŝa cwom Wealhŝeo foreth gan under gyldnum beage, ŝaer ŝa godan twegen 1165 saeton suhter-gefaederan; ŝa gyt waes hiera sib aetgaedere aeghwylc oethrum trywe. Swylce ŝaer Unfereth ŝyle aet fotum saet frean Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhethe treowde, ŝaet he haefde mod micel, ŝeah ŝe he his magum naere arfaest aet ecga gelacum. Spraec ŝa ides Scyldinga: 1170 "Onfoh ŝissum fulle, freo-drihten min, "sinces brytta; ŝu on saelum wes, "gold-wine gumena, and to Geatum sprec "mildum wordum! Swa sceal man don. "Beo wieth Geatas glaed, geofena gemyndig; 1175 "nean and feorran ŝu nu friethu hafast. "Me man saegde, ŝaet ŝu ŝe for sunu wolde "here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefaelsod, "beah-sele beorhta; bruc ŝenden ŝu mote "manigra meda and ŝinum magum laef 1180 "folc and rice, ŝonne ŝu foreth scyle "metod-sceaft seon. Ic minne can "glaedne Hroethulf, ŝaet he ŝa geogoethe wile "arum healdan, gyf ŝu aer ŝonne he, "wine Scildinga, worold oflaetest; 1185 "wene ic, ŝaet he mid gode gyldan wille "uncran eaferan, gif he ŝaet eal gemon, "hwaet wit to willan and to woreth-myndum "umbor wesendum aer arna gefremedon." Hwearf ŝa bi bence, ŝaer hyre byre waeron, 1190 Hreethric and Hroethmund, and haeleetha bearn, giogoeth aetgaedere; ŝaer se goda saet Beowulf Geata be ŝaem gebroethrum twaem. XIX. BEOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST. Him waes ful boren and freond-laethu wordum bewaegned and wunden gold 1195 estum geeawed, earm-hreade twa, hraegl and hringas, heals-beaga maest ŝara ŝe ic on foldan gefraegen haebbe. Naenigne ic under swegle selran hyrde hord-maethethum haeleetha, syethethan Hama aetwaeg 1200 to ŝaere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene, sigle and sinc-faet, searo-niethas fealh Eormenrices, geceas ecne raed. Ŝone hring haefde Higelac Geata, nefa Swertinges, nyhstan siethe, 1205 siethethan he under segne sinc ealgode, wael-reaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam, syethethan he for wlenco wean ahsode, faehethe to Frysum; he ŝa fraetwe waeg, eorclan-stanas ofer yetha ful, 1210 rice ŝeoden, he under rande gecranc; gehwearf ŝa in Francna faeethm feorh cyninges, breost-gewaedu and se beah somod: wyrsan wig-frecan wael reafedon aefter gueth-sceare, Geata leode 1215 hrea-wic heoldon. Heal swege onfeng. Wealhŝeo maethelode, heo fore ŝaem werede spraec: "Bruc ŝisses beages, Beowulf, leofa "hyse, mid haele, and ŝisses hraegles neot "ŝeod-gestreona, and geŝeoh tela, 1220 "cen ŝec mid craefte and ŝyssum cnyhtum wes "lara liethe! ic ŝe ŝaes lean geman. "Hafast ŝu gefered, ŝaet ŝe feor and neah "ealne wide-ferheth weras ehtigaeth, "efne swa side swa sae bebugeeth 1225 "windige weallas. Wes, ŝenden ŝu lifige, "aeetheling eadig! ic ŝe an tela "sinc-gestreona. Beo ŝu suna minum "daedum gedefe dream healdende! "Her is aeghwylc eorl oethrum getrywe, 1230 "modes milde, man-drihtne hold, "ŝegnas syndon geŝwaere, ŝeod eal gearo: "druncne dryht-guman, doeth swa ic bidde!" Eode ŝa to setle. Ŝaer waes symbla cyst, druncon win weras: wyrd ne cuethon, 1235 geo-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen weareth eorla manegum, syethethan aefen cwom and him Hroethgar gewat to hofe sinum, rice to raeste. Reced weardode unrim eorla, swa hie oft aer dydon: 1240 benc-ŝelu beredon, hit geond-braeded weareth beddum and bolstrum. Beor-scealca sum fus and faege flet-raeste gebeag. Setton him to heafdum hilde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan; ŝaer on bence waes 1245 ofer aeethelinge yeth-gesene heaetho-steapa helm, hringed byrne, ŝrec-wudu ŝrymlic. Waes ŝeaw hyra, ŝaet hie oft waeron an wig gearwe, ge aet ham ge on herge, ge gehwaeether ŝara 1250 efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne ŝearf gesaelde; waes seo ŝeod tilu. XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES. Sigon ŝa to slaepe. Sum sare angeald aefen-raeste, swa him ful-oft gelamp, siethethan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1255 unriht aefnde, oeth ŝaet ende becwom, swylt aefter synnum. Ŝaet gesyne weareth, wid-cueth werum, ŝaette wrecend ŝa gyt lifde aefter laethum, lange ŝrage aefter gueth-ceare; Grendles modor, 1260 ides aglaec-wif yrmethe gemunde, se ŝe waeter-egesan wunian scolde, cealde streamas, siethethan Cain weareth to ecg-banan angan breether, faederen-maege; he ŝa fag gewat, 1265 morethre gemearcod man-dream fleon, westen warode. Ŝanon woc fela geosceaft-gasta; waes ŝaera Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetelic, se aet Heorote fand waeccendne wer wiges bidan, 1270 ŝaer him aglaeca aet-graepe weareth; hwaeethre he gemunde maegenes strenge, gim-faeste gife, ŝe him god sealde, and him to anwaldan are gelyfde, frofre and fultum: ŝy he ŝone feond ofercwom, 1275 gehnaegde helle gast: ŝa he hean gewat, dreame bedaeled deaeth-wic seon, man-cynnes feond. And his modor ŝa gyt gifre and galg-mod gegan wolde sorh-fulne sieth, suna deaeth wrecan. 1280 Com ŝa to Heorote, ŝaer Hring-Dene geond ŝaet saeld swaefun. Ŝa ŝaer sona weareth ed-hwyrft eorlum, siethethan inne fealh Grendles modor; waes se gryre laessa efne swa micle, swa bieth maegetha craeft, 1285 wig-gryre wifes be waepned-men, ŝonne heoru bunden, hamere geŝuren, sweord swate fah swin ofer helme, ecgum dyhtig andweard scireeth. Ŝa waes on healle heard-ecg togen, 1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig hafen handa faest; helm ne gemunde, byrnan side, ŝe hine se broga angeat. Heo waes on ofste, wolde ut ŝanon feore beorgan, ŝa heo onfunden waes; 1295 hraethe heo aeethelinga anne haefde faeste befangen, ŝa heo to fenne gang; se waes Hroethgare haeleetha leofost on gesiethes had be saem tweonum, rice rand-wiga, ŝone ŝe heo on raeste abreat, 1300 blaed-faestne beorn. Naes Beowulf ŝaer, ac waes oether in aer geteohhod aefter maethethum-gife maerum Geate. Hream weareth on Heorote. Heo under heolfre genam cuethe folme; cearu waes geniwod 1305 geworden in wicum: ne waes ŝaet gewrixle til, ŝaet hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum. Ŝa waes frod cyning, har hilde-rinc, on hreon mode, syethethan he aldor-ŝegn unlyfigendne, 1310 ŝone deorestan deadne wisse. Hraethe waes to bure Beowulf fetod, sigor-eadig secg. Samod aer-daege eode eorla sum, aeethele cempa self mid gesiethum, ŝaer se snottra bad, 1315 hwaeethre him al-walda aefre wille aefter wea-spelle wyrpe gefremman. Gang ŝa aefter flore fyrd-wyrethe man mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) ŝaet he ŝone wisan wordum hnaegde 1320 frean Ingwina; fraegn gif him waere aefter neod-laethu niht getaese. XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH. Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scildinga: "Ne frin ŝu aefter saelum! Sorh is geniwod "Denigea leodum. Dead is Aesc-here, 1325 "Yrmenlafes yldra broethor, "min run-wita and min raed-bora, "eaxl-gestealla, ŝonne we on orlege "hafelan weredon, ŝonne hniton feethan, "eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan 1330 "aeetheling aer-god, swylc Aesc-here waes. "Weareth him on Heorote to hand-banan "wael-gaest waefre; ic ne wat hwaeder "atol aese wlanc eft-siethas teah, "fylle gefraegnod. Heo ŝa faehethe wraec, 1335 "ŝe ŝu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest "ŝurh haestne had heardum clammum, "forŝan he to lange leode mine "wanode and wyrde. He aet wige gecrang "ealdres scyldig, and nu oether cwom 1340 "mihtig man-scaetha, wolde hyre maeg wrecan, "ge feor hafaeth faehethe gestaeled, "ŝaes ŝe ŝincean maeg ŝegne monegum, "se ŝe aefter sinc-gyfan on sefan greoteeth, "hreether-bealo hearde; nu seo hand ligeeth, 1345 "se ŝe eow wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. "Ic ŝaet lond-buend leode mine "sele-raedende secgan hyrde, "ŝaet hie gesawon swylce twegen "micle mearc-stapan moras healdan, 1350 "ellor-gaestas: ŝaera oether waes, "ŝaes ŝe hie gewislicost gewitan meahton, "idese onlicnes, oether earm-sceapen "on weres waestmum wraec-lastas traed, "naefne he waes mara ŝonne aenig man oether, 1355 "ŝone on gear-dagum Grendel nemdon "fold-buende: no hie faeder cunnon, "hwaeether him aenig waes aer acenned "dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond "warigeaeth, wulf-hleoethu, windige naessas, 1360 "frecne fen-gelad, ŝaer fyrgen-stream "under naessa genipu niether gewiteeth, "flod under foldan; nis ŝaet feor heonon "mil-gemearces, ŝaet se mere standeeth, "ofer ŝaem hongiaeth hrimge bearwas, 1365 "wudu wyrtum faest, waeter oferhelmaeth. "Ŝaer maeg nihta gehwaem nieth-wundor seon, "fyr on flode; no ŝaes frod leofaeth "gumena bearna, ŝaet ŝone grund wite; "ŝeah ŝe haeeth-stapa hundum geswenced, 1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sece, "feorran geflymed, aer he feorh seleeth, "aldor on ofre, aer he in wille, "hafelan hydan. Nis ŝaet heoru stow: "ŝonon yeth-geblond up astigeeth 1375 "won to wolcnum, ŝonne wind styreeth "laeth gewidru, oeth ŝaet lyft drysmaeth, "roderas reotaeth. Nu is raed gelang "eft aet ŝe anum! Eard git ne const, "frecne stowe, ŝaer ŝu findan miht 1380 "sinnigne secg: sec gif ŝu dyrre! "Ic ŝe ŝa faehethe feo leanige, "eald-gestreonum, swa ic aer dyde, "wundnum golde, gyf ŝu on weg cymest." XXII. BEOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES. Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: 1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! selre bieth aeghwaem, "ŝaet he his freond wrece, ŝonne he fela murne; "ure aeghwylc sceal ende gebidan "worolde lifes; wyrce se ŝe mote "domes aer deaethe! ŝaet bieth driht-guman 1390 "unlifgendum aefter selest. "Aris, rices weard; uton hraethe feran, "Grendles magan gang sceawigan! "Ic hit ŝe gehate: no he on helm losaeth, "ne on foldan faeethm, ne on fyrgen-holt, 1395 "ne on gyfenes grund, ga ŝaer he wille. "Ŝys dogor ŝu geŝyld hafa "weana gehwylces, swa ic ŝe wene to!" Ahleop ŝa se gomela, gode ŝancode, mihtigan drihtne, ŝaes se man gespraec. 1400 Ŝa waes Hroethgare hors gebaeted, wicg wunden-feax. Wisa fengel geatolic gengde; gum-feetha stop lind-haebbendra. Lastas waeron aefter wald-swaethum wide gesyne, 1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum for ŝa ofer myrcan mor, mago-ŝegna baer ŝone selestan sawol-leasne, ŝara ŝe mid Hroethgare ham eahtode. Ofer-eode ŝa aeethelinga bearn 1410 steap stan-hlietho, stige nearwe, enge an-paethas, un-cueth gelad, neowle naessas, nicor-husa fela; he feara sum beforan gengde wisra monna, wong sceawian, 1415 oeth ŝaet he faeringa fyrgen-beamas ofer harne stan hleonian funde, wyn-leasne wudu; waeter under stod dreorig and gedrefed. Denum eallum waes, winum Scyldinga, weorce on mode, 1420 to geŝolianne ŝegne monegum, oncyeth eorla gehwaem, syethethan Aesc-heres on ŝam holm-clife hafelan metton. Flod blode weol (folc to saegon) hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song 1425 fuslic fyrd-leoeth. Feetha eal gesaet; gesawon ŝa aefter waetere wyrm-cynnes fela, sellice sae-dracan sund cunnian, swylce on naes-hleoethum nicras licgean, ŝa on undern-mael oft bewitigaeth 1430 sorh-fulne sieth on segl-rade, wyrmas and wil-deor; hie on weg hruron bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton, gueth-horn galan. Sumne Geata leod of flan-bogan feores getwaefde, 1435 yeth-gewinnes, ŝaet him on aldre stod here-strael hearda; he on holme waes sundes ŝe saenra, ŝe hyne swylt fornam. Hraeethe weareth on yethum mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyhtum hearde genearwod, 1440 nietha genaeged and on naes togen wundorlic waeg-bora; weras sceawedon gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gewaedum, nalles for ealdre mearn: scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1445 sid and searo-fah, sund cunnian, seo ŝe ban-cofan beorgan cuethe, ŝaet him hilde-grap hreethre ne mihte, eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceethethan; ac se hwita helm hafelan werede, 1450 se ŝe mere-grundas mengan scolde, secan sund-gebland since geweorethad, befongen frea-wrasnum, swa hine fyrn-dagum worhte waepna smieth, wundrum teode, besette swin-licum, ŝaet hine syethethan no 1455 brond ne beado-mecas bitan ne meahton. Naes ŝaet ŝonne maetost maegen-fultuma, ŝaet him on ŝearfe lah ŝyle Hroethgares; waes ŝaem haeft-mece Hrunting nama, ŝaet waes an foran eald-gestreona; 1460 ecg waes iren ater-tearum fah, ahyrded heaetho-swate; naefre hit aet hilde ne swac manna aengum ŝara ŝe hit mid mundum bewand, se ŝe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, folc-stede fara; naes ŝaet forma sieth, 1465 ŝaet hit ellen-weorc aefnan scolde. Huru ne gemunde mago Ecglafes eafoethes craeftig, ŝaet he aer gespraec wine druncen, ŝa he ŝaes waepnes onlah selran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste 1470 under yetha gewin aldre geneethan, driht-scype dreogan; ŝaer he dome forleas, ellen-maerethum. Ne waes ŝaem oethrum swa, syethethan he hine to guethe gegyred haefde. XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE. Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: 1475 "geŝenc nu, se maera maga Healfdenes, "snottra fengel, nu ic eom siethes fus, "gold-wine gumena, hwaet wit geo spraecon, "gif ic aet ŝearfe ŝinre scolde "aldre linnan, ŝaet ŝu me a waere 1480 "foreth-gewitenum on faeder staele; "wes ŝu mund-bora minum mago-ŝegnum, "hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime: "swylce ŝu ŝa madmas, ŝe ŝu me sealdest, "Hroethgar leofa, Higelace onsend. 1485 "Maeg ŝonne on ŝaem golde ongitan Geata dryhten, "geseon sunu Hreethles, ŝonne he on ŝaet sinc staraeth, "ŝaet ic gum-cystum godne funde "beaga bryttan, breac ŝonne moste. "And ŝu Unfereth laet ealde lafe, 1490 "wraetlic waeg-sweord wid-cuethne man "heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge "dom gewyrce, oethethe mec deaeth nimeeth." Aefter ŝaem wordum Weder-Geata leod efste mid elne, nalas andsware 1495 bidan wolde; brim-wylm onfeng hilde-rince. Ŝa waes hwil daeges, aer he ŝone grund-wong ongytan mehte. Sona ŝaet onfunde, se ŝe floda begong heoro-gifre beheold hund missera, 1500 grim and graedig, ŝaet ŝaer gumena sum ael-wihta eard ufan cunnode. Grap ŝa togeanes, gueth-rinc gefeng atolan clommum; no ŝy aer in gescod halan lice: hring utan ymb-bearh, 1505 ŝaet heo ŝone fyrd-hom ŝurh-fon ne mihte, locene leoetho-syrcan laethan fingrum. Baer ŝa seo brim-wylf, ŝa heo to botme com, hringa ŝengel to hofe sinum, swa he ne mihte no (he ŝaes modig waes) 1510 waepna gewealdan, ac hine wundra ŝaes fela swencte on sunde, sae-deor monig hilde-tuxum here-syrcan braec, ehton aglaecan. Ŝa se eorl ongeat, ŝaet he in nieth-sele nat-hwylcum waes, 1515 ŝaer him naenig waeter wihte ne sceethede, ne him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte faer-gripe flodes: fyr-leoht geseah, blacne leoman beorhte scinan. Ongeat ŝa se goda grund-wyrgenne, 1520 mere-wif mihtig; maegen-raes forgeaf hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofteah, ŝaet hire on hafelan hring-mael agol graedig gueth-leoeth. Ŝa se gist onfand, ŝaet se beado-leoma bitan nolde, 1525 aldre sceethethan, ac seo ecg geswac ŝeodne aet ŝearfe: ŝolode aer fela hond-gemota, helm oft gescaer, faeges fyrd-hraegl: ŝaet waes forma sieth deorum maethme, ŝaet his dom alaeg. 1530 Eft waes an-raed, nalas elnes laet, maeretha gemyndig maeg Hygelaces; wearp ŝa wunden-mael wraettum gebunden yrre oretta, ŝaet hit on eorethan laeg, stieth and styl-ecg; strenge getruwode, 1535 mund-gripe maegenes. Swa sceal man don, ŝonne he aet guethe gegan ŝenceeth longsumne lof, na ymb his lif cearaeth. Gefeng ŝa be eaxle (nalas for faehethe mearn) Gueth-Geata leod Grendles modor; 1540 braegd ŝa beadwe heard, ŝa he gebolgen waes, feorh-geniethlan, ŝaet heo on flet gebeah. Heo him eft hraethe and-lean forgeald grimman grapum and him togeanes feng; oferwearp ŝa werig-mod wigena strengest, 1545 feethe-cempa, ŝaet he on fylle weareth. Ofsaet ŝa ŝone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe geteah, brad and brun-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan, angan eaferan. Him on eaxle laeg breost-net broden; ŝaet gebearh feore, 1550 wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod. Haefde ŝa forsiethod sunu Ecgŝeowes under gynne grund, Geata cempa, nemne him heaetho-byrne helpe gefremede, here-net hearde, and halig god 1555 geweold wig-sigor, witig drihten; rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced, yethelice syethethan he eft astod. XXIV. BEOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE. Geseah ŝa on searwum sige-eadig bil, eald sweord eotenisc ecgum ŝyhtig, 1560 wigena weoreth-mynd: ŝaet waes waepna cyst, buton hit waes mare ŝonne aenig mon oether to beadu-lace aetberan meahte god and geatolic giganta geweorc. He gefeng ŝa fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, 1565 hreoh and heoro-grim hring-mael gebraegd, aldres orwena, yrringa sloh, ŝaet hire wieth halse heard grapode, ban-hringas braec, bil eal ŝurh-wod faegne flaesc-homan, heo on flet gecrong; 1570 sweord waes swatig, secg weorce gefeh. Lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod, efne swa of hefene hadre scineeth rodores candel. He aefter recede wlat, hwearf ŝa be wealle, waepen hafenade 1575 heard be hiltum Higelaces ŝegn, yrre and an-raed. Naes seo ecg fracod hilde-rince, ac he hraethe wolde Grendle forgyldan gueth-raesa fela ŝara ŝe he geworhte to West-Denum 1580 oftor micle ŝonne on aenne sieth, ŝonne he Hroethgares heoreth-geneatas sloh on sweofote, slaepende fraet folces Denigea fyf-tyne men and oether swylc ut of-ferede, 1585 laethlicu lac. He him ŝaes lean forgeald, reethe cempa, to ŝaes ŝe he on raeste geseah gueth-werigne Grendel licgan, aldor-leasne, swa him aer gescod hild aet Heorote; hra wide sprong, 1590 syethethan he aefter deaethe drepe ŝrowade, heoro-sweng heardne, and hine ŝa heafde becearf, Sona ŝaet gesawon snottre ceorlas, ŝa ŝe mid Hroethgare on holm wliton, ŝaet waes yeth-geblond eal gemenged, 1595 brim blode fah: blonden-feaxe gomele ymb godne ongeador spraecon, ŝaet hig ŝaes aeethelinges eft ne wendon, ŝaet he sige-hreethig secean come maerne ŝeoden; ŝa ŝaes monige geweareth, 1600 ŝaet hine seo brim-wylf abroten haefde. Ŝa com non daeges. Naes ofgeafon hwate Scyldingas; gewat him ham ŝonon gold-wine gumena. Gistas setan, modes seoce, and on mere staredon, 1605 wiston and ne wendon, ŝaet hie heora wine-drihten selfne gesawon. Ŝa ŝaet sweord ongan aefter heaetho-swate hilde-gicelum wig-bil wanian; ŝaet waes wundra sum, ŝaet hit eal gemealt ise gelicost, 1610 ŝonne forstes bend faeder onlaeteeth, onwindeeth wael-rapas, se ŝe geweald hafaeth saela and maela; ŝaet is soeth metod. Ne nom he in ŝaem wicum, Weder-Geata leod, maethm-aehta ma, ŝeh he ŝaer monige geseah, 1615 buton ŝone hafelan and ŝa hilt somod, since fage; sweord aer gemealt, forbarn broden mael: waes ŝaet blod to ŝaes hat, aettren ellor-gaest, se ŝaer inne swealt. Sona waes on sunde, se ŝe aer aet saecce gebad 1620 wig-hryre wraethra, waeter up ŝurh-deaf; waeron yeth-gebland eal gefaelsod, eacne eardas, ŝa se ellor-gast oflet lif-dagas and ŝas laenan gesceaft. Com ŝa to lande lid-manna helm 1625 swieth-mod swymman, sae-lace gefeah, maegen-byrethenne ŝara ŝe he him mid haefde. Eodon him ŝa togeanes, gode ŝancodon, ŝryethlic ŝegna heap, ŝeodnes gefegon, ŝaes ŝe hi hyne gesundne geseon moston. 1630 Ŝa waes of ŝaem hroran helm and byrne lungre alysed: lagu drusade, waeter under wolcnum, wael-dreore fag. Ferdon foreth ŝonon feethe-lastum ferhethum faegne, fold-weg maeton, 1635 cuethe straete; cyning-balde men from ŝaem holm-clife hafelan baeron earfoethlice heora aeghwaeethrum fela-modigra: feower scoldon on ethaem wael-stenge weorcum geferian 1640 to ŝaem gold-sele Grendles heafod, oeth ŝaet semninga to sele comon frome fyrd-hwate feower-tyne Geata gongan; gum-dryhten mid modig on gemonge meodo-wongas traed. 1645 Ŝa com in gan ealdor ŝegna, daed-cene mon dome gewurethad, haele hilde-deor. Hroethgar gretan: Ŝa waes be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, ŝaer guman druncon, 1650 egeslic for eorlum and ŝaere idese mid: wlite-seon wraetlic weras onsawon. XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES. Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: "Hwaet! we ŝe ŝas sae-lac, sunu Healfdenes, "leod Scyldinga, lustum brohton, 1655 "tires to tacne, ŝe ŝu her to locast. "Ic ŝaet unsofte ealdre gedigde: "wige under waetere weorc geneethde "earfoethlice, aet-rihte waes "gueth getwaefed, nymethe mec god scylde. 1660 "Ne meahte ic aet hilde mid Hruntinge "wiht gewyrcan, ŝeah ŝaet waepen duge, "ac me geuethe ylda waldend, "ŝaet ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian "eald sweord eacen (oftost wisode 1665 "winigea leasum) ŝaet ic ŝy waepne gebraed. "Ofsloh ŝa aet ŝaere saecce (ŝa me sael ageald) "huses hyrdas. Ŝa ŝaet hilde-bil "forbarn, brogden mael, swa ŝaet blod gesprang, "hatost heaetho-swata: ic ŝaet hilt ŝanan 1670 "feondum aetferede; fyren-daeda wraec, "deaeth-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedefe waes. "Ic hit ŝe ŝonne gehate, ŝaet ŝu on Heorote most "sorh-leas swefan mid ŝinra secga gedryht, "and ŝegna gehwylc ŝinra leoda, 1675 "duguethe and iogoethe, ŝaet ŝu him ondraedan ne ŝearft, "ŝeoden Scyldinga, on ŝa healfe, "aldor-bealu eorlum, swa ŝu aer dydest." Ŝa waes gylden hilt gamelum rince. harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, 1680 enta aer-geweorc, hit on aeht gehwearf aefter deofla hryre Denigea frean, wundor-smietha geweorc, and ŝa ŝas worold ofgeaf grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, morethres scyldig, and his modor eac; 1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga ŝaem selestan be saem tweonum ŝara ŝe on Sceden-igge sceattas daelde. Hroethgar maethelode, hylt sceawode, ealde lafe, on ŝaem waes or writen 1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syethethan flod ofsloh, gifen geotende, giganta cyn, frecne geferdon: ŝaet waes fremde ŝeod ecean dryhtne, him ŝaes ende-lean ŝurh waeteres wylm waldend sealde. 1695 Swa waes on ŝaem scennum sciran goldes ŝurh run-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted and gesaed, hwam ŝaet sweord geworht, irena cyst aerest waere, wreoethen-hilt and wyrm-fah. Ŝa se wisa spraec 1700 sunu Healfdenes (swigedon ealle): "Ŝaet la maeg secgan, se ŝe soeth and riht "fremeeth on folce, (feor eal gemon "eald eethel-weard), ŝaet ŝes eorl waere "geboren betera! Blaed is araered 1705 "geond wid-wegas, wine min Beowulf, "ŝin ofer ŝeoda gehwylce. Eal ŝu hit geŝyldum healdest, "maegen mid modes snyttrum. Ic ŝe sceal mine gelaestan "freode, swa wit furethum spraecon; ŝu scealt to frofre weorethan "eal lang-twidig leodum ŝinum, 1710 "haeleethum to helpe. Ne weareth Heremod swa "eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum; "ne geweox he him to willan, ac to wael-fealle "and to deaeth-cwalum Deniga leodum; "breat bolgen-mod beod-geneatas, 1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, oeth ŝaet he ana hwearf, "maere ŝeoden. mon-dreamum from: "ŝeah ŝe hine mihtig god maegenes wynnum, "eafeethum stepte, ofer ealle men "foreth gefremede, hwaeethere him on ferhethe greow 1720 "breost-hord blod-reow: nallas beagas geaf "Denum aefter dome; dream-leas gebad, "ŝaet he ŝaes gewinnes weorc ŝrowade, "leod-bealo longsum. Ŝu ŝe laer be ŝon, "gum-cyste ongit! ic ŝis gid be ŝe 1725 "awraec wintrum frod. Wundor is to secganne, "hu mihtig god manna cynne "ŝurh sidne sefan snyttru bryttaeth, "eard and eorl-scipe, he ah ealra geweald. "Hwilum he on lufan laeteeth hworfan 1730 "monnes mod-geŝonc maeran cynnes, "seleeth him on eethle eorethan wynne, "to healdanne hleo-burh wera, "gedeeth him swa gewealdene worolde daelas, "side rice, ŝaet he his selfa ne maeg 1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende geŝencean; "wunaeth he on wiste, no hine wiht dweleeth, "adl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh "on sefan sweorceeth, ne gesacu ohwaer, "ecg-hete eoweeth, ac him eal worold 1740 "wendeeth on willan; he ŝaet wyrse ne con, "oeth ŝaet him on innan ofer-hygda dael "weaxeeth and wridaeth, ŝonne se weard swefeeth, "sawele hyrde: bieth se slaep to faest, "bisgum gebunden, bona swiethe neah, 1745 "se ŝe of flan-bogan fyrenum sceoteeth. XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.--BEOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE. "Ŝonne bieth on hreethre under helm drepen "biteran straele: him bebeorgan ne con "wom wundor-bebodum wergan gastes; "ŝinceeth him to lytel, ŝaet he to lange heold, 1750 "gytsaeth grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleeth "faette beagas and he ŝa foreth-gesceaft "forgyteeth and forgymeeth, ŝaes ŝe him aer god sealde "wuldres waldend, weoreth-mynda dael. "Hit on ende-staef eft gelimpeeth, 1755 "ŝaet se lic-homa laene gedreoseeth, "faege gefealleeth; feheth oether to, "se ŝe unmurnlice madmas daeleeth, "eorles aer-gestreon, egesan ne gymeeth. "Bebeorh ŝe ŝone bealo-nieth, Beowulf leofa, 1760 "secg se betsta, and ŝe ŝaet selre geceos, "ece raedas; oferhyda ne gym, "maere cempa! Nu is ŝines maegnes blaed "ane hwile; eft sona bieth, "ŝaet ŝec adl oethethe ecg eafoethes getwaefeeth, 1765 "oethethe fyres feng oethethe flodes wylm, "oethethe gripe meces oethethe gares fliht, "oethethe atol yldo, oethethe eagena bearhtm "forsiteeth and forsworceeth; semninga bieth, "ŝaet ŝec, dryht-guma, deaeth oferswyetheeth. 1770 "Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera "weold under wolcnum, and hig wige beleac "manigum maegetha geond ŝysne middan-geard, "aescum and ecgum, ŝaet ic me aenigne "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 1775 "Hwaet! me ŝaes on eethle edwenden cwom, "gyrn aefter gomene, seoethethan Grendel weareth, "eald-gewinna, in-genga min: "ic ŝaere socne singales waeg "mod-ceare micle. Ŝaes sig metode ŝanc, 1780 "ecean drihtne, ŝaes ŝe ic on aldre gebad, "ŝaet ic on ŝone hafelan heoro-dreorigne "ofer eald gewin eagum starige! "Ga nu to setle, symbel-wynne dreoh "wigge weorethad: unc sceal worn fela 1785 "maethma gemaenra, siethethan morgen bieth." Geat waes glaed-mod, geong sona to, setles neosan, swa se snottra heht. Ŝa waes eft swa aer ellen-rofum, flet-sittendum faegere gereorded 1790 niowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Dugueth eal aras; wolde blonden-feax beddes neosan, gamela Scylding. Geat ungemetes wel, rofne rand-wigan restan lyste: 1795 sona him sele-ŝegn siethes wergum, feorran-cundum foreth wisade, se for andrysnum ealle beweotede ŝegnes ŝearfe, swylce ŝy dogore heaetho-liethende habban scoldon. 1800 Reste hine ŝa rum-heort; reced hlifade geap and gold-fah, gaest inne swaef, oeth ŝaet hrefn blaca heofones wynne blieth-heort bodode. Ŝa com beorht sunne scacan ofer grundas; scaethan onetton, 1805 waeron aeethelingas eft to leodum fuse to farenne, wolde feor ŝanon cuma collen-ferheth ceoles neosan. Heht ŝa se hearda Hrunting beran, sunu Ecglafes, heht his sweord niman, 1810 leoflic iren; saegde him ŝaes leanes ŝanc, cwaeeth he ŝone gueth-wine godne tealde, wig-craeftigne, nales wordum log meces ecge: ŝaet waes modig secg. And ŝa sieth-frome searwum gearwe 1815 wigend waeron, eode weoreth Denum aeetheling to yppan, ŝaer se oether waes haele hilde-deor, Hroethgar grette. XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS. Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝeowes: "Nu we sae-liethend secgan wyllaeth 1820 "feorran cumene, ŝaet we fundiaeth "Higelac secan. Waeron her tela "willum bewenede; ŝu us wel dohtest. "Gif ic ŝonne on eorethan owihte maeg "ŝinre mod-lufan maran tilian, 1825 "gumena dryhten, ŝonne ic gyt dyde, "gueth-geweorca ic beo gearo sona. "Gif ic ŝaet gefricge ofer floda begang, "ŝaet ŝec ymbe-sittend egesan ŝywaeth, "swa ŝec hetende hwilum dydon, 1830 "ic ŝe ŝusenda ŝegna bringe, "haeleetha to helpe. Ic on Higelace wat, "Geata dryhten, ŝeah ŝe he geong sy, "folces hyrde, ŝaet he mec fremman wile "wordum and worcum, ŝaet ic ŝe wel herige, 1835 "and ŝe to geoce gar-holt bere "maegenes fultum, ŝaer ŝe bieth manna ŝearf; "gif him ŝonne Hreethric to hofum Geata "geŝingeeth, ŝeodnes bearn, he maeg ŝaer fela "freonda findan: feor-cyethethe beoeth 1840 "selran gesohte ŝaem ŝe him selfa deah." Hroethgar maethelode him on andsware: "Ŝe ŝa word-cwydas wittig drihten "on sefan sende! ne hyrde ic snotorlicor "on swa geongum feore guman ŝingian: 1845 "ŝu eart maegenes strang and on mode frod, "wis word-cwida. Wen ic talige, "gif ŝaet gegangeeth, ŝaet ŝe gar nymeeth, "hild heoru-grimme Hreethles eaferan, "adl oethethe iren ealdor ŝinne, 1850 "folces hyrde, and ŝu ŝin feorh hafast, "ŝaet ŝe Sae-Geatas selran naebben "to geceosenne cyning aenigne, "hord-weard haeleetha, gif ŝu healdan wylt "maga rice. Me ŝin mod-sefa 1855 "licaeth leng swa wel, leofa Beowulf: "hafast ŝu gefered, ŝaet ŝam folcum sceal, "Geata leodum and Gar-Denum "sib gemaenum and sacu restan, "inwit-niethas, ŝe hie aer drugon; 1860 "wesan, ŝenden ic wealde widan rices, "maethmas gemaene, manig oetherne "godum gegretan ofer ganotes baeeth; "sceal hring-naca ofer heaethu bringan "lac and luf-tacen. Ic ŝa leode wat 1865 "ge wieth feond ge wieth freond faeste geworhte "aeghwaes untaele ealde wisan." Ŝa git him eorla hleo inne gesealde, mago Healfdenes maethmas twelfe, het hine mid ŝaem lacum leode swaese 1870 secean on gesyntum, snude eft cuman. Gecyste ŝa cyning aeethelum god, ŝeoden Scildinga, ŝegen betstan and be healse genam; hruron him tearas, blonden-feaxum: him waes bega wen, 1875 ealdum infrodum, oethres swiethor, ŝaet hi seoethethan geseon moston modige on meethle. Waes him se man to ŝon leof, ŝaet he ŝone breost-wylm forberan ne mehte, ac him on hreethre hyge-bendum faest 1880 aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth beorn wieth blode. Him Beowulf ŝanan, gueth-rinc gold-wlanc graes-moldan traed, since hremig: sae-genga bad agend-frean, se ŝe on ancre rad. 1885 Ŝa waes on gange gifu Hroethgares oft geaehted: ŝaet waes an cyning aeghwaes orleahtre, oeth ŝaet hine yldo benam maegenes wynnum, se ŝe oft manegum scod. XXVIII. BEOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.--THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO. Cwom ŝa to flode fela-modigra 1890 haeg-stealdra heap; hring-net baeron, locene leoetho-syrcan. Land-weard onfand eft-sieth eorla, swa he aer dyde; no he mid hearme of hliethes nosan gaestas grette, ac him togeanes rad; 1895 cwaeeth ŝaet wilcuman Wedera leodum scawan scir-hame to scipe foron. Ŝa waes on sande sae-geap naca hladen here-waedum, hringed-stefna mearum and maethmum: maest hlifade 1900 ofer Hroethgares hord-gestreonum. He ŝaem bat-wearde bunden golde swurd gesealde, ŝaet he syethethan waes on meodu-bence maethme ŝy weorethra, yrfe-lafe. Gewat him on yeth-nacan, 1905 drefan deop waeter, Dena land ofgeaf. Ŝa waes be maeste mere-hraegla sum, segl sale faest. Sund-wudu ŝunede, no ŝaer weg-flotan wind ofer yethum siethes getwaefde; sae-genga for, 1910 fleat famig-heals foreth ofer yethe, bunden-stefna ofer brim-streamas, ŝaet hie Geata clifu ongitan meahton, cuethe naessas. Ceol up geŝrang, lyft-geswenced on lande stod. 1915 Hraethe waes aet holme hyeth-weard gearo, se ŝe aer lange tid, leofra manna fus, aet faroethe feor wlatode; saelde to sande sid-faeethme scip oncer-bendum faest, ŝy laes hym yetha ŝrym 1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. Het ŝa up beran aeethelinga gestreon, fraetwe and faet-gold; naes him feor ŝanon to gesecanne sinces bryttan: Higelac Hreethling ŝaer aet ham wunaeth, 1925 selfa mid gesiethum sae-wealle neah; bold waes betlic, brego-rof cyning, hea on healle, Hygd swiethe geong, wis, wel-ŝungen, ŝeah ŝe wintra lyt under burh-locan gebiden haebbe 1930 Haereethes dohtor: naes hio hnah swa ŝeah, ne to gneaeth gifa Geata leodum, maethm-gestreona. Mod Ŝryetho waeg, fremu folces cwen, firen ondrysne: naenig ŝaet dorste deor geneethan 1935 swaesra gesietha, nefne sin-frea, ŝaet hire an daeges eagum starede; ac him wael-bende weotode tealde, hand-gewriethene: hraethe seoethethan waes aefter mund-gripe mece geŝinged, 1940 ŝaet hit sceaethen-mael scyran moste, cwealm-bealu cyethan. Ne bieth swylc cwenlic ŝeaw idese to efnanne, ŝeah ŝe hio aenlicu sy, ŝaette freoethu-webbe feores onsaece aefter lige-torne leofne mannan. 1945 Huru ŝaet onhohsnode Heminges maeg; ealo drincende oether saedan, ŝaet hio leod-bealewa laes gefremede, inwit-nietha, syethethan aerest weareth gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, 1950 aeethelum diore, syethethan hio Offan flet ofer fealone flod be faeder lare siethe gesohte, ŝaer hio syethethan wel in gum-stole, gode maere, lif-gesceafta lifigende breac, 1955 hiold heah-lufan wieth haeleetha brego, ealles mon-cynnes mine gefraege ŝone selestan bi saem tweonum eormen-cynnes; forŝam Offa waes geofum and guethum gar-cene man, 1960 wide geweorethod; wisdome heold eethel sinne, ŝonon Eomaer woc haeleethum to helpe, Heminges maeg, nefa Garmundes, nietha craeftig. XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION. Gewat him ŝa se hearda mid his hond-scole 1965 sylf aefter sande sae-wong tredan, wide waroethas. Woruld-candel scan, sigel suethan fus: hi sieth drugon, elne geeodon, to ŝaes ŝe eorla hleo, bonan Ongenŝeowes burgum on innan, 1970 geongne gueth-cyning godne gefrunon hringas daelan. Higelace waes sieth Beowulfes snude gecyethed, ŝaet ŝaer on worethig wigendra hleo, lind-gestealla lifigende cwom, 1975 heaetho-laces hal to hofe gongan. Hraethe waes gerymed, swa se rica bebead, feethe-gestum flet innan-weard. Gesaet ŝa wieth sylfne, se ŝa saecce genaes, maeg wieth maege, syethethan man-dryhten 1980 ŝurh hleoethor-cwyde holdne gegrette meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum hwearf geond ŝaet reced Haereethes dohtor: lufode ŝa leode, lieth-waege baer haelum to handa. Higelac ongan 1985 sinne geseldan in sele ŝam hean faegre fricgean, hyne fyrwet braec, hwylce Sae-Geata siethas waeron: "Hu lomp eow on lade, leofa Biowulf, "ŝa ŝu faeringa feorr gehogodest, 1990 "saecce secean ofer sealt waeter, "hilde to Hiorote? Ac ŝu Hroethgare "wid-cuethne wean wihte gebettest, "maerum ŝeodne? Ic ŝaes mod-ceare "sorh-wylmum seaeth, siethe ne truwode 1995 "leofes mannes; ic ŝe lange baed, "ŝaet ŝu ŝone wael-gaest wihte ne grette, "lete Sueth-Dene sylfe geweorethan "guethe wieth Grendel. Gode ic ŝanc secge, "ŝaes ŝe ic ŝe gesundne geseon moste." 2000 Biowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgŝiowes: "Ŝaet is undyrne, dryhten Higelac, "maere gemeting monegum fira, "hwylc orleg-hwil uncer Grendles "weareth on ŝam wange, ŝaer he worna fela 2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, "yrmethe to aldre; ic ŝaet eal gewraec, "swa ne gylpan ŝearf Grendeles maga "aenig ofer eorethan uht-hlem ŝone, "se ŝe lengest leofaeth laethan cynnes, 2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic ŝaer furethum cwom, "to ŝam hring-sele Hroethgar gretan: "sona me se maera mago Healfdenes, "syethethan he mod-sefan minne cuethe, "wieth his sylfes sunu setl getaehte. 2015 "Weorod waes on wynne; ne seah ic widan feorh "under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra "medu-dream maran. Hwilum maeru cwen, "friethu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, "baedde byre geonge; oft hio beah-wriethan 2020 "secge sealde, aer hio to setle geong. "Hwilum for duguethe dohtor Hroethgares "eorlum on ende ealu-waege baer, "ŝa ic Freaware flet-sittende "nemnan hyrde, ŝaer hio naegled sinc 2025 "haeleethum sealde: sio gehaten waes, "geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frodan; "hafaeth ŝaes geworden wine Scyldinga "rices hyrde and ŝaet raed talaeth, "ŝaet he mid ŝy wife wael-faehetha dael, 2030 "saecca gesette. Oft no seldan hwaer "aefter leod-hryre lytle hwile "bon-gar bugeeth, ŝeah seo bryd duge! XXX. BEOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS. "Maeg ŝaes ŝonne ofŝyncan ŝeoden Heaethobeardna "and ŝegna gehwam ŝara leoda, 2035 "ŝonne he mid faemnan on flett gaeeth, "dryht-bearn Dena duguetha biwenede: "on him gladiaeth gomelra lafe "heard and hring-mael, Heaethobeardna gestreon, "ŝenden hie ŝam waepnum wealdan moston, 2040 "oeth ŝaet hie forlaeddan to ŝam lind-plegan "swaese gesiethas ond hyra sylfra feorh. "Ŝonne cwieth aet beore, se ŝe beah gesyheth, "eald aesc-wiga, se ŝe eall geman "gar-cwealm gumena (him bieth grim sefa), 2045 "onginneeth geomor-mod geongne cempan "ŝurh hreethra gehygd higes cunnian, "wig-bealu weccean and ŝaet word acwyeth: "'Meaht ŝu, min wine, mece gecnawan, "'ŝone ŝin faeder to gefeohte baer 2050 "'under here-griman hindeman siethe, "'dyre iren, ŝaer hyne Dene slogon, "'weoldon wael-stowe, syethethan wiether-gyld laeg, "'aefter haeleetha hryre, hwate Scyldungas? "'Nu her ŝara banena byre nat-hwylces, 2055 "'fraetwum hremig on flet gaeeth, "'morethres gylpeeth and ŝone maethethum byreeth, "'ŝone ŝe ŝu mid rihte raedan sceoldest!'" "Manaeth swa and myndgaeth maela gehwylce "sarum wordum, oeth ŝaet sael cymeeth, 2060 "ŝaet se faemnan ŝegn fore faeder daedum "aefter billes bite blod-fag swefeeth, "ealdres scyldig; him se oether ŝonan "losaeth lifigende, con him land geare. "Ŝonne bioeth brocene on ba healfe 2065 "aeth-sweord eorla; syethethan Ingelde "weallaeth wael-niethas and him wif-lufan "aefter cear-waelmum colran weorethaeth. "Ŝy ic Heaethobeardna hyldo ne telge, "dryht-sibbe dael Denum unfaecne, 2070 "freond-scipe faestne. Ic sceal foreth sprecan "gen ymbe Grendel, ŝaet ŝu geare cunne, "sinces brytta, to hwan syethethan weareth "hond-raes haeleetha. Syethethan heofones gim "glad ofer grundas, gaest yrre cwom, 2075 "eatol aefen-grom, user neosan, "ŝaer we gesunde sael weardodon; "ŝaer waes Hondscio hild onsaege, "feorh-bealu faegum, he fyrmest laeg, "gyrded cempa; him Grendel weareth, 2080 "maerum magu-ŝegne to mueth-bonan, "leofes mannes lic eall forswealg. "No ŝy aer ut ŝa gen idel-hende "bona blodig-toeth bealewa gemyndig, "of ŝam gold-sele gongan wolde, 2085 "ac he maegnes rof min costode, "grapode gearo-folm. Glof hangode "sid and syllic searo-bendum faest, "sio waes orŝoncum eall gegyrwed "deofles craeftum and dracan fellum: 2090 "he mec ŝaer on innan unsynnigne, "dior daed-fruma, gedon wolde, "manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swa, "syethethan ic on yrre upp-riht astod. "To lang ys to reccenne, hu ic ŝam leod-sceaethan 2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-lean forgeald; "ŝaer ic, ŝeoden min, ŝine leode "weorethode weorcum. He on weg losade, "lytle hwile lif-wynna breac; "hwaeethre him sio swiethre swaethe weardade 2100 "hand on Hiorte and he hean ŝonan, "modes geomor mere-grund gefeoll. "Me ŝone wael-raes wine Scildunga "faettan golde fela leanode, "manegum maethmum, syethethan mergen com 2105 "and we to symble geseten haefdon. "Ŝaer waes gidd and gleo; gomela Scilding "fela fricgende feorran rehte; "hwilum hilde-deor hearpan wynne, "gomen-wudu grette; hwilum gyd awraec 2110 "soeth and sarlic; hwilum syllic spell "rehte aefter rihte rum-heort cyning. "Hwilum eft ongan eldo gebunden, "gomel gueth-wiga gioguethe cwiethan "hilde-strengo; hreether inne weoll, 2115 "ŝonne he wintrum frod worn gemunde. "Swa we ŝaer inne andlangne daeg "niode naman, oeth ŝaet niht becwom "oether to yldum. Ŝa waes eft hraethe "gearo gyrn-wraece Grendeles modor, 2120 "siethode sorh-full; sunu deaeth fornam, "wig-hete Wedra. Wif unhyre "hyre bearn gewraec, beorn acwealde "ellenlice; ŝaer waes Aesc-here, "frodan fyrn-witan, feorh uethgenge; 2125 "noether hy hine ne moston, syethethan mergen cwom, "deaeth-werigne Denia leode "bronde forbaernan, ne on bael hladan "leofne mannan: hio ŝaet lic aetbaer "feondes faeethmum under firgen-stream. 2130 "Ŝaet waes Hroethgare hreowa tornost "ŝara ŝe leod-fruman lange begeate; "ŝa se ŝeoden mec ŝine life "healsode hreoh-mod, ŝaet ic on holma geŝring "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre geneethde, 2135 "maeretho fremede: he me mede gehet. "Ic ŝa ŝaes waelmes, ŝe is wide cueth, "grimne gryrelicne grund-hyrde fond. "Ŝaer unc hwile waes hand gemaene; "holm heolfre weoll and ic heafde becearf 2140 "in ŝam grund-sele Grendeles modor "eacnum ecgum, unsofte ŝonan "feorh oethferede; naes ic faege ŝa gyt, "ac me eorla hleo eft gesealde "maethma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BEOWULF REIGNS. 2145 "Swa se ŝeod-kyning ŝeawum lyfde; "nealles ic ŝam leanum forloren haefde, "maegnes mede, ac he me maethmas geaf, "sunu Healfdenes, on sinne sylfes dom; "ŝa ic ŝe, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, 2150 "estum geywan. Gen is eall aet ŝe "lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo "heafod-maga, nefne Hygelac ŝec!" Het ŝa in beran eafor, heafod-segn, heaetho-steapne helm, hare byrnan, 2155 gueth-sweord geatolic, gyd aefter wraec: "Me ŝis hilde-sceorp Hroethgar sealde, "snotra fengel, sume worde het, "ŝaet ic his aerest ŝe eft gesaegde, "cwaeeth ŝaet hyt haefde Hiorogar cyning, 2160 "leod Scyldunga lange hwile: "no ŝy aer suna sinum syllan wolde, "hwatum Heorowearde, ŝeah he him hold waere, "breost-gewaedu. Bruc ealles well!" Hyrde ic ŝaet ŝam fraetwum feower mearas 2165 lungre gelice last weardode, aeppel-fealuwe; he him est geteah meara and maethma. Swa sceal maeg don, nealles inwit-net oethrum bregdan, dyrnum craefte deaeth renian 2170 hond-gesteallan. Hygelace waes, nietha heardum, nefa swyethe hold and gehwaeether oethrum hroethra gemyndig. Hyrde ic ŝaet he ŝone heals-beah Hygde gesealde, wraetlicne wundur-maethethum, ŝone ŝe him Wealhŝeo geaf, 2175 ŝeodnes dohtor, ŝrio wicg somod swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syethethan waes aefter beah-ŝege breost geweorethod. Swa bealdode bearn Ecgŝeowes, guma guethum cueth, godum daedum, 2180 dreah aefter dome, nealles druncne slog heoreth-geneatas; naes him hreoh sefa, ac he man-cynnes maeste craefte gin-faestan gife, ŝe him god sealde, heold hilde-deor. Hean waes lange, 2185 swa hyne Geata bearn godne ne tealdon, ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrethne drihten wereda gedon wolde; swyethe oft saegdon, ŝaet he sleac waere, aeetheling unfrom: edwenden cwom 2190 tir-eadigum menn torna gehwylces. Het ŝa eorla hleo in gefetian, heaetho-rof cyning, Hreethles lafe, golde gegyrede; naes mid Geatum ŝa sinc-maethethum selra on sweordes had; 2195 ŝaet he on Biowulfes bearm alegde, and him gesealde seofan ŝusendo, bold and brego-stol. Him waes bam samod on ŝam leod-scipe lond gecynde, eard eethel-riht, oethrum swiethor 2200 side rice, ŝam ŝaer selra waes. Eft ŝaet geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlaemmum, syethethan Hygelac laeg and Heardrede hilde-meceas under bord-hreoethan to bonan wurdon, 2205 ŝa hyne gesohtan on sige-ŝeode hearde hilde-frecan, Heaetho-Scilfingas, nietha genaegdan nefan Hererices. Syethethan Beowulfe brade rice on hand gehwearf: he geheold tela 2210 fiftig wintru (waes ŝa frod cyning, eald eethel-weard), oeth ŝaet an ongan deorcum nihtum draca ricsian, se ŝe on heare haeethe hord beweotode, stan-beorh steapne: stig under laeg, 2215 eldum uncueth. Ŝaer on innan giong nietha nat-hwylces neode gefeng haeethnum horde hond . d . . geŝ . . hwylc since fahne, he ŝaet syethethan . . . . . . . . ŝ . . . leth . ŝ . . l . g 2220 slaepende be fyre, fyrena hyrde ŝeofes craefte, ŝaet sie . . . . ethioeth . . . . . . idh . folc-beorn, ŝaet he gebolgen waes. XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD. Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . craeft sohte sylfes willum, se ŝe him sare gesceod, 2225 ac for ŝrea-nedlan ŝeow nat-hwylces haeleetha bearna hete-swengeas fleah, for ofer-ŝearfe and ŝaer inne fealh secg syn-bysig. Sona in ŝa tide ŝaet . . . . . ŝam gyste . . . . br . g . stod, 2230 hwaeethre earm-sceapen . . . . . . . . . eth . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se faes begeat, sinc-faet geseah: ŝaer waes swylcra fela in ŝam eoreth-scraefe aer-gestreona, swa hy on gear-dagum gumena nat-hwylc 2235 eormen-lafe aeethelan cynnes ŝanc-hycgende ŝaer gehydde, deore maethmas. Ealle hie deaeth fornam aerran maelum, and se an ŝa gen leoda duguethe, se ŝaer lengest hwearf, 2240 weard wine-geomor wiscte ŝaes yldan, ŝaet he lytel faec long-gestreona brucan moste. Beorh eal gearo wunode on wonge waeter-yethum neah, niwe be naesse nearo-craeftum faest: 2245 ŝaer on innan baer eorl-gestreona hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dael faettan goldes, fea worda cwaeeth: "Heald ŝu nu, hruse, nu haeleeth ne moston, "eorla aehte. Hwaet! hit aer on ŝe 2250 "gode begeaton; gueth-deaeth fornam, "feorh-bealo frecne fyra gehwylcne, "leoda minra, ŝara ŝe ŝis lif ofgeaf, "gesawon sele-dream. Nah hwa sweord wege "oethethe fetige faeted waege, 2255 "drync-faet deore: dugueth ellor scoc. "Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde "faetum befeallen: feormiend swefaeth, "ŝa ŝe beado-griman bywan sceoldon, "ge swylce seo here-pad, sio aet hilde gebad 2260 "ofer borda gebraec bite irena, "brosnaeth aefter beorne. Ne maeg byrnan hring "aefter wig-fruman wide feran "haeleethum be healfe; naes hearpan wyn, "gomen gleo-beames, ne god hafoc 2265 "geond sael swingeeth, ne se swifta mearh "burh-stede beateeth. Bealo-cwealm hafaeth "fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!" Swa giomor-mod giohetho maende, an aefter eallum unbliethe hweop, 2270 daeges and nihtes, oeth ŝaet deaethes wylm hran aet heortan. Hord-wynne fond eald uht-sceaetha opene standan, se ŝe byrnende biorgas seceeth nacod nieth-draca, nihtes fleogeeth 2275 fyre befangen; hyne fold-buend wide gesawon. He gewunian sceall hlaw under hrusan, ŝaer he haeethen gold waraeth wintrum frod; ne byeth him wihte ŝe sel. Swa se ŝeod-sceaetha ŝreo hund wintra 2280 heold on hrusan hord-aerna sum eacen-craeftig, oeth ŝaet hyne an abealh mon on mode: man-dryhtne baer faeted waege, frioetho-waere baed hlaford sinne. Ŝa waes hord rasod, 2285 onboren beaga hord, bene getiethad fea-sceaftum men. Frea sceawode fira fyrn-geweorc forman siethe. Ŝa se wyrm onwoc, wroht waes geniwad; stonc ŝa aefter stane, stearc-heort onfand 2290 feondes fot-last; he to foreth gestop, dyrnan craefte, dracan heafde neah. Swa maeg unfaege eaethe gedigan wean and wraec-sieth, se ŝe waldendes hyldo gehealdeeth. Hord-weard sohte 2295 georne aefter grunde, wolde guman findan, ŝone ŝe him on sweofote sare geteode: hat and hreoh-mod hlaew oft ymbe hwearf, ealne utan-weardne; ne ŝaer aenig mon waes on ŝaere westenne. Hwaeethre hilde gefeh, 2300 beado-weorces: hwilum on beorh aethwearf, sinc-faet sohte; he ŝaet sona onfand, ŝaet haefde gumena sum goldes gefandod heah-gestreona. Hord-weard onbad earfoethlice, oeth ŝaet aefen cwom; 2305 waes ŝa gebolgen beorges hyrde, wolde se laetha lige forgyldan drinc-faet dyre. Ŝa waes daeg sceacen wyrme on willan, no on wealle leng bidan wolde, ac mid baele for, 2310 fyre gefysed. Waes se fruma egeslic leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre weareth on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod. XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE. Ŝa se gaest ongan gledum spiwan, beorht hofu baernan; bryne-leoma stod 2315 eldum on andan; no ŝaer aht cwices laeth lyft-floga laefan wolde. Waes ŝaes wyrmes wig wide gesyne, nearo-fages nieth nean and feorran, hu se gueth-sceaetha Geata leode 2320 hatode and hynde: hord eft gesceat, dryht-sele dyrnne aer daeges hwile. Haefde land-wara lige befangen, baele and bronde; beorges getruwode, wiges and wealles: him seo wen geleah. 2325 Ŝa waes Biowulfe broga gecyethed snude to soethe, ŝaet his sylfes him bolda selest bryne-wylmum mealt, gif-stol Geata. Ŝaet ŝam godan waes hreow on hreethre, hyge-sorga maest: 2330 wende se wisa, ŝaet he wealdende, ofer ealde riht, ecean dryhtne bitre gebulge: breost innan weoll ŝeostrum geŝoncum, swa him geŝywe ne waes. Haefde lig-draca leoda faesten, 2335 ea-lond utan, eoreth-weard ŝone gledum forgrunden. Him ŝaes gueth-cyning, Wedera ŝioden, wraece leornode. Heht him ŝa gewyrcean wigendra hleo eall-irenne, eorla dryhten 2340 wig-bord wraetlic; wisse he gearwe, ŝaet him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wieth lige. Sceolde laen-daga aeetheling aer-god ende gebidan worulde lifes and se wyrm somod; 2345 ŝeah ŝe hord-welan heolde lange. Oferhogode ŝa hringa fengel, ŝaet he ŝone wid-flogan weorode gesohte, sidan herge; no he him ŝa saecce ondred, ne him ŝaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, 2350 eafoeth and ellen; forŝon he aer fela nearo neethende nietha gedigde, hilde-hlemma, syethethan he Hroethgares, sigor-eadig secg, sele faelsode and aet guethe forgrap Grendeles maegum, 2355 laethan cynnes. No ŝaet laesest waes hond-gemota, ŝaer mon Hygelac sloh, syethethan Geata cyning guethe raesum, frea-wine folces Freslondum on, Hreethles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebeaten; ŝonan Biowulf com sylfes craefte, sund-nytte dreah; + haefde him on earme ... XXX hilde-geatwa, ŝa he to holme stag. Nealles Hetware hremge ŝorfton 2365 feethe-wiges, ŝe him foran ongean linde baeron: lyt eft becwom fram ŝam hild-frecan hames niosan. Oferswam ŝa sioleetha bigong sunu Ecgŝeowes, earm an-haga eft to leodum, 2370 ŝaer him Hygd gebead hord and rice, beagas and brego-stol: bearne ne truwode, ŝaet he wieth ael-fylcum eethel-stolas healdan cuethe, ŝa waes Hygelac dead. No ŝy aer fea-sceafte findan meahton 2375 aet ŝam aeethelinge aenige ŝinga, ŝaet he Heardrede hlaford waere, oethethe ŝone cyne-dom ciosan wolde; hwaeethre he him on folce freond-larum heold, estum mid are, oeth ŝaet he yldra weareth, 2380 Weder-Geatum weold. Hyne wraec-maecgas ofer sae sohtan, suna Ohteres: haefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, ŝone selestan sae-cyninga, ŝara ŝe in Swio-rice sinc brytnade, 2385 maerne ŝeoden. Him ŝaet to mearce weareth; he ŝaer orfeorme feorh-wunde hleat sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelaces; and him eft gewat Ongenŝiowes bearn hames niosan, syethethan Heardred laeg; 2390 let ŝone brego-stol Biowulf healdan, Geatum wealdan: ŝaet waes god cyning. XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BEOWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS. Se ŝaes leod-hryres lean gemunde uferan dogrum, Eadgilse weareth fea-sceaftum feond. Folce gestepte 2395 ofer sae side sunu Ohteres wigum and waepnum: he gewraec syethethan cealdum cear-siethum, cyning ealdre bineat. Swa he nietha gehwane genesen haefde, sliethra geslyhta, sunu Ecgŝiowes, 2400 ellen-weorca, oeth ŝone anne daeg, ŝe he wieth ŝam wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewat ŝa twelfa sum torne gebolgen dryhten Geata dracan sceawian; haefde ŝa gefrunen, hwanan sio faeheth aras, 2405 bealo-nieth biorna; him to bearme cwom maethethum-faet maere ŝurh ŝaes meldan hond, Se waes on ŝam ŝreate ŝreotteoetha secg, se ŝaes orleges or onstealde, haeft hyge-giomor, sceolde hean ŝonon 2410 wong wisian: he ofer willan giong to ŝaes ŝe he eoreth-sele anne wisse, hlaew under hrusan holm-wylme neh, yeth-gewinne, se waes innan full wraetta and wira: weard unhiore, 2415 gearo gueth-freca, gold-maethmas heold, eald under eorethan; naes ŝaet yethe ceap, to gegangenne gumena aenigum. Gesaet ŝa on naesse nieth-heard cyning, ŝenden haelo abead heoreth-geneatum 2420 gold-wine Geata: him waes geomor sefa, waefre and wael-fus, Wyrd ungemete neah, se ŝone gomelan gretan sceolde, secean sawle hord, sundur gedaelan lif wieth lice: no ŝon lange waes 2425 feorh aeethelinges flaesce bewunden. Biowulf maethelade, bearn Ecgŝeowes: "Fela ic on giogoethe gueth-raesa genaes, "orleg-hwila: ic ŝaet eall gemon. "Ic waes syfan-wintre, ŝa mec sinca baldor, 2430 "frea-wine folca aet minum faeder genam, "heold mec and haefde Hreethel cyning, "geaf me sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde; "naes ic him to life laethra owihte "beorn in burgum, ŝonne his bearna hwylc, 2435 "Herebeald and Haeethcyn, oethethe Hygelac min. "Waes ŝam yldestan ungedefelice "maeges daedum morethor-bed stred, "syethethan hyne Haeethcyn of horn-bogan, "his frea-wine flane geswencte, 2440 "miste mercelses and his maeg ofscet, "broethor oetherne, blodigan gare: "ŝaet waes feoh-leas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad "hreethre hyge-meethe; sceolde hwaeethre swa ŝeah "aeetheling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 "Swa bieth geomorlic gomelum ceorle "to gebidanne, ŝaet his byre ride "giong on galgan, ŝonne he gyd wrece, "sarigne sang, ŝonne his sunu hangaeth "hrefne to hroethre and he him helpe ne maeg, 2450 "eald and in-frod, aenige gefremman. "Symble bieth gemyndgad morna gehwylce "eaforan ellor-sieth; oethres ne gymeeth "to gebidanne burgum on innan "yrfe-weardes, ŝonne se an hafaeth 2455 "ŝurh deaethes nyd daeda gefondad. "Gesyheth sorh-cearig on his suna bure "win-sele westne, wind-gereste, "reote berofene; ridend swefaeth "haeleeth in hoethman; nis ŝaer hearpan sweg, 2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce ŝaer iu waeron. XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.--THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE. "Gewiteeth ŝonne on sealman, sorh-leoeth gaeleeth "an aefter anum: ŝuhte him eall to rum, "wongas and wic-stede. Swa Wedra helm "aefter Herebealde heortan sorge 2465 "weallende waeg, wihte ne meahte "on ŝam feorh-bonan faehethe gebetan: "no ŝy aer he ŝone heaetho-rinc hatian ne meahte "laethum daedum, ŝeah him leof ne waes. "He ŝa mid ŝaere sorge, ŝe him sio sar belamp, 2470 "gum-dream ofgeaf, godes leoht geceas; "eaferum laefde, swa deeth eadig mon, "lond and leod-byrig, ŝa he of life gewat. "Ŝa waes synn and sacu Sweona and Geata, "ofer wid waeter wroht gemaene, 2175 "here-nieth hearda, syethethan Hreethel swealt, "oethethe him Ongenŝeowes eaferan waeran "frome fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh "eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 "Ŝaet maeg-wine mine gewraecan, "faehethe and fyrene, swa hyt gefraege waes, "ŝeah ŝe oether hit ealdre gebohte, "heardan ceape: Haeethcynne weareth, "Geata dryhtne, gueth onsaege. 2485 "Ŝa ic on morgne gefraegn maeg oetherne "billes ecgum on bonan staelan, "ŝaer Ongenŝeow Eofores niosade: "gueth-helm toglad, gomela Scylfing "hreas heoro-blac; hond gemunde 2490 "faehetho genoge, feorh-sweng ne ofteah. "Ic him ŝa maethmas, ŝe he me sealde, "geald aet guethe, swa me gifeethe waes, "leohtan sweorde: he me lond forgeaf, "eard eethel-wyn. Naes him aenig ŝearf, 2495 "ŝaet he to Gifethum oethethe to Gar-Denum "oethethe in Swio-rice secean ŝurfe "wyrsan wig-frecan, weorethe gecypan; "symle ic him on feethan beforan wolde, "ana on orde, and swa to aldre sceall 2500 "saecce fremman, ŝenden ŝis sweord ŝolaeth, "ŝaet mec aer and sieth oft gelaeste, "syethethan ic for dugeethum Daeghrefne weareth "to hand-bonan, Huga cempan: "nalles he ŝa fraetwe Fres-cyninge, 2505 "breost-weorethunge bringan moste, "ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, "aeetheling on elne. Ne waes ecg bona, "ac him hilde-grap heortan wylmas, "ban-hus gebraec. Nu sceall billes ecg, 2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wigan." Beowulf maethelode, beot-wordum spraec niehstan siethe: "Ic geneethde fela "guetha on geogoethe; gyt ic wylle, "frod folces weard, faehethe secan, 2515 "maerethum fremman, gif mec se man-sceaetha "of eoreth-sele ut geseceeth!" Gegrette ŝa gumena gehwylcne, hwate helm-berend hindeman siethe, swaese gesiethas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520 "waepen to wyrme, gif ic wiste hu "wieth ŝam aglaecean elles meahte "gylpe wiethgripan, swa ic gio wieth Grendle dyde; "ac ic ŝaer heaethu-fyres hates wene, "reethes and-hattres: forŝon ic me on hafu 2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard "oferfleon fotes trem, feond unhyre, "ac unc sceal weorethan aet wealle, swa unc Wyrd geteoeth, "metod manna gehwaes. Ic eom on mode from, "ŝaet ic wieth ŝone gueth-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 "Gebide ge on beorge byrnum werede, "secgas on searwum, hwaeether sel maege "aefter wael-raese wunde gedygan "uncer twega. Nis ŝaet eower sieth, "ne gemet mannes, nefne min anes, 2535 "ŝaet he wieth aglaecean eofoetho daele, "eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall "gold gegangan oethethe gueth nimeeth, "feorh-bealu frecne, frean eowerne!" Aras ŝa bi ronde rof oretta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean baer under stan-cleofu, strengo getruwode anes mannes: ne bieth swylc earges sieth. Geseah ŝa be wealle, se ŝe worna fela, gum-cystum god, guetha gedigde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, ŝonne hnitan feethan, (stod on stan-bogan) stream ut ŝonan brecan of beorge; waes ŝaere burnan waelm heaetho-fyrum hat: ne meahte horde neah unbyrnende aenige hwile 2550 deop gedygan for dracan lege. Let ŝa of breostum, ŝa he gebolgen waes, Weder-Geata leod word ut faran, stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom heaetho-torht hlynnan under harne stan. 2555 Hete waes onhrered, hord-weard oncniow mannes reorde; naes ŝaer mara fyrst, freode to friclan. From aerest cwom orueth aglaecean ut of stane, hat hilde-swat; hruse dynede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswaf wieth ŝam gryre-gieste, Geata dryhten: ŝa waes hring-bogan heorte gefysed saecce to seceanne. Sweord aer gebraed god gueth-cyning gomele lafe, 2565 ecgum ungleaw, aeghwaeethrum waes bealo-hycgendra broga fram oethrum. Stieth-mod gestod wieth steapne rond winia bealdor, ŝa se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne: he on searwum bad. 2570 Gewat ŝa byrnende gebogen scriethan to, gescife scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg life and lice laessan hwile maerum ŝeodne, ŝonne his myne sohte, ŝaer he ŝy fyrste forman dogore 2575 wealdan moste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf hreeth aet hilde. Hond up abraed Geata dryhten, gryre-fahne sloh incge lafe, ŝaet sio ecg gewac brun on bane, bat unswiethor, 2580 ŝonne his ŝiod-cyning ŝearfe haefde, bysigum gebaeded. Ŝa waes beorges weard aefter heaethu-swenge on hreoum mode, wearp wael-fyre, wide sprungon hilde-leoman: hreeth-sigora ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Geata, gueth-bill geswac nacod aet niethe, swa hyt no sceolde, iren aer-god. Ne waes ŝaet eethe sieth, ŝaet se maera maga Ecgŝeowes grund-wong ŝone ofgyfan wolde; 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wic eardian elles hwergen, swa sceal aeghwylc mon alaetan laen-dagas. Naes ŝa long to ŝon, ŝaet ŝa aglaecean hy eft gemetton. Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreether aeethme weoll, 2595 niwan stefne: nearo ŝrowode fyre befongen se ŝe aer folce weold. Nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan, aeethelinga bearn ymbe gestodon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum weoll sefa wieth sorgum: sibb aefre ne maeg wiht onwendan, ŝam ŝe wel ŝenceeth. XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEOWULF IN THE FEUD. Wiglaf waes haten Weoxstanes sunu, leoflic lind-wiga, leod Scylfinga, 2605 maeg Aelfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten under here-griman hat ŝrowian. Gemunde ŝa ŝa are, ŝe he him aer forgeaf wic-stede weligne Waegmundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his faeder ahte; 2610 ne mihte ŝa forhabban, hond rond gefeng, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteah, ŝaet waes mid eldum Eanmundes laf, suna Ohteres, ŝam aet saecce weareth wracu wine-leasum Weohstanes bana 2615 meces ecgum, and his magum aetbaer brun-fagne helm, hringde byrnan, eald sweord eotonisc, ŝaet him Onela forgeaf, his gaedelinges gueth-gewaedu, fyrd-searo fuslic: no ymbe ŝa faehethe spraec, 2620 ŝeah ŝe he his broethor bearn abredwade. He fraetwe geheold fela missera, bill and byrnan, oeth ŝaet his byre mihte eorl-scipe efnan, swa his aer-faeder; geaf him ŝa mid Geatum gueth-gewaeda 2625 aeghwaes unrim; ŝa he of ealdre gewat, frod on foreth-weg. Ŝa waes forma sieth geongan cempan, ŝaet he guethe raes mid his freo-dryhtne fremman sceolde; ne gemealt him se mod-sefa, ne his maeges laf 2630 gewac aet wige: ŝaet se wyrm onfand, syethethan hie togaedre gegan haefdon. Wiglaf maethelode word-rihta fela, saegde gesiethum, him waes sefa geomor: "Ic ŝaet mael geman, ŝaer we medu ŝegun, 2635 "ŝonne we geheton ussum hlaforde "in bior-sele, ŝe us ŝas beagas geaf, "ŝaet we him ŝa gueth-geatwa gyldan woldon, "gif him ŝyslicu ŝearf gelumpe, "helmas and heard sweord: ŝe he usic on herge geceas 2640 "to ŝyssum sieth-fate sylfes willum, "onmunde usic maeretha and me ŝas maethmas geaf, "ŝe he usic gar-wigend gode tealde, "hwate helm-berend, ŝeah ŝe hlaford us "ŝis ellen-weorc ana aŝohte 2645 "to gefremmanne, folces hyrde, "forŝam he manna maest maeretha gefremede, "daeda dollicra. Nu is se daeg cumen, "ŝaet ure man-dryhten maegenes behofaeth "godra gueth-rinca: wutun gangan to, 2650 "helpan hild-fruman, ŝenden hyt sy, "gled-egesa grim! God wat on mec, "ŝaet me is micle leofre, ŝaet minne lic-haman "mid minne gold-gyfan gled faeethmie. "Ne ŝynceeth me gerysne, ŝaet we rondas beren 2655 "eft to earde, nemne we aeror maegen "fane gefyllan, feorh ealgian "Wedra ŝiodnes. Ic wat geare, "ŝaet naeron eald-gewyrht, ŝaet he ana scyle "Geata duguethe gnorn ŝrowian, 2660 "gesigan aet saecce: sceal urum ŝaet sweord and helm, "byrne and byrdu-scrud bam gemaene." Wod ŝa ŝurh ŝone wael-rec, wig-heafolan baer frean on fultum, fea worda cwaeeth: "Leofa Biowulf, laest eall tela, 2665 "swa ŝu on geogueth-feore geara gecwaede, "ŝaet ŝu ne alaete be ŝe lifigendum "dom gedreosan: scealt nu daedum rof, "aeetheling an-hydig, ealle maegene "feorh ealgian; ic ŝe fullaestu!" 2670 Aefter ŝam wordum wyrm yrre cwom, atol inwit-gaest oethre siethe, fyr-wylmum fah fionda niosan, laethra manna; lig-yethum forborn bord wieth ronde: byrne ne meahte 2675 geongum gar-wigan geoce gefremman: ac se maga geonga under his maeges scyld elne geeode, ŝa his agen waes gledum forgrunden. Ŝa gen gueth-cyning maeretha gemunde, maegen-strengo, 2680 sloh hilde-bille, ŝaet hyt on heafolan stod niethe genyded: Naegling forbaerst, geswac aet saecce sweord Biowulfes gomol and graeg-mael. Him ŝaet gifeethe ne waes, ŝaet him irenna ecge mihton 2685 helpan aet hilde; waes sio hond to strong, se ŝe meca gehwane mine gefraege swenge ofersohte, ŝonne he to saecce baer waepen wundrum heard, naes him wihte ŝe sel. Ŝa waes ŝeod-sceaetha ŝriddan siethe, 2690 frecne fyr-draca faehetha gemyndig, raesde on ŝone rofan, ŝa him rum ageald, hat and heaetho-grim, heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum; he geblodegod weareth sawul-driore; swat yethum weoll. XXXVII. BEOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH. 2695 Ŝa ic aet ŝearfe gefraegn ŝeod-cyninges and-longne eorl ellen cyethan, craeft and cenethu, swa him gecynde waes; ne hedde he ŝaes heafolan, ac sio hand gebarn modiges mannes, ŝaer he his maeges healp, 2700 ŝaet he ŝone nieth-gaest nioethor hwene sloh, secg on searwum, ŝaet ŝaet sweord gedeaf fah and faeted, ŝaet ŝaet fyr ongon sweethrian syethethan. Ŝa gen sylf cyning geweold his gewitte, waell-seaxe gebraed, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, ŝaet he on byrnan waeg: forwrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan. Feond gefyldan (ferh ellen wraec), and hi hyne ŝa begen abroten haefdon, sib-aeethelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan, 2710 ŝegn aet ŝearfe. Ŝaet ŝam ŝeodne waes siethast sige-hwile sylfes daedum, worlde geweorces. Ŝa sio wund ongon, ŝe him se eoreth-draca aer geworhte, swelan and swellan. He ŝaet sona onfand, 2715 ŝaet him on breostum bealo-nieth weoll, attor on innan. Ŝa se aeetheling giong, ŝaet he bi wealle, wis-hycgende, gesaet on sesse; seah on enta geweorc, hu ŝa stan-bogan stapulum faeste 2720 ece eoreth-reced innan heoldon. Hyne ŝa mid handa heoro-dreorigne ŝeoden maerne ŝegn ungemete till, wine-dryhten his waetere gelafede, hilde-saedne and his helm onspeon. 2725 Biowulf maethelode, he ofer benne spraec, wunde wael-bleate (wisse he gearwe, ŝaet he daeg-hwila gedrogen haefde eorethan wynne; ŝa waes eall sceacen dogor-gerimes, deaeth ungemete neah): 2730 "Nu ic suna minum syllan wolde "gueth-gewaedu, ŝaer me gifeethe swa "aenig yrfe-weard aefter wurde, "lice gelenge. Ic ŝas leode heold "fiftig wintra: naes se folc-cyning 2735 "ymbe-sittendra aenig ŝara, "ŝe mec gueth-winum gretan dorste, "egesan ŝeon. Ic on earde bad "mael-gesceafta, heold min tela, "ne sohte searo-niethas, ne me swor fela 2740 "aetha on unriht. Ic ŝaes ealles maeg, "feorh-bennum seoc, gefean habban: "forŝam me witan ne ŝearf waldend fira "morethor-bealo maga, ŝonne min sceaceeth "lif of lice. Nu ŝu lungre 2745 "geong, hord sceawian under harne stan, "Wiglaf leofa, nu se wyrm ligeeth, "swefeeth sare wund, since bereafod. "Bio nu on ofoste, ŝaet ic aer-welan, "gold-aeht ongite, gearo sceawige 2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, ŝaet ic ŝy seft maege "aefter maethethum-welan min alaetan "lif and leod-scipe, ŝone ic longe heold." XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF. Ŝa ic snude gefraegn sunu Wihstanes aefter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne 2755 hyran heaetho-siocum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrof. Geseah ŝa sige-hreethig, ŝa he bi sesse geong, mago-ŝegn modig maethethum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and ŝaes wyrmes denn, ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lease, hyrstum behrorene: ŝaer waes helm monig, eald and omig, earm-beaga fela, 2765 searwum gesaeled. Sinc eaethe maeg, gold on grunde, gumena cynnes gehwone ofer-higian, hyde se ŝe wylle! Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden heah ofer horde, hond-wundra maest, 2770 gelocen leoetho-craeftum: of ŝam leoma stod, ŝaet he ŝone grund-wong ongitan meahte, wraete giond-wlitan. Naes ŝaes wyrmes ŝaer onsyn aenig, ac hyne ecg fornam. Ŝa ic on hlaewe gefraegn hord reafian, 2775 eald enta geweorc anne mannan, him on bearm hladan bunan and discas sylfes dome, segn eac genom, beacna beorhtost; bill aer-gescod (ecg waes iren) eald-hlafordes 2780 ŝam ŝara maethma mund-bora waes longe hwile, lig-egesan waeg hatne for horde, hioro-weallende, middel-nihtum, oeth ŝaet he morethre swealt. Ar waes on ofoste eft-siethes georn, 2785 fraetwum gefyrethred: hyne fyrwet braec, hwaeether collen-fereth cwicne gemette in ŝam wong-stede Wedra ŝeoden, ellen-siocne, ŝaer he hine aer forlet. He ŝa mid ŝam maethmum maerne ŝioden, 2790 dryhten sinne driorigne fand ealdres aet ende: he hine eft ongon waeteres weorpan, oeth ŝaet wordes ord breost-hord ŝurhbraec. Beowulf maethelode, gomel on giohethe (gold sceawode): 2795 "Ic ŝara fraetwa frean ealles ŝanc "wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, "ecum dryhtne, ŝe ic her on starie, "ŝaes ŝe ic moste minum leodum "aer swylt-daege swylc gestrynan. 2800 "Nu ic on maethma hord mine bebohte "frode feorh-lege, fremmaeth ge nu "leoda ŝearfe; ne maeg ic her leng wesan. "Hataeth heaetho-maere hlaew gewyrcean, "beorhtne aefter baele aet brimes nosan; 2805 "se scel to gemyndum minum leodum "heah hlifian on Hrones naesse, "ŝaet hit sae-liethend syethethan hatan "Biowulfes biorh, ŝa ŝe brentingas "ofer floda genipu feorran drifaeth." 2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne ŝioden ŝrist-hydig, ŝegne gesealde, geongum gar-wigan, gold-fahne helm, beah and byrnan, het hyne brucan well: "Ŝu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, 2815 "Waegmundinga; ealle Wyrd forsweof, "mine magas to metod-sceafte, "eorlas on elne: ic him aefter sceal." Ŝaet waes ŝam gomelan gingeste word breost-gehygdum, aer he bael cure, 2820 hate heaetho-wylmas: him of hreethre gewat sawol secean soeth-faestra dom. XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES. Ŝa waes gegongen guman unfrodum earfoethlice, ŝaet he on eorethan geseah ŝone leofestan lifes aet ende 2825 bleate gebaeran. Bona swylce laeg, egeslic eoreth-draca, ealdre bereafod, bealwe gebaeded: beah-hordum leng wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne moste, ac him irenna ecga fornamon, 2830 hearde heaetho-scearpe homera lafe, ŝaet se wid-floga wundum stille hreas on hrusan hord-aerne neah, nalles aefter lyfte lacende hwearf middel-nihtum, maethm-aehta wlonc 2835 ansyn ywde: ac he eorethan gefeoll for ŝaes hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Huru ŝaet on lande lyt manna ŝah maegen-agendra mine gefraege, ŝeah ŝe he daeda gehwaes dyrstig waere, 2840 ŝaet he wieth attor-sceaethan oreethe geraesde, oethethe hring-sele hondum styrede, gif he waeccende weard onfunde buan on beorge. Biowulfe weareth dryht-maethma dael deaethe forgolden; 2845 haefde aeghwaeether ende gefered laenan lifes. Naes ŝa lang to ŝon, ŝaet ŝa hild-latan holt ofgefan, tydre treow-logan tyne aetsomne, ŝa ne dorston aer dareethum lacan 2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan ŝearfe; ac hy scamiende scyldas baeran, gueth-gewaedu, ŝaer se gomela laeg: wlitan on Wiglaf. He gewergad saet, feethe-cempa frean eaxlum neah, 2855 wehte hyne waetre; him wiht ne speow; ne meahte he on eorethan, ŝeah he uethe wel, on ŝam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, ne ŝaes wealdendes willan wiht oncirran; wolde dom godes daedum raedan 2860 gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen deeth. Ŝa waes aet ŝam geongan grim andswaru eeth-begete ŝam ŝe aer his elne forleas. Wiglaf maethelode, Weohstanes sunu, secg sarig-fereth seah on unleofe: 2865 "Ŝaet la maeg secgan, se ŝe wyle soeth sprecan, "ŝaet se mon-dryhten, se eow ŝa maethmas geaf, "eored-geatwe, ŝe ge ŝaer on standaeth, "ŝonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde "heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, 2870 "ŝeoden his ŝegnum, swylce he ŝryethlicost "ohwaer feor oethethe neah findan meahte, "ŝaet he genunga gueth-gewaedu "wraethe forwurpe. Ŝa hyne wig beget, "nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum 2875 "gylpan ŝorfte; hwaeethre him god uethe, "sigora waldend, ŝaet he hyne sylfne gewraec "ana mid ecge, ŝa him waes elnes ŝearf, "Ic him lif-wraethe lytle meahte "aetgifan aet guethe and ongan swa ŝeah 2880 "ofer min gemet maeges helpan: "symle waes ŝy saemra, ŝonne ic sweorde drep "ferheth-geniethlan, fyr unswiethor "weoll of gewitte. Wergendra to lyt "ŝrong ymbe ŝeoden, ŝa hyne sio ŝrag becwom. 2885 "Nu sceal sinc-ŝego and swyrd-gifu "eall eethel-wyn eowrum cynne, "lufen alicgean: lond-rihtes mot "ŝaere maeg-burge monna aeghwylc "idel hweorfan, syethethan aeethelingas 2890 "feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, "dom-leasan daed. Deaeth bieth sella "eorla gehwylcum ŝonne edwit-lif!" XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY. Heht ŝa ŝaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan up ofer eg-clif, ŝaer ŝaet eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne daeg mod-giomor saet, bord-haebbende, bega on wenum ende-dogores and eft-cymes leofes monnes. Lyt swigode niwra spella, se ŝe naes gerad, 2900 ac he soethlice saegde ofer ealle; "Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leoda, "dryhten Geata deaeth-bedde faest, "wunaeth wael-reste wyrmes daedum; "him on efn ligeeth ealdor-gewinna, 2905 "siex-bennum seoc: sweorde ne meahte "on ŝam aglaecean aenige ŝinga "wunde gewyrcean. Wiglaf siteeth "ofer Biowulfe, byre Wihstanes, "eorl ofer oethrum unlifigendum, 2910 "healdeeth hige-meethum heafod-wearde "leofes and laethes. Nu ys leodum wen "orleg-hwile, syethethan underne "Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges "wide weoretheeth. Waes sio wroht scepen 2915 "heard wieth Hugas, syethethan Higelac cwom "faran flot-herge on Fresna land, "ŝaer hyne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon, "elne geeodon mid ofer-maegene, "ŝaet se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde, 2920 "feoll on feethan: nalles fraetwe geaf "ealdor dugoethe; us waes a syethethan "Merewioinga milts ungyfeethe. "Ne ic to Sweo-ŝeode sibbe oethethe treowe "wihte ne wene; ac waes wide cueth, 2925 "ŝaette Ongenŝio ealdre besnyethede "Haeethcyn Hreethling wieth Hrefna-wudu, "ŝa for on-medlan aerest gesohton "Geata leode Gueth-scilfingas. "Sona him se froda faeder Ohtheres, 2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht ageaf, "abreot brim-wisan, bryd aheorde, "gomela io-meowlan golde berofene, "Onelan modor and Ohtheres, "and ŝa folgode feorh-geniethlan 2935 "oeth ŝaet hi oetheodon earfoethlice "in Hrefnes-holt hlaford-lease. "Besaet ŝa sin-herge sweorda lafe "wundum werge, wean oft gehet "earmre teohhe andlonge niht: 2940 "cwaeeth he on mergenne meces ecgum "getan wolde, sume on galg-treowum "fuglum to gamene. Frofor eft gelamp "sarig-modum somod aer-daege, "syethethan hie Hygelaces horn and byman 2945 "gealdor ongeaton. Ŝa se goda com "leoda dugoethe on last faran. XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS. "Waes sio swat-swaethu Sweona and Geata, "wael-raes wera wide gesyne, "hu ŝa folc mid him faehethe towehton. 2950 "Gewat him ŝa se goda mid his gaedelingum, "frod fela geomor faesten secean, "eorl Ongenŝio ufor oncirde; "haefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, "wlonces wig-craeft, wiethres ne truwode, 2955 "ŝaet he sae-mannum onsacan mihte, "heaetho-liethendum hord forstandan, "bearn and bryde; beah eft ŝonan "eald under eoreth-weall. Ŝa waes aeht boden "Sweona leodum, segn Higelace. 2960 "Freoetho-wong ŝone foreth ofereodon, "syethethan Hreethlingas to hagan ŝrungon. "Ŝaer weareth Ongenŝio ecgum sweorda, "blonden-fexa on bid wrecen, "ŝaet se ŝeod-cyning ŝafian sceolde 2965 "Eofores anne dom: hyne yrringa "Wulf Wonreding waepne geraehte, "ŝaet him for swenge swat aedrum sprong "foreth under fexe. Naes he forht swa ŝeh, "gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraethe 2970 "wyrsan wrixle wael-hlem ŝone, "syethethan ŝeod-cyning ŝyder oncirde: "ne meahte se snella sunu Wonredes "ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, "ac he him on heafde helm aer gescer, 2975 "ŝaet he blode fah bugan sceolde, "feoll on foldan; naes he faege ŝa git, "ac he hyne gewyrpte, ŝeah ŝe him wund hrine, "Let se hearda Higelaces ŝegn "bradne mece, ŝa his broethor laeg, 2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, "brecan ofer bord-weal: ŝa gebeah cyning, "folces hyrde, waes in feorh dropen. "Ŝa waeron monige, ŝe his maeg wriethon, "ricone araerdon, ŝa him gerymed weareth, 2985 "ŝaet hie wael-stowe wealdan moston. "Ŝenden reafode rinc oetherne, "nam on Ongenŝio iren-byrnan, "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; "hares hyrste Higelace baer. 2990 "He ŝam fraetwum feng and him faegre gehet "leana fore leodum and gelaeste swa: "geald ŝone gueth-raes Geata dryhten, "Hreethles eafora, ŝa he to ham becom, "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-maethmum, 2995 "sealde hiora gehwaeethrum hund ŝusenda "landes and locenra beaga; ne ŝorfte him ŝa lean oethwitan "mon on middan-gearde, syethethan hie ŝa maeretha geslogon; "and ŝa Jofore forgeaf angan dohtor, "ham-weorethunge, hyldo to wedde. 3000 "Ŝaet ys sio faehetho and se feond-scipe, "wael-nieth wera, ŝaes ŝe ic wen hafo, "ŝe us seceaeth to Sweona leode, "syethethan hie gefricgeaeth frean userne "ealdor-leasne, ŝone ŝe aer geheold 3005 "wieth hettendum hord and rice, "aefter haeleetha hryre hwate Scylfingas, "folc-raed fremede oethethe furethur gen "eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ofost betost, "ŝaet we ŝeod-cyning ŝaer sceawian 3010 "and ŝone gebringan, ŝe us beagas geaf, "on ad-faere. Ne scel anes hwaet "meltan mid ŝam modigan, ac ŝaer is maethma hord. "gold unrime grimme geceapod "and nu aet siethestan sylfes feore 3015 "beagas gebohte; ŝa sceal brond fretan, "aeled ŝeccean, nalles eorl wegan "maethethum to gemyndum, ne maegeth scyne "habban on healse hring-weorethunge, "ac sceall geomor-mod golde bereafod 3020 "oft nalles aene el-land tredan, "nu se here-wisa hleahtor alegde, "gamen and gleo-dream. Forŝon sceall gar wesan "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, "haefen on handa, nalles hearpan sweg 3025 "wigend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn "fus ofer faegum, fela reordian, "earne secgan, hu him aet aete speow, "ŝenden he wieth wulf wael reafode." Swa se secg hwata secgende waes 3030 laethra spella; he ne leag fela wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras, eodon unbliethe under Earna naes wollen-teare wundur sceawian. Fundon ŝa on sande sawul-leasne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, ŝone ŝe him hringas geaf aerran maelum: ŝa waes ende-daeg godum gegongen, ŝaet se gueth-cyning, Wedra ŝeoden, wundor-deaethe swealt. AEr hi gesegan syllicran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wiether-raehtes ŝaer laethne licgean: waes se leg-draca, grimlic gryre-gaest, gledum beswaeled, se waes fiftiges fot-gemearces. lang on legere, lyft-wynne heold 3045 nihtes hwilum, nyether eft gewat dennes niosian; waes ŝa deaethe faest, haefde eoreth-scrafa ende genyttod. Him big stodan bunan and orcas, discas lagon and dyre swyrd, 3050 omige ŝurh-etone, swa hie wieth eorethan faeethm ŝusend wintra ŝaer eardodon: ŝonne waes ŝaet yrfe eacen-craeftig, iu-monna gold galdre bewunden, ŝaet ŝam hring-sele hrinan ne moste 3055 gumena aenig, nefne god sylfa, sigora soeth-cyning, sealde ŝam ŝe he wolde (he is manna gehyld) hord openian, efne swa hwylcum manna, swa him gemet ŝuhte. XLII. WIGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE. Ŝa waes gesyne, ŝaet se sieth ne ŝah 3060 ŝam ŝe unrihte inne gehydde wraete under wealle. Weard aer ofsloh feara sumne; ŝa sio faeheth geweareth gewrecen wraethlice. Wundur hwar, ŝonne eorl ellen-rof ende gefere 3065 lif-gesceafta, ŝonne leng ne maeg mon mid his magum medu-seld buan. Swa waes Biowulfe, ŝa he biorges weard sohte, searo-niethas: seolfa ne cuethe, ŝurh hwaet his worulde gedal weorethan sceolde; 3070 swa hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon ŝeodnas maere, ŝa ŝaet ŝaer dydon, ŝaet se secg waere synnum scildig, hergum geheaetherod, hell-bendum faest, wommum gewitnad, se ŝone wong strade. 3075 Naes he gold-hwaet: gearwor haefde agendes est aer gesceawod. Wiglaf maethelode, Wihstanes sunu: "Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan "wraec adreogan, swa us geworden is. 3080 "Ne meahton we gelaeran leofne ŝeoden, "rices hyrde raed aenigne, "ŝaet he ne grette gold-weard ŝone, "lete hyne licgean, ŝaer he longe waes, "wicum wunian oeth woruld-ende. 3085 "Heoldon heah gesceap: hord ys gesceawod, "grimme gegongen; waes ŝaet gifeethe to swieth, "ŝe ŝone ŝeoden ŝyder ontyhte. "Ic waes ŝaer inne and ŝaet eall geond-seh, "recedes geatwa, ŝa me gerymed waes, 3090 "nealles swaeslice sieth alyfed "inn under eoreth-weall. Ic on ofoste gefeng "micle mid mundum maegen-byrethenne "hord-gestreona, hider ut aetbaer "cyninge minum: cwico waes ŝa gena, 3095 "wis and gewittig; worn eall gespraec "gomol on gehetho and eowic gretan het, "baed ŝaet ge geworhton aefter wines daedum "in bael-stede beorh ŝone hean "micelne and maerne, swa he manna waes 3100 "wigend weoreth-fullost wide geond eorethan, "ŝenden he burh-welan brucan moste. "Uton nu efstan oethre siethe "seon and secean searo-geŝraec, "wundur under wealle! ic eow wisige, 3105 "ŝaet ge genoge nean sceawiaeth "beagas and brad gold. Sie sio baer gearo "aedre geaefned, ŝonne we ut cymen, "and ŝonne geferian frean userne, "leofne mannan, ŝaer he longe sceal 3110 "on ŝaes waldendes waere geŝolian." Het ŝa gebeodan byre Wihstanes, haele hilde-dior, haeleetha monegum bold-agendra, ŝaet hie bael-wudu feorran feredon, folc-agende 3115 godum togenes: "Nu sceal gled fretan "(weaxan wonna leg) wigena strengel, "ŝone ŝe oft gebad isern-scure, "ŝonne straela storm, strengum gebaeded, "scoc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heold, 3120 "feether-gearwum fus flane full-eode." Huru se snotra sunu Wihstanes acigde of corethre cyninges ŝegnas syfone tosomne ŝa selestan, eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof; 3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa baer aeled-leoman, se ŝe on orde geong. Naes ŝa on hlytme, hwa ŝaet hord strude, syethethan or-wearde aenigne dael secgas gesegon on sele wunian, 3130 laene licgan: lyt aenig mearn, ŝaet hi ofostlice ut geferedon dyre maethmas; dracan ec scufun, wyrm ofer weall-clif, leton waeg niman, flod faeethmian fraetwa hyrde. 3135 Ŝaer waes wunden gold on waen hladen, aeghwaes unrim, aeetheling boren, har hilde-rinc to Hrones naesse. XLIII. BEOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE. Him ŝa gegiredan Geata leode ad on eorethan un-waclicne, 3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, swa he bena waes; alegdon ŝa to-middes maerne ŝeoden haeleeth hiofende, hlaford leofne. Ongunnon ŝa on beorge bael-fyra maest 3145 wigend weccan: wudu-rec astah sweart ofer swioethole, swogende leg, wope bewunden (wind-blond gelaeg) oeth ŝaet he ŝa ban-hus gebrocen haefde, hat on hreethre. Higum unrote 3150 mod-ceare maendon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; swylce giomor-gyd + lat . con meowle . . . . . wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig saelde geneahhe ŝaet hio hyre . . . . gas hearde 3155 . . . . . ede waelfylla wonn . . hildes egesan hyetho haf mid heofon rece swealh (?) Geworhton ŝa Wedra leode hlaew on hliethe, se waes heah and brad, 3160 waeg-liethendum wide gesyne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rofes becn: bronda betost wealle beworhton, swa hyt weorethlicost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 Hi on beorg dydon beg and siglu, eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde aer nieth-hydige men genumen haefdon; forleton eorla gestreon eorethan healdan, gold on greote, ŝaer hit nu gen lifaeth 3170 eldum swa unnyt, swa hit aeror waes. Ŝa ymbe hlaew riodan hilde-deore, aeethelinga bearn ealra twelfa, woldon ceare cwiethan, kyning maenan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc duguethum demdon, swa hit ge-defe bieth, ŝaet mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, ferhethum freoge, ŝonne he foreth scile of lic-haman laene weorethan. 3180 Swa begnornodon Geata leode hlafordes hryre, heoreth-geneatas, cwaedon ŝaet he waere woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-ŝwaerust, leodum liethost and lof-geornost. APPENDIX THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. [Footnote: See v. 1069 _seqq._] ". . . . . . . . . . . naes byrnaeth naefre." Hleoethrode ŝa heaetho-geong cyning: "Ne ŝis ne dagaeth eastan, ne her draca ne fleogeeth, "ne her ŝisse healle hornas ne byrnaeth, 5 "ac fer foreth beraeth fugelas singaeth, "gylleeth graeg-hama, gueth-wudu hlynneeth, "scyld scefte oncwyeth. Nu scyneeth ŝes mona "waethol under wolcnum; nu arisaeth wea-daeda, "ŝe ŝisne folces nieth fremman willaeth. 10 "Ac onwacnigeaeth nu, wigend mine, "hebbaeth eowre handa, hicgeaeth on ellen, "winnaeth on orde, wesaeth on mode!" Ŝa aras monig gold-hladen ŝegn, gyrde hine his swurde; ŝa to dura eodon drihtlice cempan, 15 Sigefereth and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, and aet oethrum durum Ordlaf and Guethlaf, and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste. Ŝa git Garulf Guethere styrode, ŝaet hie swa freolic feorh forman siethe 20 to ŝaere healle durum hyrsta ne baeran, nu hyt nietha heard anyman wolde: ac he fraegn ofer eal undearninga, deor-mod haeleeth, hwa ŝa duru heolde. "Sigefereth is min nama (cwaeeth he), ic eom Secgena leod, 25 "wrecca wide cueth. Fela ic weana gebad, "heardra hilda; ŝe is gyt her witod, "swaeether ŝu sylf to me secean wylle." Ŝa waes on wealle wael-slihta gehlyn, sceolde celod bord cenum on handa 30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-ŝelu dynede, oeth ŝaet aet ŝaere guethe Garulf gecrang, ealra aerest eoreth-buendra, Guethlafes sunu; ymbe hine godra fela. Hwearf flacra hraew hraefn, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-brun; swurd-leoma stod swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere. Ne gefraegn ic naefre wurethlicor aet wera hilde sixtig sige-beorna sel gebaeran, ne naefre swanas swetne medo sel forgyldan, 40 ŝonne Hnaefe guldon his haeg-stealdas. Hig fuhton fif dagas, swa hyra nan ne feol driht-gesietha, ac hig ŝa duru heoldon. Ŝa gewat him wund haeleeth on waeg gangan, saede ŝaet his byrne abrocen waere, 45 here-sceorpum hror, and eac waes his helm ŝyrl. Ŝa hine sona fraegn folces hyrde, hu ŝa wigend hyra wunda genaeson oethethe hwaeether ŝaera hyssa . . . . . . . LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY. ABBREVIATIONS m.: masculine. f.: feminine. n.: neuter. nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc. w.: weak. w. v.: weak verb. st.: strong. st. v.: strong verb. I., II., III.: first, second, third person. comp.: compound. imper.: imperative. w.: with. instr.: instrumental. G. and Goth.: Gothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G.: Old High German. M.H.G.: Middle High German. The vowel ae = _a_ in _glad_ } The diphthong ae = _a_ in _hair_ } approximately. The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations. Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. LIST OF NAMES. Abel, Cain's brother, 108. Aelf-here (gen. Aelf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wiglaf's, 2605. Aesc-here, confidential adviser of King Hroethgar (1326), older brother of Yrmenlaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123. Ban-stan, father of Breca, 524. Beo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Healfdene, 57. Beo-wulf (Biowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Beowulfes, 857, etc., Biowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Beowulfe, 610, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Geatas. His father is the Waegmunding Ecgŝeow (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hreethel, king of the Geatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hreethel's sons, Herebeald, Haeethcyn, and Hygelac, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geatas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hroethgar, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hroethgar, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hroethgar (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelac, 1964 ff.--After Hygelac's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes Daeghrefn, one of the Hugas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelac's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardred, son of Hygelac, 2378 ff. After Heardred's death, the kingdom falls to Beowulf, 2208, 2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardred, he kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. --His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff. Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Beanstan, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Beowulf, 506 ff. Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521. Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Muellenhoff, written by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed. Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff. Daeg-hrefn (dat. Daeghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hugas, who, according to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of King Hygelac, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hugas. Is crushed to death by Beowulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff. Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hreethmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gar-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: East-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sueth-Dene, 463, Noreth-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be saem tweonum," 1686. Ecg-laf (gen. Ecglafes, 499), Hunfereth's father, 499. Ecg-ŝeow (nom. Ecgŝeow, 263, Ecgŝeo, 373; gen. Ecgŝeowes, 529, etc., Ecgŝiowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geatas, of the house of the Waegmundings. Beowulf is the son of Ecgŝeow, by the only daughter of Hreethel, king of the Geatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaetholaf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hroethgar, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470. Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, 1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremod. See Heremod. Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenŝeow, the Scylfing, 62, 63. Earna-naes, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geatas, where occurred Beowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. Eadgils (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son of Ohthere, and grandson of Ongenŝeow, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is Eanmund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured:-- The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund and Eadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Swiorice, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geatas to Heardred (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardred with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardred falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Eanmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Weohstan brings death." Weohstan takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Weohstan does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardred's and Eanmund's death, the descendant of Ongenŝeow, Eadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Beowulf, who has, since Heardred's death, ascended the throne of the Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eadgils makes an invasion into the land of the Geatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Beowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense). Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Geatas, son of Wonred and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongenŝeow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygelac, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrices, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hama has wrested the Brosinga mene from him, 1202. Eomaer, son of Offa and Ŝryetho (cf. Ŝryetho), 1961. Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hoc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hocing, Hnaef, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnaef, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnaef is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnaef's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Guethlaf and Oslaf avenge Hnaef's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160. Finna land. Beowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. Fitela, the son and nephew of the Waelsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Beowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.) Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelac fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hugas, 1211, 2917. Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fresna, 2916: dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and Hugas, in the war against whom Hygelac falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Fresna land, 2916. Fr..es wael (in Fr..es waele, 1071), mutilated proper name. Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hroethgar; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Heaethobeard king, Froda, in order to end a war between the Danes and the Heaethobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. Froda (gen. Frodan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Freaware, 2026. Garmund (gen. Garmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Eomaer, 1961-63. Geatas (gen. Geata, 205, etc.; dat. Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Guethgeatas, 1539; Saegeatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hreethel; Haeethcyn, second son of Hreethel; Hygelac, the brother of Haeethcyn; Heardred, son of Hygelac; then Beowulf. Gifethas (dat. Gifethum, 2495), Gepidae, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495. Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hroethgar's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Beowulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Aeschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hroethgar, 1648. Gueth-laf and Oslaf, Danish warriors under Hnaef, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149. Halga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king, Hroethgar, 61. His son is Hroethulf, 1018, 1165, 1182. Hama wrests the _Brosinga mene_ from Eormenric, 1199. Haereeth (gen. Haereethes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelac, 1930, 1982. Haeethcyn (dat. Haeethcynne, 2483), second son of Hreethel, king of the Geatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hreethel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenŝeow, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelac, 2944 ff., 2992. Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhŝeow, Hroethgar's wife, 621. Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges maeg, 1945; Eomaer, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of Garmund, Offa's father. Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his relations to Hnaef and Finn, see Finn. Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hreethel, king of the Geatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Haeethcyn, 2440. Here-mod (gen. Heremodes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710. Here-ric (gen. Hererices, 2207) Heardred is called Hererices nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him. Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hugas, conquer Hygelac, king of the Geatas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scylding (57); rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogar, Hroethgar, and Halga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, waes married to the Scylfing, Ongenŝeow, 62, 63. Heard-red (dat. Heardrede, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelac, king of the Geatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Beowulf, as nephew of Heardred's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beowulf avenges on Eadgils, 2396-97. Heaetho-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Froda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hroethgar has given his daughter, Freawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (Widsieth, 45-49). Heaetho-laf (dat. Heaetho-lafe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgŝeow, Beowulf's father, kills him, 460. Heaetho-raemas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Beowulf, 519. Heoro-gar (nom. 61; Heregar, 467; Hiorogar, 2159), son of Healfdene, and older brother of Hroethgar, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beowulf has received from Hroethgar (2156), and presents it to Hygelac, 2158. Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogar's son, 2161-62. Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hroethgar's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Beowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western. Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnaef, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn. Hnaef (gen. Hnaefes, 1115), a Hocing (Widsieth, 29), the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn. Hond-scio, warrior of the Geatas: dat. 2077. Hoc (gen. Hoces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnaef (Widsieth, 29). Hreethel (gen. Hreethles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Geatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgŝeow, and has borne him Beowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Haeethcyn, and Hygelac, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hreethel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475. Hreethla (gen. Hreethlan, MS. Hraedlan, 454), the same as Hreethel (cf. Muellenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Beowulf's coat of mail, 454. Hreeth-men (gen. Hreeth-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445. Hreeth-ric, son of Hroethgar, 1190, 1837. Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, Ongenŝeow, slew Haeethcyn, king of the Geatas, in battle. Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Geatas, near which Ongenŝeow's sons, Ohthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hreethel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hreethel's son, King Haeethcyn, fell, 2478 ff. Hroeth-gar (gen. Hroethgares, 235, etc.; dat. Hroethgare, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogar, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogar was king of the Danes before Hroethgar, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhŝeow (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hreethric and Hroethmund (1190), and a daughter, Freaware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaethobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Beowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hroethgar's rich gifts to Beowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about Hroethgar's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgŝeow, Beowulf's father, committed upon Heaetholaf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaethobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hroethulf, intimated, 1165-1166. Hroeth-mund, Hroethgar's son, 1190. Hroeth-ulf, probably a son of Halga, the younger brother of King Hroethgar, 1018, 1182. Wealhŝeow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hroethgar, Hroeth-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hroethgar's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hroeth-ulf has abused his trust towards Hroethgar. Hrones-naes (dat. -naesse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Geatas, visible from afar. Here is Beowulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137. Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hunfereth's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. Hugas (gen. Huga, 2503), Hygelac wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Daeghrefn, whom Beowulf slays, 2503. [H]un-fereth, the son of Ecglaf, ŝyle of King Hroethgar. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unfereth. Hun-lafing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. See Note. Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Haereeth, 1930; consort of Hygelac, king of the Geatas, 1927; her son, Heardred, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly character is emphasized, 1927 ff. Hyge-lac (gen. Hige-laces, 194, etc., Hygelaces, 2387; dat. Higelace, 452, Hygelace, 2170), king of the Geatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hreethel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Haeethcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Beowulf, 374, 375. After his brother, Haeethcyn, is killed by Ongenŝeow, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenŝeow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Beowulf from his expedition to Hroethgar, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Haereeth, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardred, 2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelac falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hugas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17. Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Froda, the Heaethobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hroethgar, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Widsieth, 45-59). Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922. Naegling, the name of Beowulf's sword, 2681. Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Widsieth, 35), the son of Garmund, 1963; married (1950) to Ŝryetho (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Eomaer, 1961. Oht-here (gen. Ohtheres, 2929, 2933; Ohteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongenŝeow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eanmund (2612) and Eadgils, 2393. Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Ohthere's brother, 2617, 2933. Ongen-ŝeow (nom. -ŝeow, 2487, -ŝio, 2952; gen. -ŝeowes, 2476, -ŝiowes, 2388; dat. -ŝio, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ohthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by Haeethcyn, king of the Geatas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenŝeow (2931), who kills Haeethcyn, 2925, and encloses the Geatas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelac, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenŝeow's army. Ongenŝeow himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff. Os-laf, a warrior of Hnaef's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f. Scede-land, 19. Sceden-ig (dat. Sceden-igge, 1687), O.N., Scan-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom. Scef or Sceaf. See Note. Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scefing. 4. His son is Beowulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hroethgar, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name. Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Ŝeod-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109. Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Geatas, since Wiglaf, the son of Wihstan, who in another place, as a kinsman of Beowulf, is called a Waegmunding (2815), is also called leod Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:-- Scylf. | ------------------------ Waegmund. ....... | | ------------------ ---------- Ecgŝeow. Weohstan. Ongenŝeow. | | | -------- -------- --------------- Beowulf. Wiglaf. Onela. Ohthere. | ----------------- Eaumund. Eadgils. The Scylfings are also called Heaetho-Scilfingas, 63, Gueth-Scylfingas, 2928. Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Waels, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelac's grandfather, and Hreethel's father, 1204. Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Sweo-ŝeod, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swiorice, 2384, 2496. Ŝryetho, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Eomaer, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Geatas. Waels (gen. Waelses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. Waeg-mundingas (gen. Waegmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Waegmundings are on one side, Wihstan and his son Wiglaf; on the other side, Ecgŝeow and his son Beowulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas. Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geatas. See Geatas. Weland (gen. Welandes, 455), the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail, 455. Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgar. See Wulfgar. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. Wealh-ŝeow (613, Wealh-ŝeo, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hroethgar, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hreethric and Hroethmund, 1190; her daughter, Freawaru, 2023. Weoh-stan (gen. Weox-stanes, 2603, Weoh-stanes, 2863, Wih-stanes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a Waegmunding (2608), father of Wiglaf, 2603. In what relationship to him Aelfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.--Weohstan is the slayer of Eanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardred. See Eanmund. Wig-laf, Weohstan's son, 2603, etc., a Waegmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Aelfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Beowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Beowulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. Won-red (gen. Wonredes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geatas, Wonred's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelac and Ongenŝeow with Ongenŝeow himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenŝeow, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongenŝeow a mortal blow, 2978 ff. Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hroethgar's court, and is his "ar and ombiht," 335. Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgŝeow has slain Heoetholaf, a warrior of this tribe, 460. Yrmen-laf, younger brother of Aeschere, 1325. ADDITIONAL. Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_. Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, 198. Hreethling, son of Hreethel, Hygelac: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of Hygelac, the Geats, 2961. Scefing, the son (?) of Scef, or Sceaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See Note. ABBREVIATIONS. B.: Bugge. Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. C.: Cosijn. E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf Gr.: Grein. H.: Heyne. Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf. H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. Ho.: Holder. K.: Kemble. Kl.: Kluge. Muellenh.: Muellenhoff. R.: Rieger. S.: Sievers. Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. Ten Br.: Ten Brink. Th.: Thorpe. Z.: Zupitza. PERIODICALS. Ang.: Anglia. Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beitraege. Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. Germ.: Germania. Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. NOTES. l. 1. hwaet: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853: "Sin I shal beginne the game, _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!" we ... gefrunon is a variant on the usual epic formulae ic gefraegn (l. 74) and mine gefraege (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the same formula. l. 1. "Gar was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. 124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc. l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Sceaf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to terrify_. l. 15. S. suggests ŝa (_which_) for ŝaet, as object of dreogan; and for aldor-lease, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit._ ix. 136. S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured." l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._ an. 855. H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135) eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wide sprang ŝeodnes ŝegna. "The name _Beowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and _beohata_, 'warrior,' in Caedmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with _beowulf_."--Sw. Cf. "Arcite and Palamon, That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris. Cf. M. Mueller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's _Daniel_, 104. l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?). l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesiethas below. H.-So. compares _Heliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21. l. 22. on ylde: cf. "_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590, ed. Morris. l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc. l. 28. faroeth = _shore, strand, edge._ Add these to the meanings in the Gloss. l. 31. The object of ahte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum weold of l. 30.--H.-So. R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii. 80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests laendagas for lange. l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863). ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_ the burial of Balder, Sinfioetli, Arthur, etc. l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168. l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix. l. 51. (1) sele-raedende (K., S., C.); (2) sele-raedenne (H.); (3) sele-raedende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha. l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800. l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable ŝa, four with the verb gewitan, nine with the formula Hroethgar (Beowulf, Unfereth) maethelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in general (him, swa, se, hwaet, ŝa, heht, waes, maeg, cwom, straet). l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as mec for me, the possessive sin, gamol, dogor, swat for eald, daeg, blod, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenaedre (_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for 'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc. l. 60. H.-So. reads raeswa (referring to Heorogar alone), and places a point (with the Ms.) after Heorogar instead of after raeswa. Cf. l. 469; see B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193. l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he reads: [On-]elan ewen, Heaethoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda. l. 68. For he, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted insubord. clauses.--Sw. l. 70. ŝone, here = ŝonne, _than_, and micel = mare? The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, medo-aern micle ma gewyrcean,--ŝone = _by much larger than_,--in which ŝone (ŝonne) would come in naturally. l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. gueth-scearu. l. 74. ic wide gefraegn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) formula, mine gefraege, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc. ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32. l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and Widsieth's suhtorfaedran, used of the same persons. l. 88. "The word dream conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and _Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc. ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the lines attributed by Bede to Caedmon: Nu we sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. --Sw., p. 47. ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe. ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Beowulf_] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71. l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George. l. 100. onginnan in _Beowulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without to; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, 244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris). l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, feond on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii. ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmueller was the first ... to connect the name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._ Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83. l. 102. gaest = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc. l. 103. See Ha., p. 4. l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern English, by haefeth and haefde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433, 408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc. l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts ŝone ... drihten in parenthesis. l. 108. ŝaes ŝe = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. 228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351). l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol (_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; cf. to sae (l. 318), ofer sae (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), to raeste (l. 1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc. l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137. l. 120. unfaelo = _uncanny_ (R.). l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swyeth is = Icel. sviethi, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737. l. 142. B. supposes heal-ŝegnes to be corrupted from helŝegnes; cf. l. 101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See Guethlac, l. 1042. l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement. l. 146. S. destroys period after selest, puts waes ... micel in parenthesis, and inserts a colon after tid. l. 149. B. reads sarcwidum for syethethan. l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82. l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol. l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched. l. 169. ne ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for other suggestions. l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27. l. 174. The gerundial inf. with to expresses purpose, defines a noun or adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. to + inf. at ll. 316, 2557. ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old. l. 177. gast-bona is regarded by Ettmueller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E. l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both mod-ceare and mael-ceare as accus., others as instr. ll. 190, 1994. seaeth: for this use of seoethan cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used. l. 194. fram ham = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram ham may be for fram him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8. l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase. l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-rad (_= sea_). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." --E. Cf. ganotes baeeth, l. 1862. l. 203. Concessive clauses with ŝeah, ŝeah ŝe, ŝeah ... eal, vary with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne. l. 204. hael, an OE. word found in Wuelker's Glossaries in various forms, = _augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. haelsere, _augur_; hael, _omen;_ haelsung, _augurium_, haelsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10. l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in the Gloss. l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's "And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," --_Corsair_, i.17. and Scott's "Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7. l. 218. Cf. "The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris. l. 219. Does an-tid mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = and-tid (H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when oŝres, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568. l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable. ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15. l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Beowulf_ the earliest sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is Sae.... To this they added Waeter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-baeeth."--Br., p. 163-166. l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar constructions in French, etc. l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas baeron. B. inserts (?) after holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on the wall." l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc. l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," _Marmion_, i. 5. l. 250. naefne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll. 1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. butan, gif, ŝeah. l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Beowulf_, see S. A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit_. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Beowulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_. l. 252. aer as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, 732. For ind., cf. l. 2020. l. 253. leas = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmueller corrected to lease. l. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 293. l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of AElfred_, C. 17: Na ŝaet aelc eald sy, ac ŝaet he eald sy on wisdome. l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen, horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the classical constructions. l. 275. daed-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads daed-hwata. l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten Br. = _Tidskr_. viii. 291. l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms 'aeghwaeether ('aegether), eghwaeether, etc. This prefixed 'ae, oe corresponds to the Goth, _aiw_, OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from a, o by the i of the gi which originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190. l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called 'weeds.'"--E. l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for close quarters."--Br., p. 121. l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros. l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50. l. 304. Gering proposes hleor-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Oeland in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hleor-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here, _army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's _Exod._ l. 175. l. 305. For ferh wearde and guethmode grummon, B. and ten Br. read ferh-wearde (l. 305) and guethmodgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men_. l. 311. leoma: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris: "To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_." l. 318. On the double gender of sae, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of _between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _Caedmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe), _Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc. l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." --E. l. 322. S. inserts comma after scir, and makes hring-iren (= _ring-mail_) parallel with gueth-byrne. l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called vakenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E., after G. Stephens. l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E. l. 336. "ael-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in aelŝeodig, elŝeodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47. l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-ŝegn. l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same beod-geneatas,--"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177. l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817. l. 353. sieth here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_. l. 357. unhar = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.). l. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gan (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. geong (giong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._ (Hunt) l. 102. l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glaedman Hroethgar, abandoning Thorkelin's glaednian. There is a glass. hilaris glaedman.--_Beit._ xii. 84; same as glaed. l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, 1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc. l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of _knight_."--E. l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-faeder, "hyphens are risky toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-faeder could only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_. l. 378. Th. and B. propose Geatum, as presents from the Danish to the Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii. l. 380. haebbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as if_. ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go into the hall together." l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is subject-acc. to seon. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod_. l. 214. l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168. l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126. l. 407. Wes ... hal: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc. l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorethan [in passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorethan generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar relations. l. 414. Gr. translates hador by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. ll. 420, 421. B. reads: ŝaer ic (_on_) fifelgeban (= _ocean_) yethde eotena cyn. Ten Br. reads: ŝaer ic fifelgeban yethde, eotena ham. Ha. suggests fifelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes. l. 420. R. reads ŝaera = _of them_, for ŝaer.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399; _Beit._ xii. 367. l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158. l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's determination to fight single-handed. l. 441. ŝe hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable ŝe is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw. l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider the Geatas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. Alfred translates Juti by Geatas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc. l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_. l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_ (i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes heafod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hydan; hence, _you need not give me any guard_, etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372. l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeeth. l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either. l. 452. Roenning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 18, etc. l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in London_, ii. 228. l. 455. This is the aelces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd bieth swiethost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in _Beowulf_. l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._ ll. 457, 458. B. reads waere-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of clientage_). l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs. l. 488. "The dugueth, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word, _douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogoeth, ll. 160 and 622. l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hreeth-secgum, = _disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Koerner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sael = _think upon happiness_. But cf. onband beadu-rune, l. 501. B. supposes onsael meoto =_speak courteous words_. _Tidskr_. viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud_. ii. 251. l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783. l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated, exulting; Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266. l. 499. MS. has Hunfereth, but the alliteration requires Unfereth, as at ll. 499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_. l. 501. sieth = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353. l. 504. ŝon ma = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under ŝon. l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28. l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is wrong. l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_ rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's _Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _Caedmon_, 69, etc. l. 524. Krueger and B. read Banstanes.--_Beit._ ix. 573. l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geŝinges; but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... ŝingea = wyrsena ŝinga, _can stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc. l. 534. Insert, under eard-lufa (in Gloss.), earfoeth, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_; acc. pl. earfeetho, 534. l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in _Widsith_. The story seems legendary, not mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61. ll. 574-578. B. suggests swa ŝaer for hwaeethere, = _so there it befell me_. But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l. 891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr_. viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc. l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fagum sweordum (no ic ŝaes fela gylpe!), supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. supply geflites. l. 599. E. translates nyd-bade by _blackmail_; adding "ned bad, _toll_; ned badere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v. l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_. l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E. l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E. l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old. l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhŝeow at l. 1164. l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris): "Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys." Cf. _giddy_. l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geŝinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 57) has shown that oŝŝe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne. l. 650. oŝŝe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_. l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.--E. l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.--E. l. 681. B. considers ŝeah ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_. l. 682. godra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nat be changed to nah = ne + ah (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability to_, etc. l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits hie as occurring in the previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89. l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Widsieth_, l. 6, etc. l. 711. B. translates ŝa by _when_ and connects with the preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects to the use of com as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.) l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--ŝyrs sceal on fenne gewunian ana inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_ (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36. l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom._ ii. 498: he beworhte ŝa bigelsas mid gyldenum laefrum, _he covered the arches with gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ = _aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets. l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-ŝegnas, and make haele refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142. l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hran. l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii. 26: "Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare." l. 757. gedraeg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. = _occupation, lair_. l. 759. R. reads modega for goda, "because the attribute cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate." l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ut = _off_.--E. l. 769. The foreign words in _Beowulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) deofol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrifan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), gigant (l. 113), mil- (l. 1363), straet (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc. l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -raeden, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93. See B., _Tidskr_. viii. 292. l. 771. Ten Br. reads reethe, renhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_. l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like aenige ŝinga, naenige ŝinga (_not at all_), huru ŝinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182. l. 811. myrethe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word. ll. 850, 851. S. reads deop for deog and erases semicolon after weol, = _the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads deaeth-faeges deop, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89. l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mearas below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's _Elene_, l. 1185. l. 859. Koerner, _Eng. Stud_. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be saem tweonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. tweone is part of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l. 558. l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan_ for an account of funeral horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22. l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation. l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment. l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the verbs in the next two lines. ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Waelsinges gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_, l. 739. l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gan, weorethan, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafaeth ... geworden, l. 2027. l. 895. "brucan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151. l. 898. Scherer proposes hate, = _from heat_, instr. of hat, _heat_; cf. l. 2606. l. 901. he ŝaes aron ŝah = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma after ŝah, making siethethan introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568. Cf. weoreth-myndum ŝah, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So. l. 902. Heremodes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremod" here and the bad one, l. 1710 _seq._--B. however holds fast to Heremod.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on feonda geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwod, cf. _Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: hie wlenco anwod. l. 902 _seq._ "Heremod's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a chieftain."--Br., p. 66. l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon. l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language. l. 925. hos, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E. l. 927. on staŝole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90. l. 927. May not steapne here = _bright_, from its being immediately followed by golde fahne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l. 1647. l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as suggested by one commentator. l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wid-scofen (haefde). Gr. makes wea nom. absolute. l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!) l. 959. H. explains we as a "plur. of majesty," which Beowulf throws off at l. 964. l. 963. feond ŝone fraetgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90). l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor, enemy_, just as nieth is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is _sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw. l. 986. S. places waes at end of l. 985 and reads stiethra naegla, omitting gehwylc and the commas after that and after sceawedon. _Beit._ ix. 138; stedra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987. l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to aeghwylene, in apposition to fingras. l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems. l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unheoru = ungeheuer. l. 992. B. suggests heatimbred for haten, and gefraetwon for -od; Kl., hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189). l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = _aurifrisium_. l. 997. After ŝara ŝe = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg. for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich. l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle, Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250. l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550: "Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_." ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage. l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sael and mael, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about you.--E. ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in conjunction. l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language. ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... ŝara). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91. l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, ll. 1458, 1660; Hunlafing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc. l. 1034. scur-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing discussion. l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _Caedmon_, ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings l. 1043. Grundt. emends wig to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, 7. l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all." For Ingwin, see _List of Names_. l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's _Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269). l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_ (?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix. l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" "west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words. l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known. l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wieth gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 394). Kl., wieth H. wiht gefeohtan. ll. 1085 and 1099. wea-laf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E. Cf. daroetha laf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; ades lafe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc. l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme occurs. l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend waere here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029. l. 1108. Koerner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andiege = Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lafe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= _young men_) gold ahofon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190. ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (het ŝa ...) banfatu baernan ond on bael don, earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading guethrec = _battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For guethrinc astah, cf. Old Norse, _stiga a bal_, "ascend the bale-fire." l. 1116. sweoloethe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G. _schwuel_, etc. l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rec astah, l. 3145; and _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 450: waelmist astah. l. 1122. aetspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < aet + springan. l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97. l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728. l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a gap after 1142). l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hun Lafing, = _Hun placed the sword Lafing_, etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.). l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Moeller read: worod raedenne, ŝonne him Hun Lafing, = _military brotherhood, when Hun laid upon his breast_ (the sword) _Lafing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Loevi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (laf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc. l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr_. viii. 295). l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Moeller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10, 226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Widsieth_, l. 33, etc. ll. 1160, 1161. leoeth (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms. ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another."--Br., p. 18. l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding, wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in _wunder-schoen_, etc. l. 1165. ŝa gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefaederan = Hroethgar and Hroethulf, l. 1018. Cf. aethum-swerian, l. 84. l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, aet fotum, etc., where Unfereth is first introduced. l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches still. l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hie utan; cf. _Voyage of Ohthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Beowulf_, ll. 859, 1686, etc. l. 1194. bewaegned, a [Greek: hapax legomenon], tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p. waegen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc. l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow_., etc.). l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, 2174. ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem may be approximately dated,--if Hygelac is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20. l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt_. Hama stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenric; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelac's history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction. l. 1200. For Brosinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests fleah, = _fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making he subject of fleah and geceas. l. 1202. B. conjectures geceas ecne raed to mean _he became a pious man and at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hama) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hroethgar's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761. l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a parallel for breost-gewaedu ... beah below. l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called se wodfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_. l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bege onfeng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hrea- Kl. suggests hrae-. l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmueller, the one that reigns after Hroethgar. l. 1229. Kl. suggests si, = _be_, for _is_. l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix. 139; Kl. _ibid_. 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107. l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language. l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267. l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf. Murray's _Dict._ s. v. l. 1248. anwig-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; _Beit._ ix. 210, 282. l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself. l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but cf. westen warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode. ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesyne and widcueth, etc. l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br., p. 41. l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain." l. 1261. The MS. has se ŝe, m.; changed by some to seo ŝe. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc. l. 1270. aglaeca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.--Sw. l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether it should be read anwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw. l. 1279. The MS. has sunu ŝeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu ŝeod-wrecan, ŝeod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard ŝeod as opposition to sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Koerner's discussion, _Eng. Stud._ i. 500. l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sona) sara = _return of sorrows._ l. 1286. "geŝuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geŝruen, _forged_, and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc. ll. 1292. ŝe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Heliand_, l. 1308. l. 1298. be saem tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod_. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192. l. 1301. C. proposes oether him aern = _another apartment was assigned him_. l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrof genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these circumstances. l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest naegde or negde, _accosted_, < negan = Mid. Ger. _nehwian_, pr. p. _nehwiandans, approach_. For hnaegan, _press down, vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc. l. 1321. C. suggests nead-laethum for neod-laethu, _after crushing hostility_; but cf. freond-laethu, l. 1193. l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefaegnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a parallel to aese wlanc, l. 1333. l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93. l. 1345. B. reads geo for eow (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205). ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." --E. l. 1347. Cf. sele-raedende at l. 51. l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition (dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislicost."--Sw. l. 1352. ides, like firas, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. [Greek: numphae], to superhuman or semi-divine women. ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the poetical accounts of _AEneid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc. l. 1360. firgenstream occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; _Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc. l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207. l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrinende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163); hrimge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris, _Blickling Hom_., Preface, vi., vii. l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrimige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_. l. 1366. niethwundor may = nieth- (as in nieth-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of the deep_. l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod_., l. 319. l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent with adj. l. 1371. "seleeth is not dependent on aer, for in that case it would be in the subjunctive, but aer is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction aer in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' etc."--Sw. l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf. l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swat (l. 2694), etc., for eald, blod. l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of witan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French _allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102. l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage. l. 1402. geatolic probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._ xii. 83), comparing searolic. ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gan (Goth, _gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc. l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [ŝaer heo] gegnum for; B. (_ibid._ xii. 14) suggests hwaer heo. l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take an-paethas = paths wide enough for only one, like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stige nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the meaning. Cf. enge anpaethas, uncueth gelad, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58. l. 1421. Cf. oncyeth, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc. l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foeetha." l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _noek, nisse_, Swed. _naecken_, G. _nix, nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._ l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnaeged, _prostrated_, and regards nietha as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = _by force._ l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-, raed-, waeg-bora. l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw. l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_. l. 1457. leon is the inf. of lah; cf. onlah (< onleon) at l. 1468. lihan was formerly given as the inf.; cf. laene = laehne. l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin. l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave. haeft-mece may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_, iii. 83), "hip-knife." l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365. l. 1460. ater-tearum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid_. xi. 359). l. 1467. ŝaet, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do know." l. 1480. foreth-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M. Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889. l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif or buton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For buton, cf. ll. 967, 1561. l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210. l. 1490. Kl. reads wael-sweord, = _battle-sword_. l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45. l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains niethsele, hrofsele as _roof-covered hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83). l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the hair_. l. 1543. and-lean (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lean. l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140. l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after yethelice; Sw. and S. place comma after gesced. l. 1584. oether swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.). ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga). l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. _Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright). l. 1599. geweareth, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wiscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571. l. 1607. broden mael is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or damascened sword_.--W., Ho. l. 1611. wael-rapas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wael, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom. Verses_, l. 39.--E. l. 1611. waegrapas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.). l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_ (Northumbr. ea for eo). l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290. l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmueller understand idese to refer to the queen. l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.). l. 1657. Restore MS. reading wigge in place of wige. l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... este for eacen ... oftost, omitting brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_. l. 1675. ondraedan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as a: abutan, amang, aweg, aright, adr'aedan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98. ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, 1563, 1691, etc. l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orethanc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186. ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan usage. ll. 1703, 1704. ŝaet ŝe eorl naere geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52). l. 1715. ana hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); = _lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.). l. 1723. leod-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38, who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, lif longsum). l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to possessions_. l. 1730. modgeŝonc, like lig, sae, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender (m., n. in the case of modgeŝ.). l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on [Greek: hubris], or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743). l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The language closely resembles that of Psalm 64. l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = wo(u)m; cf. woh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. 295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below (l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated. l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of woh, _wrong_ = gen. wos or woges, dat. wo(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wora, dat. wo(u)m, etc.; and cf. declension of heah, hreoh, ruh, etc. l. 1748. wergan gastes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil. l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates _boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf. _Christ_, l. 818. l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais aeil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their enemies with possessing this weapon. l. 1784. wigge geweorethad (MS. wigge weorethad) is C.'s conjecture; cf. _Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_. l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of beon is plainly seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc. l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person affected; others (as ŝyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, 1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145. l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; _Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc. l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before "the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss. ll. 1808-1810. Muellenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglafes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_ (Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915. ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroethgar, to be what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true knight'"--E. l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelace. l. 1835 gar-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. aesc-holt. l. 1855. sel = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wel. ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E. l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemaene, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140, 190. l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a considerable height, such as forty feet."--E. l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_. l. 1865. B. proposes geŝohte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l. 611. l. 1876. geseon = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert na to modify geseon and explain Hroethgar's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567. l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = _burned?_--S., Th. l. 1887. orleahtre is a _[Greek: hapax legomenon]_. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the god cyning of l. 11. l. 1896. scaethan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. l. 253. l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hroethgar's men; at l. 1901 the bat-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb an-tid oŝres dogores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (famig-heals, clifu, naessas, saelde, brim, etc.).--The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study. l. 1904. R. proposes, gewat him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1913. Cf. the same use of ceol, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed. Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc. l. 1914. S. inserts ŝaet he before on lande. l. 1916. B. makes leofra manna depend on wlatode, = _looked for the dear men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S. conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141). l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 _seq._ l. 1933. C. suggests frecnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 _seq._, Sigemund and Heremod are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., _Jahrb. fuer rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Muellenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Koerner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106. l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Ŝryetho (Gr.'s _Drida_ of the _Vita Offae Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale is told of her, not of Hygd. l. 1936. Suchier proposes andaeges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes andaeges, = _the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to govqern hire, = _on her_, and daeges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a genitive of time, = _by day_. l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsece, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955. l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod_. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's candles.' l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenŝeow, i.e. Eofor, to whom Hygelac gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998. l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.); _draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.). l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hea-]. l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading hae nu (for haeethnu), which he regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (haeeth). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; _Beit._ xii. 9. l. 1985. sinne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third person, sin (declined like min). It is used not only as a true reflexive, but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790. l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of seaeth; cf. to "glow" with emotion, "boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc. l. 2010. B. proposes facne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l. 350; _Beit._ xii. 97. l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_ (as here: ealu-waeg), _mead, beer, wine, lieth_ (cider? Goth. _leiŝus_, Prov. Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc. l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for waes. l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorethan, = _agree, be pleased with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.). ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) waere aefter leod-hryre: lytle hwile bongar bugeeth, ŝeah seo bryd duge = _oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62. l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404. l. 2042. For beah B. reads ba, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane. l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wigende, = _fighting_, for lifigende. l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is not so designated in the MS., though ŝa (at l. 2822) is written with capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893. l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note. l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus: Ŝaer on innan giong niethetha nathwylc, neode to gefeng haeethnum horde; hond aetgenam seleful since fah; ne he ŝaet syethethan ageaf, ŝeah ŝe he slaepende besyrede hyrde ŝeofes craefte: ŝaet se ŝioden onfand, by-folc beorna, ŝaet he gebolgen waes. --_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210. l. 2128. aetbaer here = _bear away_, not given in the Gloss. l. 2129. B. proposes faerunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the text.--_Beit._ xii. 98. l. 2132. MS. has ŝine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON. _leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369. l. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99). l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafaeth, are poetic archaisms.--Sw. l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-heafodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245. l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf leofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc. l. 2158. aerest is possibly the verbal subs. from arisan, _to arise, = arising, origin_. R. suggested aerist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) _resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l. 2166. l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wen]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft saeg]don. l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is "laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lafing on Hengest's breast, l. 1145. l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22. l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that ŝusendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges. der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration. l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" [throne].--E. l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra. l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight. l. 2213. B. proposes se ŝe on hearge haeethen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75. l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50. l. 2216. neode. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads neode, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of neod. l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy. ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gaest sylfes willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100. l. 2225. For ŝeow read ŝegn.--K. and Z. l. 2225. ŝeow, st. m., _slave, serf_ (not in H.-So.). l. 2227. For ofer-ŝearfe read aernes ŝearfa.--Z. ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes: secg synbysig sona onwlatode, ŝeah ŝam gyste gryrebroga stod, hwaeethre earmsceapen innganges ŝearfa . . . . . . . . . . feasceapen, ŝa hyne se faer begeat. --_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69. l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seir for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolic. l. 2233. Z. surmises eoreth-huse (for -scraefe). l. 2241. B. proposes laen-gestreona, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose leng (= _longer_) gestreona; S. accepts the text but translates "the long accumulating treasure." l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne dael,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 102. l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec. l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one who may_, etc. l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, 1280. l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in _Beowulf_. l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking. l. 2276. Z. suggests swyethe ondraedaeth; Ho. puts gesecean for Gr.'s gewunian. l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrusan. "Three hundred winters," at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missera, l. 1499; hund ŝusenda, l. 2995; ŝritig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; ŝritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan ŝusendo, l. 2196, etc. l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 102. l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E. _un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces _on-do_, etc. l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," etc. So ten Br. l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose ham, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103. l. 2335. E. translates ealond utan by _the sea-board front, the water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5. l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376. l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laethan cynne as apposition to maegum. l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._ l. 2362. Gr. inserts ana, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Krueger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379. l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."--Br., p. 48. l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelac in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc. l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of sioleetha bigong, and compares Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214. l. 2380. hyne--Heardred; so him, l. 2358. l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swio-rice as identical with the modern _Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496. l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Moeller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or. l. 2391. Cf. l. 11. l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mullenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that Eadgils, Ohthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to feond. G. translates _friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert_. iii. 177. l. 2395. Eadgils is Ohthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is Ohthere's brother; cf. ll. 2933, 2617. l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Beowulf_ is essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero. l. 2437. R. proposes styred, = _ordered, decreed_, for stred.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 409. l. 2439. B. corrects to freo-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can Herebeald be called Haeethcyn's frea-wine [MS.], _lord?_" l. 2442. feohleas gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw. l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75. l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 56). W. conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before ŝonne. l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi. 3, 357). ll. 2454-2455. (1) Muellenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes: ŝonne se an hafaeth ŝurh daeda nyd deaethes gefandod. (2) B. proposes: ŝurh daeda nieth deaethes gefondad. --_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215. l. 2458. Cf. sceotend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like ridend. Cf. _Judith_, l. 305, etc. l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Maelar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths. l. 2477. On oŝŝe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr_. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83. l. 2489. B. proposes hrea-blac for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr_. viii. 297. l. 2494. S. suggests eethel-wynne. l. 2502. E. translates for dugeethum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmueller. ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85. l. 2524. and-hattres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreethes and attres, _blast and venom_. Cf. orueth, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs). l. 2526. E. quotes fleon fotes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247. l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stan-bogan (for stod on stan-bogan) depending on geseah. l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose deor, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for deop. L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslaw, = _sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86. ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescife (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, ŝa se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after to and read gescaepe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him ŝa Scyld gewat to gescaep-hwile. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78. l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87. l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141. l. 2604. Muellenh. explains leod Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. 176-178. l. 2607. are = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88). l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. eethel-, land-riht, word-riht. l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wraeccan wineleasum Weohstan bana, = _whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain_. ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_. l. 2643. B. proposes user.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216. l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of witan, _to go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. Gram._, pp. 104, 196. l. 2650. B. suggests hat for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105. l. 2656. fane = fah-ne; cf. fara = fah-ra, l. 578; so heanne (MS.) = heah-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrud, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrud and bam gemaene. B. reads bywdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nu, = _to us two now_, for urum; and K. and Grundt. read beon gemaene for bam, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89. l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition. l. 2681. Naegling; cf. Hrunting, Lafing, and other famous wundor-smietha geweorc of the poem. l. 2687. B. changes ŝonne into ŝone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii. 105. l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum. l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language. l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272. l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hydan. l. 2700. hwene; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number. l. 2702. S. proposes ŝa (for ŝaet) ŝaet fyr, etc., = _when the fire began_, etc. l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton."--E. l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wraec, = _drove out all the life_; cf. _Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the foe_, etc.--_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary. l. 2727. daeg-hwil = _time allotted, lifetime_. l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744. l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158. l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhigean or oferhigan, = Goth, _ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in value_.--_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhydian, = _to make arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhyd.--_Beit._ ix. 192. l. 2770. gelocen leoethocraeftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) _wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522. l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlafordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlaforde. Muellenh. understands ealdhlaford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives aergescod as a compd. = aere calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates aergescod as vb. and adv. l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes aet ende; landes aet ende, _Exod_. (Hunt). l. 2792. MS. reads waeteres weorpan, which R. would change to waetere sweorfan. l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-naes)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137. l. 2815. Wiglaf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word laf (Wig-_laf_, ende-_laf_). l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _juengst_, lately. l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on life, on worulde_. l. 2840. geraesde = pret. of geraesan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as raesan; cf. l. 2691. l. 2859. B. proposes deaeth araedan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106. l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355. l. 2871. S. and W. propose ower.--_Beit._ ix. 142. l. 2873. S. punctuates: wraethe forwurpe, ŝa, etc. l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget. l. 2879. aetgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss. ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord."--Br., p. 56. l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; and cf. "kith and kin." l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235. l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here. l. 2910. S. proposes higemeethe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemeethum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446. l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106. l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race. l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures: cwaeeth hie on mergenne meces ecgum getan wolde, sumon galgtreowu aheawan on holte ond hie ahoan on ŝa fuglum to gamene. --_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. getan = _cause blood to be shed._ l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for goda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter. l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelaces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests saece, = _pursuit_. l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton hie werige. l. 2989. baer is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, 62. l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_ and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelac, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongentheow, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only daughter's hand." l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing Eadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Muellenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239. l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293. l. 3022. E. quotes: "Thai token an harp _gle and game_ And maked a lai and yaf it name." --_Weber_, l. 358. and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition." l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57. l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language. l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here: [banan eac fundon bennum seocne (ne) aer hi ŝaem gesegan syllicran wiht] wyrm on wonge... --_Beit._ xii. 372. Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [ŝaer] before gesegan. l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fah]. l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the air_, Ha. l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. helsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. haelsere, haruspex, augur. l. 3060. B. suggests gehyethde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for gehydde. ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [deaethe] hwar ŝonne eorl ellenrof ende gefere = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwar and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Muellenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus: Wundraeth hwaet ŝonne, eorl ellen-rof, ende gefere lif-gesceafta, ŝonne leng ne maeg (etc.), in which hwaet would = ŝurh hwaet at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundraeth: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Beowulf knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join ŝonne to the next line. Or, for hwar read waere: Wundur waere ŝonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Muellenhoff's. l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoetho-craeftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus." l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Biowulfes biorh of l. 2808. l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_. l. 3074. H.-So. omits stradan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strudan, q. v. l. 3075. S. proposes: naes he goldhwaetes gearwor haefde, etc., = _Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, goldhwaete gearwor haefde, etc., making goldhwaete modify est, = _golden favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view. l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109. l. 3097. B. and S. propose aefter wine deadum, = _in memory of the dead friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144. l. 3106. The brad gold here possibly includes the iu-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brad by _bullion_. l. 3114. B. supposes folc-agende to be dat. sg. to godum, referring to Beowulf. l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573. l. 3120. fus = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss. ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes: eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof hilderinca: sum on handa baer, etc. --_Beit._ ix. 144. l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to aeetheling_c_, the MS. having _e_. l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- _Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles. l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures: ... swogende lec wope bewunden windblonda leg (lec from lacan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lac? l. 3147. Muellenhoff rejected wind-blond gelaeg because a great fire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents." l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally: swylce giomor-gyd sio geo-meowle [aefter Beowulfe] bunden-heorde [song] sorg-cearig, saede geneahhe, ŝaet hio hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ede, waelfylla worn, [w]igendes egesan, hy[n]etho ond haeftnyd, heof on rice wealg. --_Beit._ xii. 100. Here geo-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound locks;_ heof = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rice wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon rece swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.-- H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geomeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021. l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lafe, for betost, and omits colon after becn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224. l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero." ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes: woldon gen cwiethan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan. --_Beit._ xii. 112. l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum. l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18. NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG. The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Moeller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnaef fell, _i.e._ as described in _Beowulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Beowulf_, l. 1086, he is called ŝegn. See H.-So., p. 125. "The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Beowulf_ was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101. l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." --_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnaeth naefre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. 229. l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies: ac her foreth beraeth [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flanbogan], fugelas singaeth. He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while graeg-hama is = _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle. l. 11. hicgeaeth, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218. l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13. ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Moeller and Bugge, Garulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as Guethlaf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Beowulf_, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) conjectures: ŝa gyt Guethdene Garulf styrode, ŝaet he swa freolic feorh forman siethe to ŝaere healle durum hyrsta ne baere, nu hie nietha heard anyman wolde; in which Guethdene is the same as Sigefereth, l. 24; he (l. 22) refers to Garulf; and hie (l. 21) to hyrsta. l. 27. swaeether = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So. l. 29. celod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"? l. 30. B. suggests bar-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii. 26. l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hraew hraefen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hraew hraefen fram oethrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._ xii. 27. l. 43. B. supposes wund haeleeth to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnaef, in opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii. 28. l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhror = _equipments useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28. l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28. ADDENDA. ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-saeli and fami-heals. ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read ŝaem for ŝaem. l. 299. MS. reads god-fremmendra. So H.-So. l. 338. Ho. marks wraec- and its group long. l. 530. Hwaet should here probably be printed as an interj., hwaet! Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249. l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for naes. The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary. l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swa. GLOSSARY A ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991. aglaeca, ahlaeca, aeglaeca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, _terror_, + lac, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; of Sigemund, 894; of Beowulf: gen. sg. aglaecan(?), 1513; of Beowulf and the drake: nom. pl. ŝa aglaecean, 2593. aglaec-wif, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's mother, 1260. aldor. See ealdor. al-wealda. See eal-w. am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgar, 336. ambiht-ŝegn (from ambiht n. officium and ŝegn, which see), _servant, man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-ŝegne, of Beowulf's servant, 674. an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see. ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919. and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.) anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wraethum on andan, 709, 2315. and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. and-hator, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. reethes and-hattres, 2524. and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne daeg, 2116, _the whole day_; andlonge niht, 2939. and-lean, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.). and-risno, st. f. (see risan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, _according to etiquette_, 1797. and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht). and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, 1841. and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swin ofer helme and-weard (_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288. and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690. an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001. an-syn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, 251: ansyn ywde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, appearance_, 929; on-syn, 2773. an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note. atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus. atelic, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelic egesa, 785. A a, adv. (Goth, aiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, 1479: a syethethan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_, 780.--Comp. na. ad st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. ad, 3139; dat. sg. ade, 1111, 1115. ad-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on ad-faere, 3011. adl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849. aeth, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108. aeth-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord. aethum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84. agan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. ah, 1728; inf. agan, 1089; prt. ahte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nah hwa sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253. agen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677. agend (prs. part. of agan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. agendes, _of God_, 3076.--Compounds: blaed-, bold-, folc-, maegen-agend. agend-frea, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. agend-frean, 1884. ahsian, ge-ahsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. part. ge-ahsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. ahsode, 1207; pl. ahsodon, 423. aht, st. n. (contracted from a-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: aht cwices, 2315. an, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) _one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb ane niht (_the next night_), 135; ŝurh anes craeft, 700; ŝara anum, 1038; an aefter anum, _one for the other_ (Hreethel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, an aefter eallum, 2269; anes hwaet, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se an leoda duguethe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; anes willan, _for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: an ... feond, 100; gen. sg. anre bene (or to No.2[?]), 428; an ... draca, 221l--5) gen. pl. anra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; anra gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; anra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feaum anum, _except a few single ones_, 1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., ana Geata duguethe, _alone of the warriors of the Geatas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see aen.--Comp. nan. an-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. anfealdne geŝoht, _simple opinion_, 256. an-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449. an-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369. an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rad-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. anga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. angan dohtor, 375, 2998; angan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. angan breether, 1263. an-paeeth, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. anpaethas, 1411. an-raed, adj. (cf. under an-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, 1576. an-tid, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb an-tid oethres dogores, _about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.--an stands as in an-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same disposition_. anunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635. ar, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784. ar, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: arum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. are, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. are, 2379; gen. pl. hwaet ... arna, 1188.--Comp. worold-ar; also written aer. ar-faest, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hunfereth (with reference to 588). See faest. arian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. naenegum araeth; of Grendel, 599. ar-staef, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid arstafum, 317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for ar-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458. See staef. ater-tear, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. iren ater-tearum fah (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460. attor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716. attor-sceaetha, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg. -sceaethan, 2840. awa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of a, which see), _ever_: awa to aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. Ae aedre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [aedre.] aeethele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Beowulf, 198, 1313; of Beowulf's father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. aeethelan cynnes, 2235. aeetheling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hroethgar, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Daeghrefn, 2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Aeschere, 1295; Hroethgar's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremod's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Beowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-aeetheling. aeethelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. aeethelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning aeethelum god, _the king, of noble birth_, 1871; aeethelum diore, _worthy on account of noble lineage_, 1950; aeethelum (haeleŝum, MS.), 332.--Comp. faeder-aeethelu. aefnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf. ellen-weorc aefnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht aefnde, _perpetrated wrong_, 1255. ge-aefnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. ŝaet geaefndon swa, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. aeth waes geaefned, _the oath was sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geaefned, 3107. See efnan. aefter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.--ic him aefter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word aefter cwaeeth, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; aefter beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; aefter maethethum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in consequence of, conformably to_: aefter rihte, _in accordance with right_, 1050, 2111; aefter faroethe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., aefter heaetho-swate, _in consequence of the blood of battle_, 1607; aefter waelniethe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance with, on account of, after, about_: aefter aeethelum (haeleŝum, MS.)fraegn, _asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin ŝu aefter saelum, _ask not after my welfare_, 1323; aefter sincgyfan greoteeth, _weeps for the giver of treasure_, 1343; him aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880; an aefter anum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local), _along_: aefter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945; sohte bed aefter burum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; aefter recede wlat, _looked along the hall_, 1573; stone aefter stane, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289; aefter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc. aef-ŝunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502. aeglaecea. See aglaecea. aeled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [aeled.] aeled-leoma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leoman, 3126. See leoma. ael-fylce (from ael-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wieth aelfylcum, 2372. ael-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se ael-mihtiga, 92. ael-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. ael-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501. aeppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl. aeppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166. aern, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, ŝryeth-, win-aern. aesc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Beowulf in this sense), _lance, spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (qua instr.) aescum and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773. aesc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. aesc-holt ufan graeg, _the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330. aesc-wiga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg., 2043. aet, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): aet hyethe, in _harbor_, 32; aet symle, _at the meal_, 81, aet ade, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115; aet ŝe anum, _with thee alone_, 1378; aet wige, _in the fight_, 1338; aet hilde, 1660, 2682; aet aete, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_ (motion to): deaethes wylm hran aet heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271; geheton aet haergtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an object): geŝeah ŝaet ful aet Wealhŝeon, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic gebad grynna aet Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; aet minum faeder genam, _took me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time of_: aet frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; aet ende, _at an end_, 224; fand sinne dryhten ealdres aet ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791; similarly, 2823; aet feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; aet siethestan, _finally_, 3014. aet-graepe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270. aet-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658. AE aedre, edre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Beow.), _vein_ (not in Beow.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swat aedrum sprong, _the blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blod edrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743. aeethm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreether aeethme weoll, _the breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594. aefen, st. m., _evening_, 1236. aefen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. aefen-grom, of Grendel, 2075. aefen-leoht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413. aefen-raest, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -raeste, 647, 1253. aefen-spraec, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...aefen-spraece, _thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760. aefre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, aefre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. naefre. aeg-hwa (O.H.G. eo-ga-hwer), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. aeghwaem, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: aeghwaes untaele, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; aeghwaes unrim, _entirely innumerable quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. aeg-hwaeether (O.H.G. eo-ga-hwedar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. haefde aeghwaeether ende gefered, _each of the two_ (Beowulf and the drake) _had reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. aeghwaeethrum waes broga fram oethrum, _to each of the two_ (Beowulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg. aeghwaeethres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora aeghwaeethrum, 1637. aeg-hwaer, adv., _everywhere_, 1060. aeg-hwilc (O.H.G. eo-gi-hwelih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dael aeghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. aeg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. aeghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. aeghwylc, 985, 988; (waes) aeghwylc oethrum trywe, _each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166. aeg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. aeg-wearde, 241. aeht (abstract form from agan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) _possession, power_: acc. sg. on flodes aeht, 42; on waeteres aeht, _into the power of the water_, 516; on aeht gehwearf Denigea frean, _passed over into the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions, goods_: acc. pl. aehte, 2249.--Comp. maethm-, gold-aeht. aeht (O.H.G. ahta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. ŝa waes aeht boden Sweona leodum, segn Higelace, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelac_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelac), 2958. ge-aehtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geaehted, 1866. [geaehtan.] ge-aehtla, w. m., or ge-aehtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyrethe ŝinceaeth eorla geaehtlan, _seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [geaehtla.] aen (oblique form of an), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. ŝone aenne ŝone..., _the one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle ŝonne on aenne sieth, _much oftener than one time_, 1580; foreth onsendon aenne, _sent him forth alone_, 46. aene, adv., _once_: oft nalles aene, 3020. aenig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige ŝinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt aenig mearn, _little did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: naes se folccyning ... aenig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. naenig. aen-lic, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: aenlic ansyn, _distinguished appearance_, 251; ŝeah ŝe hio aenlicu sy, _though she be beautiful_, 1942. aer (comparative form, from a): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swa aer, _again as formerly_, 643; aer ne siethethan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; aer and sieth, _sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; no ŝy aer (_not so much the sooner_), _yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a) with the ind.: aer hio to setle geong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: aer ge fyr feran, _before you travel farther_, 252; aer he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; aer ŝon daeg cwome, _ere the day break_, 732; aer correlative to aer adv.: aer he feorh seleeth, aldor an ofre, aer he wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather) _leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3) prepos. with dat., _before_ aer deaethe, _before death_, 1389; aer daeges hwile, _before daybreak_, 2321; aer swylt-daege, _before the day of death_, 2799. aeror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655. aerra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., aerran maelum, _in former times_, 908, 2238, 3036. aerest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2) as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. ŝaet ic his aerest ŝe eft gesaegde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note. aer-daeg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat. sg. mid aerdaege, 126; samod aerdaege, 1312, 2943. aerende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345. aer-faeder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swa his aerfaeder, 2623. aer-gestreon, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela aergestreona, _much of such old treasure_, 2233. See gestreon. aer-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta aer-geweorc, _the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. aer-god, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or _advantages_: aeetheling aergod, 130; (eorl) aergod, 1330; iren aergod (_excellent sword_), 990, 2587. aer-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg. aerwelan, 2748. See wela. aes, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. aese, of Aeschere's corpse, 1333. aet, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hu him aet aete speow, _how he fared well at meat_, 3027. aettren (see attor), adj., _poisonous_: waes ŝaet blod to ŝaes hat, aettren ellorgast, se aer inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618 B bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongenŝeowes, of Hygelac, although in reality his men slew Ongenŝeow (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne waes ecg bona, 2507; weareth wracu Weohstanes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gast-, hand-, mueth-bana. bon-gar, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032. ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, to bid_: inf., 74. bad, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nyd-bad. ban, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bane (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693. ban-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan, 1446. ban-fag, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hroethgar's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable. ban-faet, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. ban-fatu, 1117. ban-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire wieth halse ... banhringas braec (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568. ban-hus, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. banhus gebraec, 2509; similarly, 3148. ban-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bat banlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston banlocan, _the body burst_ (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. bat, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sae-bat. bat-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat. sg. -wearde, 1901. baeeth, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes baeeth, _over the diver's bath_ (i.e. the sea), 1862. baernan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. het ... banfatu baernan, _bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu baernan, _began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314. for-baernan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne moston ... brondefor-baernan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead Aeschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127. baedan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beethia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. baedde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. ge-baedan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebaeded, _distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send forth_: straela storm strengum gebaeded, _the storm of arrows sent with strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebaeded, _the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827. bael (O.N. bal), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid baele for, _passed (through the air) with fire_, 2309; haefde landwara lige befangan, baele and bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; aer he bael cure, _ere he sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hataeth ... hlaew gewyrcean ... aefter baele, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Beowulf's words), 2804. bael-fyr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. baelfyra maest, 3144. bael-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bael=stede, 3098. bael-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113. baer, st. f., _bier_, 3106. ge-baeran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefraegen ic ŝa maegethe ... sel gebaeran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eorethan geseah ŝone leofestan lifes aet ende bleate gebaeran, _saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825. ge-baetan (denominative from baete, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. ŝa waes Hroethgare hors gebaeted, 1400. be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one direction, as aet, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_ (rest): be ydlafe uppe laegon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_ (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; haefde be honda, _held by the hand_ (Beowulf held Grendel), 815; be saem tweonum, _in the circuit of both the seas_, 859, 1686; be maeste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fyre, _by the fire_, 2220; be naesse, _at the promontory_, 2244; saet be ŝaem gebroethrum twaem, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; waes se gryre laessa efne swa micle swa bieth maegetha craeft be waepnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, _on, upon, by_: gefeng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; aledon leofne ŝeoden be maeste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; waepen hafenade be hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic ŝis gid be ŝe awraec, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; ŝu ŝe laer be ŝon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be faeder lare, _according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_: be ŝe lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bi. bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deaeth-, hlin-, laeger-, morethor-, wael-bed. ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde secan ewen to gebeddan, _wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_, 666.--Comp. heals-gebedde. begen, fem. ba, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on ba healfa, _on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bam, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, urum bam, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwaeethres, _each one of the two_, 1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125. ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_: w. dat. (pret. subj.) ŝaet he ecean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402. a-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. oeth ŝaet hyne an abealh mon on mode, _till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. abolgen, 724. ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben. benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc. benc-sweg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the benches_, 1162. benc-ŝel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand_: nom. pl. benc-ŝelu, 486; acc. pl. bencŝelu beredon, _cleared the bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240. bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fyr-, hell-, hyge-, iren-, oncer-, searo-, wael-bend. ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122. bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera. beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreeth, 296, 448; ŝone maethethum byreeth, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht ŝa se hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. baer, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne baer faeted waege, _brought the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. baeron, 213, 1636, etc.; baeran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: ŝaet we rondas beren eft to earde, 2654; gewitaeth foreth beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; ic gefraegn sunu Wihstanes hringnet beran, 2755; wigheafolan baer, 2662; helmas baeron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas baeran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons. aet-beran, _to carry to_: inf. to beadulace (_battle_) aetberan, 1562; pret. ŝa hine on morgentid on Heaethoraemas holm up aetbaer, _the sea bore him up to the Heaethoraemas_, 519; hio Beowulfe medoful aetbaer _brought Beowulf the mead-cup_, 625; maegenbyrethenne ... hider ut aetbaer cyninge minum, _bore the great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hi hyne aetbaeron to brimes faroethe, 28. for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. ŝaet he ŝone breostwylm forberan ne mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878. ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. ŝaet la maeg secgan se ŝe soeth and riht fremeeth on folce ... ŝaet ŝes eorl waere geboren betera (_that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), 1704. oeth-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. ŝa mec sae oethbaer on Finna land, 579. on-beran (O.H.G. in beran, intperan, but in the sense of carere), auferre, _to carry off, to take away_: inf. iren aergod ŝaet ŝaes ahlaecan blodge beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (waes) onboren beaga hord, _the treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sawl-berend. berian (denominative from baer, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_: pret. pl. bencŝelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the benches), 1240. berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston banlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Beowulf's gripe), 761. for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Naegling forbaerst, _Naegling_ (Beowulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681. betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. bet-lic, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hroethgar's hall, 781; of Hygelac's residence, 1926. betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. nu is ofost betost, ŝaet we ..., _now is haste the best, that we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscruda betst, 453; acc. sg. m. ŝegn betstan, 1872. becn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rofes becn (of Beowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen. beg. See beag. ben, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bene, 428, 2285. bena, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swa ŝu bena eart (_as thou entreatest_), 352; swa he bena waes (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy benan synt, 364. ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac ŝu Hroethgare widcuethne wean wihte gebettest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hroethgar of the evil known afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncyethethe ealle gebette, _removed all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on ŝam feorhbonan faehethe gebetan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466. beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bad beadwa ge-ŝinges, _waited for the combats_ (with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710. beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. beado-grima, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -griman, 2258. beado-hraegl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552. beadu-lac, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat. sg. to beadu-lace, 1562. beado-leoma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524. beado-mece, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mecas, 1455. beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110. beadu-rof, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rofes, of Beowulf, 3162. beadu-run, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rune, _solved the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705. beadu-scrud, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl. beaduscruda betst, 453. beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756. beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300. beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald. bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode godum daedum (_through brave deeds_), 2178. bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568. bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreether-, leod-, morethor-, niht-, sweord-, wig-bealu. bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sar hafaeth befongen balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978. bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266. bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: gen. pl. aeghwaeethrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566. bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel, 724. bealo-nieth, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg., 2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh ŝe ŝone bealonieth, _beware of destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on breostum bealo-nieth weoll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the dragon's poison), 2715. bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom. sg. eagena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeaton, guethhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432. bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, alecgan); dat. sg. him to bearme cwom maethethumfaet maere, _came into his possession_, 2405. bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglafes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_: nom. sg. Ongenŝeow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; haeleetha bearn, 1190; aeethelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niethetha bearna, 1006.--Comp.: broethor-, dryht-bearn. bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. ŝaet hyre ealdmetod este waere bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a son_ (i.e. as Beowulf), 947. bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl. hrimge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364. beacen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht beacen godes, _of the sun_, 570; gen. pl. beacna beorhtost, 2778. See becn. ge-beacnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-beacnod, 140. beag, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. beah (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg. beah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaethobeardnas), 2042; beg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhŝeo foreth gan under gyldnum beage, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. beages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. beagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.-- Comp.: earm-, heals-beag. beag-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103. beag-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg. beaghroden, cwen, of Hroethgar's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164), 624. beah-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg. beah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. beah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. beah-horda weard, of King Hroethgar, 922. beah-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178. beah-ŝegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. aefter beah-ŝege, 2177. beah-wrietha, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. beah-wriethan, 2019. beam, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam. beatan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede beateeth, _the steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beaten, _died, struck by the battle-axe_, 2360. beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp. stan-beorh. beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. heafod-beorh. beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294; here-byrne ... seo ŝe bancofan beorgan cuethe, _which could protect his body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600. be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh ŝe ŝone bealonteth, 1759. ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_: pret. sg. ŝaet gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg life and lice, 2571. ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring utan ymb-bearh, 1504. beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; ŝaet beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. to ŝaere byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte fraetwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: beacna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg. beorhtre bote, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht. beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518. beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sweg, 1162. beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hroethgar), 1881, (Beowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Beow.), 1025, (Aeschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Beowulf and his companions), 211, (Hroethgar's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Beowulf's liege-men), 2405.--Comp.: folc-, gueth-beorn. beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.--Comp. un-byrnende. for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673. ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698. beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149. beodan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. biodan, 2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geŝingo budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. ŝa waes aeht boden Sweona leodum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic ŝaem godan sceal maethmas beodan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_, 385. a-beodan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne abead, _made known the words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hael abead, _wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, haelo abead, 2419; eoton weard abead, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669. be-beodan, _to command, to order_: pret. swa him se hearda bebead, _as the strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swa se rica bebead, 1976. ge-beodan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. het ŝa gebeodan byre Wihstanes haeleetha monegum, ŝaet hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebead hord and rice, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. guethe gebeodan, _to offer battle_, 604. beod-geneat, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. geneatas, 343, 1714. beon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. guethgeweorca ic beo gearo sona, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wa bieth ŝaem ŝe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; so, 186; gifeethe bieth is given, 299; ne bieth ŝe wilna gad (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; ŝaer ŝe bieth manna ŝearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bieth swylc cwenlic ŝeaw, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft sona bieth _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. ŝonne bioeth brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cyethethe beoeth selran gesohte ŝam ŝe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. beo (bio) ŝu on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; beo wieth Geatas glaed, _be gracious to the Geatas_, 1174. beor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. aet beore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. sg. beore druncen, 531; beore druncne, 480. beor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. beor-scealca sum (one of Hroethgar's followers, because they served the Geatas at meals), 1241. beor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in (on) beorsele, 482, 492, 1095; biorsele, 2636. beor-ŝegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. aefter beorŝege, 117; aet ŝaere beorŝege, 618. beot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. he beot ne aleh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beot eal ... gelaeste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523. ge-beotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self_: pret. gebeotedon, 480, 536. beot-word, st. n., same as beot: dat. pl. beot-wordum spraec, 2511. biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. doeth swa ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic ŝe biddan wille anre bene, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swa he selfa baed, _as he himself had requested_, 29; baed hine bliethne (supply wesan) aet ŝaere beorŝege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic ŝe lange baed ŝaet ŝu..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioethowaere baed hlaford sinne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; baed ŝaet ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum baedon ŝaet..., 176. on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. laetaeth hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda geŝinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay the shields aside here), 397. bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gueth-, hilde-, wig-bil. bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning. ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. ŝaer ic fife geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges ŝegn word oether fand soethe gebunden, _the king's man found_ (after many had already praised Beowulf's deed) _other words_ (also referring to Beowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) _rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmael wraettum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel guethwiga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), 2112. on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501. ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. is-gebind. bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite irena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. aefter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. laeth-bite. biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran straele, 1747; instr. pl. biteran banum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432. bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332. bi, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bi saem tweonum, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; aras bi ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; bi wealle gesaet, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big stodan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ (motion): hwearf ŝa bi bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geong bi sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757. bid (see bidan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: ŝaer weareth Ongenŝio on bid wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963. bidan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. no on wealle leng bidan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the drake), 2309; pret. in ŝystrum bad, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota stille bad, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on ŝaem se rica bad, _where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; ŝaer se snottra bad, _where the wise man_ (Hroethgar) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bad, _he_ (Beowulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bad maelgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume ŝaer bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bidan woldon Grendles guethe, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wiges bidan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bidan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bad beadwa geŝinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; saegenga bad agend-frean, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele ... heaethowylma bad, laethan liges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. a-bidan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978. ge-bidan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebide ge on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. ŝeah ŝe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden haebbe Haereethes dohtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedaeg minne gebidan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne wende ... bote gebidan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; fela sceal gebidan leofes and laethes, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende gebidan, 1387, 2343; pret. he ŝaes frofre gebad, _received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebad wintra worn, _lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. to gebidanne oethres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. to gebidanne ŝaet his byre ride on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, 2446; pret. dream-leas gebad ŝaet he..., _joyless he experienced it, that he_..., 1721; ŝaes ŝe ic on aldre gebad ŝaet ic..., _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_..., 1780. on-bidan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbad earfoethlice oeth ŝaet aefen cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303. bitan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bitan, 1455, 1524; pret. bat banlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bat unswiethor, _cut with less force_ (Beowulf's sword), 2579. blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857. ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: sund-, yeth-geblond, windblond. blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, _gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595. blaec, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802. blac, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blacne leoman, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblac. blaed, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. waes hira blaed scacen (of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is ŝines maegnes blaed ane hwile, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blaed, 18; (ŝin) blaed is araered, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704. blaed-agend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blaed-agende, 1014. blaed-faest, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. blaedfaestne beorn (of Aeschere, with reference to 1329), 1300. bleat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wael-bleat. bleate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825. blican, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222 bliethe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. bliethne, 618.--2) _gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. bliethe, 436.--Comp. un-bliethe. blieth-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803. blod, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blode, 848; aefter deorum men him langaeth beorn wieth blode, _the hero_ (Hroethgar) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blode, 486, 935, 1595, etc. blod-fag, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061. blodig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blodge, 991; acc. sg. n. blodig, 448; instr. sg. blodigan gare, 2441. ge-blodian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. ge-blodegod, 2693. blodig-toeth, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blodig-toeth (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083. blod-reow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhethe greow breost-hord blod-reow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720. be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod. bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blieth-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803. boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flan-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stan-boga. bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231. bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelac's residence), 1926; (Beowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. fold-bold. bold-agend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum boldagendra, 3113. bolgen-mod, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714. bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-braeded weareth beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, 1241.--Comp. hleor-bolster. bon-. See ban-. bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, raed-, waeg-bora. bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebraec, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wig-bord. bord-haebbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. haebbende, 2896. bord-hreoetha, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreoethan, 2204. bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560. bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981. bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244. botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. to botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507. bot (emendation, cf. betan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bote, 935; acc. sg. bote, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bote, 158. brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. ŝa sceal brond fretan (_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne moston ... bronde forbaernan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; haefde landwara lige befangen, baele and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, 2323.--2) in the passage, ŝaet hine no brond ne beadomecas bitan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in the passage, forgeaf ŝa Beowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hroethgar (perhaps _son_), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S. brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568. brad, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brade rice, 2208.--2) _broad_: nom. sg. heah and brad (of Beowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. bradne mece, 2979; (seax) brad [and] brunecg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brad gold, 3106. ge-braec, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebraec, 2260. geond-braedan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. geond-braeded, 1240. brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. banhringas braec, (the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. ŝaet ŝaer aenig mon waere ne braece, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; pret. part. ŝonne bioeth brocene ... aeth-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. saedeor monig hildetuxum heresyrcan braec, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah ... stream ut brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, 2547; let se hearda Higelaces ŝegn bradne mece ... brecan ofer bordweal, _caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt braec, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. banhus gebraec, _broke in pieces his body_ (Beowulf in combat with Daeghrefn), 2509. to-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. to-brocen, 998. ŝurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breosthord ŝurh-braec, _the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793. breceth, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. modes brecetha (_sorrow of heart_), 171. a-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. abredwade, 2620. bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. braegd ealde lafe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; braegd feorh-geniethlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git eagorstream ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. broden (brogden) mael, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet oethrum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohraegl broden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. a-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up a-braed, _swung, raised his hand_, 2576. ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mael gebraegd, _swung the ringed sword_, 1565; eald sweord eacen ... ŝaet ic ŝy waepne gebraegd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. waellseaxe gebraed, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord aer gebraed, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbraed ŝa recedes muethan, _had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610. brego-rof, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m., 1926. brego-stol, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon ŝusendo, bold and brego-stol, _seven thousand_ see under sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; ŝaer him Hygd gebead ... brego-stol, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; let ŝone bregostol Beowulf healdan, _gave over to Beowulf the chief power_ (did not prevent Beowulf from entering upon the government), 2390. breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18. brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808. a-breatan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. abreot brimwisan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Haeethcyn), 2931. See breotan. breost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. ŝaet mine breost wereeth, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohraegl broden on breostum laeg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. breost innan weoll ŝeostrum geŝoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. let ŝa of breostum word ut faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551. breost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819. breost-gewaedu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163. breost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793. breost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg. breost-net broden, 1549. breost-weorethung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. breost-weorethunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Beowulf receives from Wealhŝeow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fraetwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breost-weorethung. breost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. sg, 1878. breotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. breat beodgeneatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714. a-breotan, same as above: pret. ŝone ŝe heo on raeste abreat, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. ŝa ŝaet monige geweareth, ŝaet hine seo brimwylf abroten haefde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hi hyne ... abroten haefdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708. brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. to brimes faroethe, _to the sea_, 28; aet brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaethredon, _the waves subsided_, 570. brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, 222. brim-lad, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. ŝara ŝe mid Beowulfe brimlade teah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052. brim-liethend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -liethende, 568. brim-stream, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer brim-streamas, 1911. brim-wisa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwisan, of Haeethcyn, king of the Geatas, 2931. brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. seo brimwylf, 1507, 1600. brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495. bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic ŝe ŝusenda ŝegna bringe to helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heaethu bringan lac and luftacen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. we ŝas saelac ... brohton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's head), 1654. ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. ŝat we ŝone gebringan ... on adfaere, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010. brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. sg. III. herepad ... brosnaeth aefter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261. broethor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. breether, 1263; gen. sg. his broethor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. broethrum, 588, 1075. ge-broethru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. saet be ŝaem gebroethrum twaem, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192. broga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brogan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-broga. brucan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se ŝe longe her worolde bruceeth, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. bruc manigra meda, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. ŝaet he beahhordes brucan moste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breac lifgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: breac ŝonne moste, 1488; imp. bruc ŝisses beages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brucan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. het hine wel brucan, 1046; het hine brucan well, 2813; imp. bruc ealles well, 2163. brun, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sio ecg brun, 2579. brun-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brad [and] brunecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547. brun-fag, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brunfagne helm, 2616. bryne-leoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., 2314. bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327. brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. breotan), w. v., _to bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384. brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923. bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttaeth, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, 1727. bryd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. bryd, 2931; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenŝeow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of Hroethgar's daughter, Freaware, 2032. bryd-bur, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of brydbure, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922. bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: nom. sg., 1911. bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776. burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: freo, freoetho-, hea-, hleo-, hord-, leod-, maeg-burg. burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelac's), 1929. burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266. burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. ŝenden he burh-welan brucan moste, 3101. burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. ŝaere burnan waelm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547. buan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde buan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, 2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld buan, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066. ge-buan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hean huses, hu hit Hring Dene aefter beorŝege gebun haefdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.--With the pres. part. buend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-buend. bugan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. bon-gar bugeeth, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. ŝaet se byrnwiga bugan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. beah eft under eorethweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon to bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, 1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599. a-bugan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle abeag medubenc monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776. be-bugan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swa (_which_) waeter bebugeeth, 93; efne swa side swa sae bebugeeth windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224. ge-bugan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: heo on flet gebeah, _sank on the floor_, 1541; ŝa gebeah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; ŝa se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), 2568; gewat ŝa gebogen scriethan to, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), 2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebeah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeag, 1242. bur, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bure, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. burum, 140.--Comp. bryd-bur. butan, buton (from be and utan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: butan his lic swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: buton hit waes mare ŝonne aenig mon oether to beadulace aetberan meahte, _but it_ (the sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, _except_: ŝara ŝe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston buton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he maethm-aehta ma buton ŝone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: buton folcscare, 73; buton ŝe, 658; ealle buton anum, 706. bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne waes ŝaet gewrixle til ŝaet hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306. be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on maethma hord mine bebohte frode feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800. ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. no ŝaer aenige ... frofre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes feore beagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015. byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swa he Fresena cyn on beorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095. ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gare wunde, 1075. ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu. byrdu-scrud, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., 2661. byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. baedde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. byrethen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. maegen-byrethen. byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162. byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448. ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. leod-gebyrgea. byrht. See _beorht_. byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hare byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, _with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gueth-, here-, heaetho-, iren-, isern-byrne. byrnend. See beornan. byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919. bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581. bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lif-bysig, syn-bysig. byme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. byman gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944. bywan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. ŝa ŝe beado-griman bywan sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258. C camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's with Daeghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506. candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.--Comp. woruld-candel. cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. aeethele cempa, 1313; Geata cempa, 1552; reethe cempa, 1586; maere cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. feethe-cempa. cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swa hwylc maegetha swa ŝone magan cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. ŝaem eafera waes aefter cenned, _to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal one's self_: imp. cen ŝec mid craefte, _prove yourself by your strength_, 1220. a-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. no hie faeder cunnon, hwaeether him aenig waes aer acenned dyrnra gasta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. cenethu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cenethu, 2697. cene, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cenra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cenoste, 206.--Comp.: daed-, gar-cene. ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde streamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsiethum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald. cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. sg. III. na ymb his lif cearaeth, _takes no care for his life_, 1537. cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig. cear-sieth, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsiethum (of Beowulf's expeditions against Eadgils), 2397. cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gueth-, mael-, mod-cearu. cear-waelm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. pl. aefter cear-waelmum, 2067. cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. ŝa cear-wylmas, 282. ceaster-buend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-buendum, of those established in Hroethgar's castle, 769. ceap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. naes ŝaet yethe ceap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. ŝeah ŝe oether hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483. ge-ceapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrime grimme geceapod, _gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Beowulf's life), 3013. be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine ŝa heafde becearf, _cut off his head_, 1591; similarly, 2139. ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hreethel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenŝeow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, 416, 1592. ceol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. ceol, 38, 238; gen. sg. ceoles, 1807. ceosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. ŝone cynedom ciosan wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. aer he bael cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819. ge-ceosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, to geceosenne cyning aenigne (selran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. ŝe ŝaet selre ge-ceos, _choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonieth and ece raedas), 1759; pret. he usic on herge geceas to ŝyssum siethfate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; geceas ecne raed, _chose the everlasting gain_, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leoht geceas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. haefde ... cempan gecorone, 206. on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... ŝaes wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; ŝyder oncirde, _turned thither_, 2971. a-cigan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. acigde of corethre cyninges ŝegnas syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122. clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geata clifu, 1912.--Comp.: brim-, eg-, holm-, stan-clif. ge-cnawan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht ŝu, min wine, mece gecnawan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048. on-cnawan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniow mannes reorde, _distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555. cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. ŝyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ (Hroethgar's sons), 1220. cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine cuethe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit ŝaet gecwaedon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535. cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. ŝonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329. collen-ferheth, -fereth, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferheth, of Beowulf, 1807; collen-fereth, of Wiglaf, 2786. corether, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. ŝa waes ... Fin slaegen, cyning on corethre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ (of warriors), 1154; of corethre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, 3122. costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he min costode, _tried me_, 2085. cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. ban-cofa. col, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas colran wurethaeth, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wiflufan ... colran weorethaeth, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067. craeft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. maegetha craeft, 1284; acc. sg. maegenes craeft, 418; ŝurh anes craeft, 700; craeft and cenethu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. craefte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum craefte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan craefte, 2291; ŝeofes craefte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. deofles craeftum, _by devil's art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda craeft, 2223.--Comp.: leoetho-, maegen-, nearo-, wig-craeft. craeftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoethes craeftig, 1467; nietha craeftig, 1963. Comp. wig-craeftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. lagu-craeftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. eacen-craeftig. cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wael crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on waele crungon, 1114. ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; aet wige gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; heo on flet gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single combat_, 2506. cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma. cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf ŝu on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeeth, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. ŝonne we ut cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwome, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com siethian, 721; com in gan, 1645; cwom gan, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwomon laedan, 239; cwomon secean, 268; cwoman scriethan, 651, etc. [pret. com, etc.] be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syethethan niht becom, _after the night had come_, 115; ŝe on ŝa leode becom, _that had come over the people_, 192; ŝa he to ham becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under harne stan, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hames niosan, 2366; oeth ŝaet ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: ŝa hyne sio ŝrag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_, 2884. ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. ŝy he ŝone feond ofercwom, _thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie feond heora ... ofercomon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nietha ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846. cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. hilte-cumbor. cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund. cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic minne can glaedne Hroethulf ŝaet he ... wile, _I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he ŝaet wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrunan scriethaeth, _men do not know whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cuethe, _knew him_, 372; cuethe he dugueth ŝeaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cuethe ŝurh hwaet..., _he himself did not know through what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cuethon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): no hie faeder cunnon (scil. no hie cunnon) hwaeether him aenig waes aer acenned dyrnra gasta, 1356.--2) with inf. following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. cuethe reccan, 90; beorgan cuethe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cuethon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cuethe, 2373. cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, _tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. cueth, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cueth, 150, 410; wide cueth, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cuethe folme, 1304; cuethe straete, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cuethe, 1146; acc. pl. cuethe naessas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: nom. sg. guethum cueth, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cuethe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-cueth).--Comp.: un-, wid-cueth. cueth-lice, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. no her cuethlicor cuman ongunnon lind-haebbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244. cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. deaeth-cwalu. cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. cwehte maegen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235. cweethan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwieth aet beore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word aefter cwaeeth, 315; fea worda cwaeeth, 2247, 2663.--c) with ŝaet following: pret. sg. cwaeeth, 92, 2159; pl. cwaedon, 3182.--d) with ŝaet omitted: pret. cwaeeth he gueth-cyning secean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940. a-cweethan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. ŝaet word acwyeth, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. ŝaet word acwaeeth, 655. ge-cweethan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swa ŝu gecwaede, 2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwaeeth, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit ŝaet gecwaedon, 535.--c) w. ŝaet following: pret. gecwaeeth, 858, 988. cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. ŝu Grendel cwealdest, 1335. a-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm acwealde, 887; ŝone ŝe Grendel aer mane acwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn acwealde, 2122. cwen, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwen, 62; (Hroethgar's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. beaghroden cwen (Wealhŝeow), 624; maeru cwen, 2017; fremu folces cwen (Ŝryetho), 1933; acc. sg. cwen (Wealhŝeow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwen. cwen-lic, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bieth swylc cwenlic ŝeaw (_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941. cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. ŝone cwealm gewraec, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; maendon mondryhtnes cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, deaeth-, gar-cwealm. cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941. cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. ŝone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. aht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico waes ŝa gena, _was still alive_, 3094. cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleo-, ethor- [non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide. cwiethan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguethe cwiethan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwiethan, _lament their cares_, 3173. cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan eowre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme. cymlice, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlicor, 38. cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; eowrum (of those who desert Beowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; maeran cynnes, 1730; laethan cynnes, 2009, 2355; usses cynnes Waegmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn. cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614. ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. cyne-dom, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377. cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eoreth-, folc-, gueth-, heah-, leod-, sae-, soeth-, ŝeod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635. ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste ŝa cyning ... ŝegen betstan, _kissed the best thane_ (Beowulf), 1871. cyst (_choosing_, see ceosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. irenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, 1698; waepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. irena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cuethe, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecyethed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. cyeth. See on-cyeth. cyethan (see cueth), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. maegen-ellen cyeth, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cyethan, 1941; ellen cyethan, 2696. ge-cyethan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: inf. andsware gecyethan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, to gecyethanne hwanan eowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. soeth is gecyethed ŝaet ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelace waes sieth Beowulfes snude gecyethed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in pret. part.: waes min faeder folcum gecyethed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; waes his modsefa manegum gecyethed, 349; cystum gecyethed, 924. cyethethu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., _home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cyethethu. [should be cyeth, feor-cyeth--KTH] ge-cypan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. naes him aenig ŝearf ŝaet he ... ŝurfe wyrsan wigfrecan weorethe gecypan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497. D daroeth, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareethum lacan (_to fight_), 2849. ge-dal, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedal, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lif-gedal. daeg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. daeg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. daeg, 2400; andlangne daeg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne daeg (_the whole morning_), 2895; oeth domes daeg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on ŝaem daege ŝysses lifes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. daeges, 1601, 2321; hwil daeges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; daeges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; daeges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten days_, 3161.--Comp. aer-, deaeth-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, gear-, laen-, lif-, swylt-, win-daeg, an-daeges. daeg-hwil, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. ŝaet he daeghwila gedrogen haefde eorethan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.) daeg-rim, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dogera daegrim (_number of the days of his life_), 824. daed, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. deorlice daed, 585; domleasan daed, 2891; frecne daede, 890; daed, 941; acc. pl. Grendles daeda, 195; gen. pl. daeda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. daedum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-daed. daed-cene, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. daed-cene mon, 1646. daed-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. daed-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275. daedla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. man-for-daedla. dael, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dael, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. daelas, 1733.--Often dael designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oeth ŝaet him on innan oferhygda dael weaxeeth, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biowulfe weareth dryhtmaethma dael deaethe, forgolden, _to Beowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. daelan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. madmas daeleeth, 1757; pres. subj. ŝaet he wieth aglaecean eofoetho daele, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the drake), 2535; inf. hringas daelan, 1971; pret. beagas daelde, 80; sceattas daelde, 1687. be-daelan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. dreamum (dreame) bedaeled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of Grendel), 722, 1276. ge-daelan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); baer on innan eall gedaelan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, _distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) _to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedaelan lif wieth lice, _separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. ŝaet he gedaelde ... anra gehwylces lif wieth lice, 732. denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. ŝaes wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewat dennes niosian, 3046. ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swa hit gedefe waes (bieth), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. beo ŝu suna minum daedum gedefe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-defelice. deman (see dom), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. maeretho deme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguethum demdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, 3176. demend, _judge_: daeda demend (of God), 181. deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. ŝryethum dealle, 494. dead, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. deadne, 1310. deaeth, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, deaeth, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. deaeth, 2169; dat. sg. deaethe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deaethes wylm, 2270; deaethes nyd, 2455.--Comp. gueth-, wael-, wundor-deaeth. deaeth-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. deaeth-bedde faest, 2902. deaeth-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. to deaeth-cwalum, 1713. deaeth-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671. deaeth-daeg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. aefter deaeth-daege (_after his death_), 187, 886. deaeth-faege, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) deaeth-faege deog, _had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851. deaeth-scua, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. deorc deaeth-scua (of Grendel), 160. deaeth-werig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deaeth-werigne, 2126. See werig. deaeth-wic, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewat deaethwic seon (_had died_), 1276. deagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deog, 851.--Leo. deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deaeth-scua, 160. deofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. deofles, 2089; gen. pl. deofla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681. deogol, dygol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. deogol daedhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dygel lond, _inaccessible land_, 1358. deop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550. deop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. deop waeter, 509, 1905. diope, adj., _deep_: hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon ŝeodnas maere, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070. deor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sae-deor. deor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dior daed-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. naenig ... deor, 1934.--Comp.: heaethu-, hilde-deor. deore, dyre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dyre iren, 2051; drincfaet dyre (deore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. deorum maethme, 1529; nom. pl. dyre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. deore (dyre) maethmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., aeethelum diore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. aefter deorum men, 1880; gen. sg. deorre duguethe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorŝegn ŝone deorestan, 1310. deor-lic, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. deorlice daed, 585. See deor. disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049. ge-digan. See ge-dygan. dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. dol-lic, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. maest ... daeda dollicra, 2647. dol-sceaetha, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. ŝone dol-scaethan (Grendel), 479. dogor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb antid oethres dogores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leoht oethres dogores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. ŝys dogor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. ŝy dogore, 1798; forman dogore, 2574; gen. pl. dogora gehwam, 88; dogra gehwylce, 1091; dogera daegrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), 824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dogrum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dogor. dogor-gerim, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. waes eall sceacen dogor-gerimes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729. dohtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dohtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc. dom, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, wis-dom.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dome, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: aefter dome, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) _court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan domes, 979; oeth domes daeg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sinne sylfes dom, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dome, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. dom godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores anne dom, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dome, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dom], 955; dom unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; ŝaet waes forma sieth deorum maethme ŝaet his dom alaeg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) _that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dom gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; ŝaet ŝu ne alaete dom gedreosan, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. ŝaer he dome forleas, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; dome gewurethad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce se ŝe mote domes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, 1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. soeth-faestra dom, _the glory of the saints_, 2821. dom-leas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. domleasan daed, 2891. don, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. doeth swa ic bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. het hire selfre sunu on bael don, 1117; pret. ŝa he him of dyde isernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (ŝonne) him Hunlafing, ... billa selest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of Hunlafing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, 2810; ne him ŝaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafoeth and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi on beorg dydon beg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. to Geatum sprec mildum wordum! swa sceal man don, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weold, swa he nu git deeth, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swa ŝu aer dydest, 1677; III. swa he nu gyt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swa hie oft aer dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wen' ic ŝaet he wille ... Geatena leode etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde maegen Hreethmanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Geat people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hreethmen_, 444; gif ic ŝaet gefricge ... ŝaet ŝec ymbesittend egesan ŝywaeth, swa ŝec hetende hwilum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic owihte maeg ŝinre mod-lufan maran tilian ŝonne ic gyt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. ŝonne ŝa dydon, 44. ge-don, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedeeth him swa gewealdene worolde daelas, _makes the parts of the world_ (i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrethne drihten wereda gedon wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec ŝaer on innan ... gedon wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091. draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eoreth-, fyr-, leg-, lig-, nieth-draca. on-draedan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. ŝaet ŝu him on-draedan ne ŝearft ... aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. no he him ŝa saecce ondred, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348. ge-draeg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: acc. sg. secan deofla gedraeg, 757. drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferheth-geniethlan, 2881; pret. part. bieth on hreethre ... drepen biteran straele, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; waes in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), 2982. drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590. drefan, ge-drefan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewat ... drefan deop waeter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. waeter under stod dreorig and gedrefed, 1418. dream, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. haeleetha dream, 497; acc. sg. dream hludne, 88; ŝu ... dream healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. sg. dreame bedaeled, 1276; gen. pl. dreama leas, 851; dat. pl. dreamum (here adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dreamum bedaeled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gleo-, gum-, man-, sele-dream. dream-leas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremod, 1721. dreogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. dreah aefter dome, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-ŝearfe ongeat, ŝaet hie aer drugon aldorlease lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) _to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreoh symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, 1783; inf. driht-scype dreogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte dreah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hi sieth drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhetho dreogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. ŝegn-sorge dreah, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoŝearfe dreah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge ŝe hie aer drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. a-dreogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wraec adreogan, 3079. ge-dreogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. ŝaet he ... gedrogen haefde eorethan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727. dreor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. dreore, 447.--Comp. heoru-, sawul-, wael-dreor. dreor-fah, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485. dreorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. waeter stod dreorig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sinne driorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dreorig. ge-dreosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lic-homa laene gedreoseeth, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. ŝaet ŝu ne alaete dom gedreosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667. drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blod edrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon win weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; ŝaer guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slog heoreth-geneatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. beore (wine) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beore druncne, 480. drifan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. ŝa ŝe brentingas ofer floda genipu feorran drifaeth, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) ŝeah ŝe he [ne] meahte on mere drifan hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131. to-drifan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oeth ŝaet unc flod todraf, 545. drohtoeth, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. sg. ne waes his drohtoeth ŝaer swylce he aer gemette, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757. drusian, w. v. (cf. dreosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631. dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in comp. mago-driht. ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. minra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. aeethelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (haeleetha) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht. dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frea-, freo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hroethgar's warriors). dryht-lic, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtlic iren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlice wif (of Hildeburh), 1159. dryht-maethum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. dryhtmaethma, 2844. dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype dreogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471. dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync. drync-faet, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-faet, 2307. drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmaeth, 1376. drysne, adj. See on-drysne. dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. huru se aldor deah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ethonne his ellen deah, _if his strength avails, is good_, 573; ŝe him selfa deah, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. ŝeah ŝin wit duge, _though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. ŝu us wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu seo hand ligeeth se ŝe eow welhwylcra wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. subj. ŝeah ŝu heaethoraesa gehwaer dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526. dugueth (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: dat. pl. for dugeethum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguethum demdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. dugueth unlytel, 498; dugueth, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguethe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles fraetwe geaf ealdor duguethe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; leoda duguethe on last, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cuethe he duguethe ŝeaw, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; deorre duguethe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguetha, 2036.--3) contrasted with geogoeth, dugueth designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguethe and geogoethe, 160; gehwylc ... duguethe and iogoethe, 1675; duguethe and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne, 622. durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. ŝu dearst bidan, _darest to await_, 527; III. he gesecean dear, 685; pres. subj. sec gyf ŝu dyrre, _seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849. duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389. ge-dufan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. ŝaet sweord gedeaf (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701. ŝurh-dufan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. waeter up ŝurh-deaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the bottom), 1620. dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. no hine wiht dweleeth, adl ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736. dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288. dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan craefte, _with secret magic art_, 2291; dyrnum craefte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gasta, _of malicious spirits_ (of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne. dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880. dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: ŝeah ŝe he daeda gehwaes dyrstig waere, _although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839. ge-dygan, ge-digan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif ŝu ŝaet ellenweorc aldre gedigest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. ŝaet ŝone hilderaes hal gedigeeth, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. unfaege gedigan wean and wraecsieth, 2293; hwaeether sel maege wunde gedygan, _which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende deop gedygan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. dygol. See deogol. dyre. See deore. E ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; meces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne waes ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sio ecg brun (Beowulf's sword Naegling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. aescum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg waes iren, 1460.--Comp.: brun-, heard-, styl-ecg, adj. ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain weareth to ecg-banan angan breether, 1263. ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. sg., 84, 1739. ecg-ŝracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-ŝraece, 597. ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): ŝa ŝaer sona weareth edhwyrft eorlum, siethethan inne fealh Grendles modor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him edwendan aefre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280. ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189. edwit-lif, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892. efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligeeth ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, 2904. efnan (see aefnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelac efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. to efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swa or swylc: efne swa swiethe swa, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swa side swa, 1224; waes se gryre laessa efne swa micle swa, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; leoht inne stod efne swa ... scineeth, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) _just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swa hwylc maegetha swa ŝone magan cende (_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swa him gemet ŝuhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce maela swylce ... ŝearf gesaelde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250. eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sona bieth, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bot eft cuman, _help come again_, 281.--2) _again, on the other side_: ŝaet hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesiethas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swa aer, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, _back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; ŝaet hig aeethelinges eft ne wendon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597. eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. eft-sieth, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-siethes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsiethas teah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, 1333. egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: acc. sg. ŝurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gymeeth, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: gled-, lig-, waeter-egesa. eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930. eges-lic, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826. egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. ŝaet ŝe ... weras ehtigaeth, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223. elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde. eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112. el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (_shall be banished_), 3020. ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoeth and ellen, 903; Geata ... eafoeth and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoeth and ellen, 2350; ellen cyethan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlic ellen, 638; ferh ellen wraec, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. ŝa waes aet ŝam geongum grim andswaru eethbegete ŝam ŝe aer his elne forleas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (Wiglaf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, _strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes laet, 1530; ŝa him waes elnes ŝearf, 2877.--Comp. maegen-ellen. ellen-daed, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -daedum, 877, 901. ellen-gaest, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86. ellen-lice, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123. ellen-maerethu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -maerethum, 829, 1472. ellen-rof, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rofum, 1788. ellen-seoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. ŝeoden ellensiocne (_the mortally wounded king, Beowulf_), 2788. ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400. elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b (local), elles hwaer, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255. ellor-gast, -gaest, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgast (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgaest (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgaestas, 1350. ellor-sieth, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452. elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), _another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753. el-ŝeodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-ŝeodige men, 336. ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lifes) ende, 823, 2845; oeth ŝaet ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lifgesceafta (lifes, laen-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; haefde eorethscrafa ende genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lifes) aet ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes aet ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. side rice ŝaet he his selfa ne maeg ... ende geŝencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. woruld-ende. ende-daeg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638. ende-dogor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wenum endedogores and eftcymes leotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897. ende-laf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. ŝu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, _art the last of our race_, 2814. ende-lean, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693. ende-saeta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241. ende-staef, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestaef eft gelimpeeth, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754. ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312. enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge anpaethas, _narrow paths_, 1411. ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta aer-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta aer-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775. entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blodig wael ... eteeth an-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, 448; inf. Geatena leode ... etan, 444. ŝurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... ŝurhetone, _swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050. E ec. See eac. ece, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ece drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ece eorethreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceas ecne raed, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ecean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceos ece raedas, 1761. edre. See aedre. eeth-begete, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. ŝa waes aet ŝam geongum grim andswaru eeth-begete, _then from the young man_ (Wiglaf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862. eethe. See eaethe. eethel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swaesne eethel, 520; dat. sg. on eethle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. eethel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wisdome heold eethel sinne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961. eethel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard eethel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199. eethel-stol, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. eethel-stolas, 2372. eethel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on minre eetheltyrf, 410. eethel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. eethelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. East-Dena eethel wearde (King Hroethgar), 617. eethel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall eethelwyn eowrum cynne, lufen alicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard eethelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494. eeth-gesyne, yeth-gesene, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, 1245. efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu efstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, 1494. eg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer eg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. eg-stream, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on eg-streamum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See eagor-stream. ehtan (M.H.G. aechten; cf. aeht and ge-aehtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. aeglaeca ehtende waes duguethe and geogoethe, 159; pret. pl. ehton aglaecan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ (Beowulf)(?), 1513. est, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him est geteah meara and maethma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor haefde agendes est aer gesceawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ (of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heold, estum mid are, 2379; estum geywan (_to present_), 2150; him waes ... wunden gold estum geeawed (_presented_), 1195; we ŝaet ellenweorc estum miclum fremedon, 959. este, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. este bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Beowulf), 946. EA eafoeth, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoeth and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoeth and ellen, 2350; we frecne geneethdon eafoeth uncuethes, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoethes craeftig, 1467; ŝaet ŝec adl oethethe ecg eafoethes getwaefed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; acc. pl. eafeetho (MS. earfeetho) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeethum stepte, _made him great through strength_, 1718. See Note for l. 534. eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153. eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711. eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, _went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124. eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. raed eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) ŝone selestan ŝara ŝe mid Hroethgare ham eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hroethgar deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175. eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencŝelu, 486; sg. eall eethelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; ŝaet hit weareth eal gearo, healaerna maest, 77; ŝaet hit (wigbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: ŝaer waes eal geador Grendles grape, _there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, _all favor_, 2150; waes eall sceacen dogorgerimes, 2728. With apposition: ŝuhte him eall to rum, wongas and wicstede, 2462; acc. sg. beot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncyethethe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlaew ... ealne utan-weardne, 2298; gif he ŝaet eal gemon, 1186, 2428; ŝaet eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wide-ferheth, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle maegene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic ŝaes ealles maeg ... gefean habban, 2740; bruc ealles well, 2163; frean ealles ŝanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sceotend ... ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; acc. pl. feond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deaeth fornam, 2237; lig ealle forswealg ŝara ŝe ŝaer gueth fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-buendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. ana wieth eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. aeethelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he ah ealra geweald, _has power over all_, 1728. Uninflected: bil eal ŝurhwod flaeschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; haefde ... eal gefeormod fet and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se ŝe eall geman gar-cwealm gumena, _who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc. Adverbial: ŝeah ic eal maege, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hi on beorg dydon beg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130. eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and omig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lafe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wisan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde maethmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331. yldra, compar. _older_: min yldra maeg, 468; yldra broethor, 1325; oeth ŝaet he (Heardred) yldra weareth, 2379. yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. ŝam yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. ŝone yldestan, 363, both times of Beowulf. eald-faeder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373. eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870. eald-gesieth, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-gesiethas, 854. eald-gestreon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. eald-gestreonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestreona, 1459. eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777. eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. ŝaet naeron eald-gewyrht, ŝaet he ana scyle gnorn ŝrowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658. eald-hlaford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill eald-hlafordes (of the old Beowulf(?)), 2779. eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946. ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346. ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stod herestrael hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of ealdre gewat, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwena, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum neethdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; to aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, 2499; awa to aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. ŝu ... ondraedan ne ŝearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677. ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. sg. he his leodum weareth ... to aldor-ceare, 907. ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. naefre on aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum aer (_in former days_), 758. ealdor-gedal, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedal, 806. ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904. ealdor-leas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lease, 15. ealdor-leas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; ealdor-leasne, 3004. ealdor-ŝegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. sg. aldor-ŝegn (Hroethgar's confidential adviser, Aeschere), 1309. eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884. ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siethethan he (Hygelac) under segne sinc eal-gode, waelreaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205. eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swyn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768. eal-irenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-irenne wigbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339. ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum weareth ... ealuscerwen, 770. ealu-waege, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowaege, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowaege (_at the ale-carouse_), 481. eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. faeder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him waes bam ... lond gecynde, eard eethel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fifel-cynnes eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, aelwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, 1130; eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _praedium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard eethelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; ŝaet we rondas beren eft to earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. eacne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622. eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. dyre swyrd swa hie wieth eorethan faeethm ŝaer eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wic eardian elles hwergen, _inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590. eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693. earfoeth-lice, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, 2304, 2935. earfoeth-ŝrag, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. -ŝrage, 283. earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bieth swylc earges sieth (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542. earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wieth earm gesaet, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513. earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, _the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, 2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, 577. earm-beag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-beaga fela searwum gesaeled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764. earm-hread, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hreade twa, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade). earm-lic, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedal earmlic wurethan, _his end should be wretched_, 808. earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352. earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027. eatol. See atol. eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. saet frean eaxlum neah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Beowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wiglaf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715. EA eac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ec, 3132. eacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, _large_: nom. pl. eacne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pl. eacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: aeethele and eacen, of Beowulf, 198. eacen-craeftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. hord-aerna sum eacen-craeftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. ŝaet yrfe eacen-craeftig, iumonna gold, 3052. eadig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: nom. sg. wes, ŝenden ŝu lifige, aeetheling eadig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; eadig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, tir-eadig. eadig-lice, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: dreamum lifdon eadiglice, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100. eaethe, eethe, yethe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode ŝancedon ŝaes ŝe him yeth-lade eaethe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne waes ŝaet eethe sieth, _no pleasant way_, 2587; naes ŝaet yethe ceap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; no ŝaet yethe byeth to befleonne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003. eaethe, yethe, adv., _easily_. eaethe, 478, 2292, 2765. eaeth-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138. eage, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of eagum stod leoht unfaeger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; ŝaet ic ... eagum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. eagena bearhtm, 1767. eagor-stream, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513. ea-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Geatas): acc. sg. ea-lond, 2335; _island_. eam, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882. eastan, adv., _from the east_, 569. eawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. eaweeth ... uncuethne nieth, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See eowan, ywan. ge-eawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him waes ... wunden gold estum ge-eawed, _was graciously presented_, 1195. EO eode. See gangan. eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta mearas on flet teon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664. eofoeth, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoetho, 2535. See eafoeth. eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer irenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. ioefur): nom. pl. ŝonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and feethan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. eofor-lic, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lic scionon, 303. eofor-spreot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, 1438. eogueth, iogueth. See geogoeth. eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. eorclan-stan, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stanas, 1209. eoreth-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eoreth-cyninges (Finn), 1156. eoreth-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. 2713, 2826. eorethe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. aelmihtiga eorethan worhte, 92; wide geond eorethan, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorethan, 248, 803; on eorethan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorethan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. he eorethan gefeoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forleton eorla gestreon eorethan healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. ŝaet hit on eorethan laeg, 1533; under eorethan, 2416; gen. sg. wieth eorethan faeethm (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050. eoreth-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720. eoreth-scraef, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eoreth-[scraefe], 2233; gen. pl. eoreth-scraefe, 3047. eoreth-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eoreth-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorethsele, 2516. eoreth-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenŝeow) beah eft under eorethweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), 2958; ŝa me waes ... sieth alyfed inn under eorethweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091. eoreth-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335. eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. eorl-gestreon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestreona ... hardfyrdne dael, 2245. eorl-gewaede, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewaedum, 1443. eorlic (i.e. eorl-lic), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlic ellen, 638. eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894. eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958. eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. eormen-laf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lafe aeethelan cynnes (_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235. eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114. eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617. EO eored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867. eowan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ohwaer, ecghete eoweeth, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See eawan, ywan. eower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eower sum, _that one of you_ (namely, Beowulf), 248; faehethe eower leode, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis ŝaet eower sieth ... nefne min anes, 2533.--2) poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc. F ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. ŝaet haefde gumena sum goldes gefandod, _that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; ŝonne se an hafaeth ŝurh deaethes nyd daeda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Haeethcyn), 2455. fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara. faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. to ham faran, _to go home_, 124; leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; com leoda dugoethe on last faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund waeron aeethelingas eft to leodum fuse to farenne, _the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum for [ŝa] ofer myrcan mor, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; saegenga for, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, 1909; (wyrm) mid baele for, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. pl. ŝaet ... scawan scirhame to scipe foron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896. gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hu se mansceaetha under faergripum gefaran wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739. ut faran, _to go out_: w. acc. let of breostum ... word ut faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552. faroeth, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea_: dat. sg. to brimes faroethe, 28; aefter faroethe, _with the stream_, 580; aet faroethe, 1917. faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. ad-faru. facen-staef (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. acc. pl. facen-stafas, 1019. fah, fag, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fah (_covered with blood_), 420; blode fah, 935; atertanum fah (sc. iren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to atertearum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fah (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swate fah, 1287; brim blode fah, 1595; waeldreore fag, 1632; (draca) fyrwylmum fah (_because he spewed flame_), 2672; sweord fah and faeted, 2702; blode fah, 2975; acc. sg. dreore fahne, 447; goldsele faettum fahne, 717; on fagne flor treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrof golde fahne, _the roof shining with gold_, 928; nom. pl. eoforlic ... fah and fyr-beard, 305; acc. pl. ŝa hilt since fage, 1616; dat. pl. fagum sweordum, 586.--Comp. ban-, blod-, brun-, dreor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stan-, swat-, wael-, wyrm-fah. fah, fag, fa, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fah feond-scaetha, 554; he waes fag wieth god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fane (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fara, 578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fag, 1264; mane fah, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-daedum fag, 1002.--Comp. nearo-fah. famig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota famig-heals, 218; (saegenga) famig-heals, 1910. faec, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lytel faec, _during a short time_, 2241. faeder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. faeder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; faeder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. faeder, 1356; dat. sg. faeder, 2430; gen. sg. faeder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: aer, eald-faeder. faedera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefaederan. faeder-aeethelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. faeder-aeethelum, 912. faederen-maeg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. faederen-maege, 1264. faeethm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. feondes faeeth[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. liges faeethm, 782; acc. sg. in fyres faeethm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan faeethm, 1394; wieth eorethan faeethm, 3050; dat. pl. to faeder (God's) faeethmum, 188.--4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna faeethm, 1211.--Cf. sid-faeethmed, sieth-faeethme. faeethmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. ŝaet minne lichaman ... gled faeethmie, 2653; inf. leton flod faeethmian fraetwa hyrde, 3134. ge-faeg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. ge-faegra, 916. faegen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhethum faegne, _the glad at heart_, 1634. faeger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. faeger fold-bold, 774; faeger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoethoburh faegere, 522; nom. pl. ŝaer him fold-wegas faegere ŝuhton, 867.--Comp. un-faeger. faegere, faegre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: faegere geŝaegon medoful manig, 1015; ŝa waes flet-sittendum faegere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelac ongan ... faegre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. faer, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33. faest, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bieth se slaep to faest, 1743; acc. sg. freondscipe faestne, 2070; faeste frioethuwaere, 1097.--The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: waes to faest on ŝam (sc. on faehethe and fyrene), 137; on ancre faest, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feond-grapum faest, _(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fyrbendum faest, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa faest, 1291, etc.; hygebendum faest (beorn him langaeth), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.--Comp: ar-, blaed-, gin-, soeth-, tir-, wis-faest. faeste, adv., _faest_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. faestor, 143. be-faestan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. het Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloethe befaestan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116. faesten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. leoda faesten, _the fastness of the Geatas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334; faesten (Ongenŝeow's castle or fort), 2951; faesten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104. faest-raed, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. faest-raedne geŝoht, _firm determination_, 611. faet, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sieth-faet. faet, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: ban-, drync-, maethethum-, sinc-, wundor-faet. faet, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... faettum fahne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde faetum befeallen (sc. wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257. faeted, faett, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. faettan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. faettan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, _covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... faeted, 2702; acc. sg. faeted waege, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. faette scyldas, 333; faette beagas, 1751. [faeted, etc.] faeted-hleor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas faeted-hleore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), 1037. faet-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922. faege, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. faege, 1756, 2142, 2976; faege and ge-flymed, 847; fus and faege, 1242; acc. sg. faegne flaesc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. faegum, 2078; gen. sg. faeges, 1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer faegum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.--Comp.: deaeth-, un-faege. faeheth (_state of hostility_, see fah), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: nom. sg. faeheth, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. faehethe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hreethling, Haeethcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore faehethe and fyrene, 137; nalas for faehethe mearn (_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he ŝaere faehethe, 109; gen. pl. faehetha gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wael-faeheth. faehetho, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sio faehetho, 3000; acc. faehetho, 2490. faelsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. ŝaet ic mote ... Heorot faelsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hroethgares ... sele faelsode, 2353. ge-faelsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. haefde gefaelsod ... sele Hroethgares, 826; Heorot is gefaelsod, 1177; waeron yeth-gebland eal gefaelsod, 1621. faemne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. faemnan, 2035; gen. sg. faemnan, 2060, both times of Hroethgar's daughter Freaware. faer, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnaef's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231. faer-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. faer-gripe flodes, 1517; dat. pl. under faergripum, 739. faer-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wieth faer-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. faeringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989. faer-nieth, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwaet me Grendel hafaeth ... faernietha gefremed, 476. feether-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feether-gearwum fus, 3120. fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glof ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089. fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwaet ŝu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spraece, _how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; to fela micles ... Denigea leode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncuethes fela, 877; fela laethes, 930; fela leofes and laethes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela madma, 36; fela ŝaera wera and wifa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; maethethum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swor fela aetha on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; worn fela maethma, 1784; worna fela guetha, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela. II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951. fela-hror, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27. fela-modig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -modigra, 1638, 1889. fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380. feolan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: pret. siethethan inne fealh Grendles modor (in Heorot), 1282; ŝaer inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searoniethas fealh, 1201. aet-feolan, w. dat., insistere, adhaerere: pret. no ic him ŝaes georne aetfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969. fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010. fen-freoetho, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoetho, 852. feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fyres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fara feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng. fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. to fon, 1756, and fon to rice, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. sg. wisa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. fen-ge-lad, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frecne fengelad (_fens difficult of access_), 1360. fen-hlieth, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoethu, 821. fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765. ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh. ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305. ferheth, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhethe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhethe treowde, ŝaet ..., _each of them trusted to his_ (Hunfereth's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhethes fore-ŝanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhethum faegne, _happy at heart_, 1634; ŝaet mon ... ferhethum freoge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferheth. ferheth-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferheth-frecan Fin, 1147. ferheth-geniethla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferheth-geniethlan, of the drake, 2882. ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeaeth faette scyldas, 333; pret. pl. to scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorethcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114. aet-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic ŝaet hilt ŝanan feondum aetferede, 1669. ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. ŝonne (we) geferian frean userne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles heafod, 1639; pret. ŝaet hi ut geferedon dyre maethmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geata leode, _men of the Geatas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361. oeth-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsofte ŝonan feorh oeth-ferede, 2142. of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. oether swylc ut offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584. fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.) fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nah hwa ... fe[tige] faeted waege, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraethe waes to bure Beowulf fetod, 1311. ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. het ŝa eorla hleo in gefetian Hreethles lafe, _caused Hreethel's sword to be brought_, 2191. a-fedan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. ŝaer he afeded waes, 694. feetha (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. feethan, 1328, 2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_: nom. feetha eal gesaet, 1425; dat. on feethan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-feetha. feethe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. waes to foremihtig feond on feethe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. feethe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854. feethe-gaest, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. feethe-gestum, 1977. feethe-last, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. ferdon foreth ŝonon feethe-lastum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633. feethe-wig, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hremge ŝorfton (sc. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2365. fel (= feol), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fela lafe, _what the files have left behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033. feran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres. subj. II. pl. aer ge ... on land Dena furethur feran, _ere you go farther into the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. feran on frean waere (_to die_), 27; gewiton him ŝa feran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mael is me to feran, 316; feran ... gang sceawigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391; wide feran, 2262; pret. ferdon folctogan ... wundor sceawian, _the princes came to see the wonder_, 840; ferdon foreth, 1633. ge-feran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. ŝonne eorl ende gefere lifgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. haefde aeghwaeether ende gefered laenan lifes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2) _to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast ŝu gefered ŝaet ..., 1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frecne geferdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692. feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wael-feal. feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. ŝaet he on hrusan ne feol, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the ground_, 773; similarly, feoll on foldan, 2976; feoll on feethan (dat. sg.), _fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. ŝonne walu feollon, 1043. be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: freondum befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... faetum befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257. ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. ŝaet se lic-homa ... faege gefealleeth, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefeoll, 2101; he eorethan gefeoll, 2835. fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flod (_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe straete (with reference to 320), 917; acc. pl. leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, 866.--Comp. aeppel-fealo. feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. waes be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ... swat ... sprong foreth under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. ge-fea, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. ŝaere fylle gefean, _joy at the abundant repast_, 562; ic ŝaes ealles maeg ... gefean habban (_can rejoice at all this_), 2741. fea, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne feaum anum, _except some few_, 1082; gen. pl. feara sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; feara sumne, _one of a few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fea worda cwaeeth, _spoke few words_, 2663, 2247. fea-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syethethan aerest weareth feasceaft funden, 7; feasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. feasceaftum men, 2286; Eadgilse ... feasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. feasceafte (the Geatas robbed of their king, Hygelac), 2374. feoh, feo, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property, treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo feo ŝingian, _would not allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, ŝa faehethe feo ŝingode, 470; ic ŝe ŝa faehethe feo leanige, 1381. ge-feohan, ge-feon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he ŝaere faehethe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefaegon, _enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast_, 1015; ŝeodnes gefegon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of) _the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-maerethum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; saelace gefeah, maegen-byrethenne ŝara ŝe he him mid haefde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_ (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625. feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg. ŝaere feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. aet feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, _with rich gifts_, 21. feoh-leas, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. ŝaet waes feoh-leas gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the killing of his brother by Haeethcyn), 2442. ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Haeethcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mece ŝone ŝin fader to gefeohte baer, _the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049. ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084. feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte. feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis ŝaet feor heonon, 1362; naes him feor ŝanon to gesecanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is far, past_), 1702. feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oethethe) neah, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time: ge feor hafaeth faehethe gestaeled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_), 1341. Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and faestor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542. feor-buend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. ge feor-buend, 254. feor-cyeth, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl. feor-cyethethe beoeth selran gesohte ŝaem ŝe him selfa deah, _foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839. feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no ŝon lange waes feorh aeethelinges flaesce bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wraec, _life expelled the strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve his life_, 2857; feorh alegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, aer he feorh seleeth, 1371; feorh oethferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; oeth ŝaet hie forlaeddan to ŝam lindplegan swaese gesiethas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif ŝu ŝin feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; waes in feorh dropen, _was wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; widan feorh, as temporal acc., _through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; to widan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swa geongum feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. buton ... feorum gumena, 73; freonda feorum, 1307.--Also, _body, corpse_: ŝa waes heal hroden feonda feorum (_the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf ŝa in Francna faeethm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelac) _fell into the power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoeth-feorh. feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466. feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seoc, 2741. feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156. feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267. feorh-geniethla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind), _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -geniethlan, 1541; dat. sg. -geniethlan, 970; acc. sg. braegd feorh-geniethlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-geniethlan, (Ongenŝeow) _pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934. feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_: acc. sg. on maethma hord mine (minne, MS.) bebohte frode feorh-lege, _for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801. feorh-last, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. feorh-lastas baer, 847. feorh-seoc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821. feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., 2490. feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hleat, 2386. feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. no ŝu ymb mines ne ŝearft lices feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386. feormend-leas, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lease, 2762. feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefaeth (feormynd, MS.), 2257. ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sona haefde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fet and folma, 745. feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wieth manna hwone maegenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feo ŝingian, (Grendel) _would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute_, 156. feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siethethan aeethelingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, _when noble men afar learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; ferdon folctogan feorran and nean, _from far and from near_, 840; similarly, nean and feorran ŝu nu [friethu] hafast, 1175; waes ŝaes wyrmes wig wide gesyne ... nean and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_, 2318.--b) temporal: se ŝe cuethe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (_since remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107. feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. madma fela of feorwegum, _many precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37. ge-feon. See feohan. feond, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; feond on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. feonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. feondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. feond, 699; dat. pl. feondum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904. feond-grap, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. feond-grapum faest, 637. feond-sceaetha, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fah feond-scaetha (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554. feond-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000. feower, num., _four_: nom. feower bearn, 59; feower mearas, 2164; feower, as substantive, 1638; acc. feower maethmas, 1028. feower-tyne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. feowertyne Geata, 1642. findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. ŝara ŝe he cenoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-ham findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; maeg ŝaer fela freonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swa hyt weorethlicost fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healŝegnas fand, 720; word oether fand, _found other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelicne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; ŝaet ic godne funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syethethan aerest weareth feasceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sinne driorigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand ŝa ŝaer inne aeethelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand waeccendne wer wiges bidan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oeth ŝaet he fyrgen-beamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon ŝa sawulleasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. no ŝy aer feasceafte findan meahton aet ŝam aeethelinge ŝaet he Heardrede hlaford waere (_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374. on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsieth eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of the earls_, 1892; pret. part. ŝa heo onfunden waes (_was discovered_), 1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. ŝa se gist onfand ŝaet se beado-leoma bitan nolde, _the stranger_ (Beowulf) _perceived that the sword would not cut_, 1523; sona ŝaet onfunde, ŝaet ..., _immediately perceived that_..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498. finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765. firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahi, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., _men_: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne leoda minra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287. firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and faehethe, 153; faehethe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore faehethe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of _maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Haeethcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. firen-daed, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-daeda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-daedum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads. firen-ŝearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg. fyren-ŝearfe, 14. firgen-beam, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-beamas, 1415. firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394. firgen-stream, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-stream, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-stream (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. fif, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fif nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fife (?), 420. fifel-cyn (O.N. fifl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg. fifelcynnes eard, 104. fif-tene, fif-tyne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fyftyne, 1583; gen. fiftena sum, 207. fif-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fiftig wintra, 2734; gen. se waes fiftiges fot-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as adjective: acc. fiftig wintru, 2210. flan, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flane, 3120; as instr., 2439. flan-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flan, bow_: dat. sg. of flan-bogan, 1434, 1745. flaesc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. no ŝon lange waes feorh aeethelinges flaesce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body_, 2425. flaesc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flaesc-homan, 1569. flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. heo on flet gebeah, _fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; ŝaet hie him oether flet eal gerymdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026. flet-raest, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-raeste gebeag, _reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242. flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789. flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476. fleam, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on fleam gewand, _had turned to flight_, 1002; fleam eowerne, 2890. fleogan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. fleogeeth, 2274. fleon, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster fleon, 756; fleon on fenhopu, 765; fleon under fen-hleoethu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226. be-fleon, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund no ŝaet yethe byeth to befleonne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004. ofer-fleon, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleon fotes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_ (the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526. fleotan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. no he wiht fram me flod-yethum feor fleotan meahte. hraethor on helme, _no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. saegenga fleat famigheals foreth ofer yethe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910. fliht. See flyht. flitme. See un-flitme. flitan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part. flitende fealwe straete mearum maeton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II. eart ŝu se Beowulf, se ŝe wieth Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the Beowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507. ofer-flitan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret. w. acc. he ŝe aet sunde oferflat (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517. ge-flit, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866. floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gueth-, lyft-, uht-, wieth-floga. flota (see fleotan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan eowerne, 294.--Comp. waeg-flota. flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916. flod, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. flod, 3134; ofer fealone flod, 1951; dat. sg. to flode, 1889; gen. pl. floda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; floda genipu, 2809. flod-yeth, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flod-yethum, 542. flor, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fagne flor (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang ŝa aefter flore, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317. flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gares fliht, _flight of the spear_, 1766. ge-flyman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflymed, 847, 1371. folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Suethdene folc, 464; folc and rice, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sae side, _went with a band of warriors over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; freawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwen, 1933.--The pl., in the sense of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. freo- (frea-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430; friethu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc. folc-agend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl. folc-agende, 3114. folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222. folc-cwen, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhŝeow, 642. folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874. folc-raed, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007. folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl. him aer forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swa his faeder ahte, 2609. folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73. folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fara (_the battle-field_), 1464. folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hroethgar are called folc-togan, 840. fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. faeger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774. fold-buend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-buend, 2275; fold-buende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-buendum, 309. folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; feoll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan sceatas, 96; foldan faeethm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197. fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867. folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl. ŝeah hie hira beaggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode feorh-geniethlan (acc. pl.) 2934. folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. fet and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. to banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm. for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: ŝaet he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; for hlawe, 1121.--b) _before_, coram, in conspectu: no he ŝaere feohgyfte for sceotendum scamigan ŝorfte, _had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for ŝaem werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguethe, _before the noble band of warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmedlan, 2927, etc.--b) objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for ŝreanydum, 833; for ŝreanedlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrofsele hrinan ne mehte faer-gripe flodes, _on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; lig-egesan waeg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_, 2782; for mundgripe minum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_, 966; for ŝaes hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... deop gedygan for dracan lege, _could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic ŝaem godan sceal for his modŝraece maethmas beodan, _will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage_, 385; ful-oft for laessan lean teohhode, _gave often reward for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for arstafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: he hine feor forwraec for ŝy mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for sunu freogan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him ŝaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349. foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siethethan ... sceawedon feondes fingras, foran aeghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; ŝaet waes an foran ealdgestreona, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; ŝe him foran ongean linde baeron, _bore their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365. be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: he ... beforan gengde, _went before_, 1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in conspectu: maere maethethum-sweord manige gesawon beforan beorn beran, 1025. ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. foreth: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: foreth near aetstop, _approached nearer_, 746; ŝa cwom Wealhŝeo foreth gan, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleŝegn foreth wisade, _led him_ (Beowulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; ŝaet him swat sprong foreth under fexe, _forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewitaeth foreth beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; he to foreth gestop, 2290; freoetho-wong ŝone foreth ofereodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst foreth gewat, _the time_ (of the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me ... foreth-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; ferdon foreth, _went forth_ (from Grendel's sea), 1633; ŝonne he foreth scile, _when he must (go) forth_, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men foreth gefremede, _carried him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald foreth tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furethum and furethor. foreth-gerimed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59. foreth-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future destiny_: acc. sg. he ŝa foreth-gesceaft forgyteeth and forgymeeth, 1751. foreth-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: he of ealdre gewat frod on foreth-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626. fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: heo fore ŝaem werede spraec, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: no mearn fore faehethe and fyrene, 136; fore faeder daedum, _because of the father's deeds_, 2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: ŝaer waes sang and sweg samod aetgaedere fore Healfdenes hildewisan, _song and music about Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnaef), 1065. fore-maere, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, praeclarus: superl. ŝaet waes fore-maerost foldbuendum receda under roderum, 309. fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, praepotens: nom. sg. waes to foremihtig feond on feethe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee too rapidly), 970. fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164. fore-ŝanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg., 1061. forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on mode weareth forht on ferhethe, 755.--Comp. unforht. forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sieth (_the first time_), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman siethe, 741, 2287; forman dogore, 2574. fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: he fyrmest laeg, 2078. forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. for-ŝam, for-ŝan, for-ŝon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, then_: forŝam, 149; forŝan, 418, 680, 1060; forŝon ŝe, _because_, 503. fon, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III. feheth oether to, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grape sceal fon wieth feonde, 439; pret. sg. him togeanes feng, _caught at him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. he ŝam fraetwum feng, _received the rich adornments_ (Ongenŝeow's equipment), 2990. be-fon, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part. hyne sar hafaeth ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; heo aeethelinga anne haefde faeste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen freawrasnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fyre befongen, _encircled by fire_, 2275, 2596; haefde landwara lige befangen, _encompassed by fire_, 2322. ge-fon, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. he gefeng slaependne rinc, 741; guethrinc gefeng atolan clommum, 1502; gefeng ŝa be eaxle ... Guethgeata leod Grendles modor, 1538; gefeng ŝa fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefeng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefeng micle mid mundum maegen-byrethenne, _hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091. on-fon, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfoh ŝissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. ŝaet ŝaet ŝeodnes bearn ... scolde faeder-aeethelum onfon, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwa ŝaem hlaeste onfeng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hleor-bolster onfeng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swege onfeng, _the hall received the loud noise_, 1215; he onfeng hraethe inwit-ŝancum, _he_ (Beowulf) _at once clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749. ŝurh-fon, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping_: inf. ŝaet heo ŝone fyrd-hom ŝurh-fon ne mihte, 1505. wieth-fon, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him faeste wieth-feng, 761. ymbe-fon, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum, _encircled his_ (Beowulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692. fot, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fotes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fet, 746; dat. pl. aet fotum, _at the feet_, 500, 1167. fot-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen. sg. se waes fiftiges fotgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043. fot-last, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand feondes fot-last, 2290. fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. naes seo ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576. fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: ŝaer fram sylle abeag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; ŝanon eft gewiton ealdgesiethas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from ŝaem holmclife hafelan baeron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwraec ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: ŝa ic cwom ... from feondum, 420; aeghwaeethrum waes ... broga fram oethrum, 2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_: saegdest from his siethe, 532; no ic wiht fram ŝe swylcra searo-nietha secgan hyrde, 581; ŝaet he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, thence_: no ŝy aer fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from aerest cwom orueth aglaecean ut of stane, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock_ 2557. fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp. sieth-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mode from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from; see freme, forma. ge-fraegen. See frignan. fraetwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. fraetwe, 2920; beorhte fraetwe, 214; beorhte fraetwa, 897; fraetwe.. eorclan-stanas, 1208; fraetwe,... breost-weorethunge, 2504, both times of Hygelac's collar; fraetwe and faet-gold, 1922; fraetwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. ŝam fraetwum, 2164; on fraetewum, 963; fraetwum (Heaethobeard sword) hremig, 2055; fraetwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; fraetwum (Ongenŝeow's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... fraetwa, 37; ŝara fraetwa (drake's treasure), 2795; fraetwa hyrde (drake), 3134. fraetwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede fraetwan, 76. ge-fraetwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum and leafum, 96; pret. part. ŝa waes haten Heort innanweard folmum gefraetwod, 993. ge-fraege, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. leod-cyning ... folcum gefraege, 55; swa hyt gefraege waes, 2481. ge-fraege, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefraege (_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc. ge-fraegnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle gefraegnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Aeschere), 1334? freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564.--Comp.: gueth-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wig-freca; fereth-frec (adj.). fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom sg. ŝaet waes fremde ŝeod ecean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwen, of Ŝryetho, 1933(?). fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, fremme se ŝe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmaeth ge nu leoda ŝearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; saecce fremman, 2500; faehethe ... maerethum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcraed fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hu ŝa aeethelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles facenstafas ... ŝenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. ŝaet ic ... maeretho fremede, 2135. --2) _to help on, to support_: inf. ŝaet he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833. ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlic ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; aefter weaspelle wyrpe gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; ŝeah ŝe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men foreth gefremede, _placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nu scealc hafaeth ... daed gefremede, 941; absolutely, ŝu ŝe self hafast daedum gefremed, ŝaet ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_, 955. fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. ŝa (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gled fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slaepende fraet folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582. frecne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frecne fyr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frecne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frecne daede, 890; frecne fengelad, 1360; frecne stowe, 1379; instr. sg. frecnan spraece (_through provoking words_), 1105. frecne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692. frea, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frea, 2286; acc. sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frean, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... to hire frean sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frean ealles, _the Lord of all_, 2795; gen. sg. frean, 27.-- Comp.: agend-, lif-, sin-frea. frea-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797. frea-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. frea-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frea-wine, 2439. frea-wrasn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm ... befongen freawrasnum, 1452; see wrasn. freoethu, friethu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wel bieth ŝaem ŝe mot ... to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's arms_, 188; nean and feorran ŝu nu [friethu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoetho. freoetho-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg. freoethoburh faegere, 522. freoetho-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field. freoetho-waer, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. ŝa hie getruwedon on twa healfa faeste frioethu-waere, 1097; gen. sg. frioethowaere baed hlaford sinne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283. freoetho-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943. freo-burh, st. f., = frea-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freoburh, 694. freod, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. freode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. naes ŝaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, _was no longer time to seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic ŝe sceal mine gelaestan freode (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708. freo-dryhten (= frea-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. freo-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his freo-dryhtne, 2628. freogan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. ŝaet mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhethum freoge, 3178; inf. nu ic ŝec ... me for sunu wylle freogan on ferhethe, 949. freo-lic, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. freolic wif, 616; freolicu folc-cwen, 642. freond, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. freond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. freondum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. freonda, 1307, 1839. freond-laethu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him waes ful boren and freond-laethu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewaegned, 1193. freond-lar, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. freond-larum, 2378. freond-lice, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. freond-licor, 1028. freond-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. freond-scipe faestne, 2070. freo-wine, st. m. (see freawine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. freo-wine folca! 430. fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sinne geseldan faegre fricgean hwylce Sae-Geata siethas waeron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_ (having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation was alternate), 2107. ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syethethan hie ge-fricgeaeth frean userne ealdorleasne, _when they learn that our lord is dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic ŝaet gefricge, ŝaet..., 1827; pl. syethethan aeethelingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, 2890. friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_: inf. naes ŝaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, 2557. frietho-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the queen (see freoetho--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friethu-sibb folca, 2018. frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frin ŝu aefter saelum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic ŝaes wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb ŝinne sieth, 351; pret. sg. fraegn, 236, 332; fraegn gif ..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320. ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) ŝaet fram ham gefraegn Higelaces ŝegn Grendles daeda, 194; no ic gefraegn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) ŝa ic wide gefraegn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefraegen ic ŝa maegethe maran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sel gebaeran, _I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we ŝeodcyninga ŝrym gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne guethcyning godne gefrunon hringas daelan, 1970; (parenthetical) swa guman gefrungon, 667, (after ŝonne) medo-aern micel (_greater_) ... ŝone yldo bearn aefre gefrunon, 70; pret. part. haefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, 2953; haefdon gefrunen ŝaet..., _had learned that_ ..., 695; haefde gefrunen hwanan sio faeheth aras, 2404; healsbeaga maest ŝara ŝe ic on foldan gefraegen haebbe, 1197. from, See fram. frod, adj.: 1) aetate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frod, 2626, 2951; frod cyning, 1307, 2210; frod folces weard, 2514; wintrum frod, 1725, 2115, 2278; se froda, 2929; ac. sg. frode feorhlege (_the laying down of my old life_), 2801; dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, wise_: nom. sg. frod, 1367; frod and god, 279; on mode frod, 1845.--Comp.: in-, un-frod. frofor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frofor, 2942; acc. sg. frofre, 7, 974; fyrena frofre, 629; frofre and fultum, 1274; frofor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. to frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frofre, 185. fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg. waes se fruma egeslic leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre weareth on hyra sincgifan sare geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Beowulf_), 2310.--2) _he who stands first, prince_; in comp. daed-, hild-, land-, leod-, ord-, wig-fruma. frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nu ic eower sceal frumcyn witan, 252. frum-gar, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgare (of Beowulf), 2857. frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. se ŝe cuethe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his birth, 45. fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelicost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] to gamene, 2942. ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se waes innan full wraetta and wira, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weoreth-ful. ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952. ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer yetha ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh ŝissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, sele-full. fullaestian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic ŝe fullaestu, 2669. fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frofor (frofre) and fultum, 699, 1274; maegenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp. maegen-fultum. fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. we fundiaeth Higelac secan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138. furethum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: ŝa ic furethum weold folce Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed the government), 465; ŝa hie to sele furethum ... gangan cwomon, 323; ic ŝaer furethum cwom to ŝam hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic ŝe sceal mine gelaestan freode, swa wit furethum spraecon, 1708. furethur, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007. fus, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nu ic eom siethes fus, 1476; leofra manna fus, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel suethan fus, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fus ofer faegum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft ... feether-gearwum fus, 3120; nom. pl. waeron ... eft to leodum fuse to farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fus means _ready for death_, moribundus: fus and faege, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ut-fus. fus-lic, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fus-lic f[yrd]-leoeth, 1425; fyrd-searo fus-lic, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fus-licu, 232. fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. ŝaet he on fylle weareth, _that he came to a fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hra-fyl. fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in comp. ael-fylce. ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fane gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. feond gefyldan, _they had slain the enemy_, 2707. a-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan waes freondum afylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019. fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefraegnod, 1334; gen. sg. naes hie ŝaere fylle gefean haefdon, 562; fylle gefaegon, 1015.--Comp.: wael-, wist-fyllo. fyl-werig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-werigne, 963. fyr. See feor. fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. ŝa ŝe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon ŝyder to ŝance, 378. fyras. See firas. fyren. See firen. fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo. fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. ŝone fyrd-hom, 1505. fyrd-hraegl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hraegl, 1528. fyrd-hwaet, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. fyrd-leoeth, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song fuslic f[yrd]leoeth, 1425. fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fuslic, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fuslicu, 232. fyrd-wyrethe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrethe man (Beowulf), 1317. ge-fyrethran (see foreth), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part. ar waes on ofoste, eftsiethes georn, fraetwum gefyrethred, _he was hurried forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beowulf), 2785. fyrmest. See forma. fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old times_), 1452. fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. or fyrn-gewinnes (_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690. fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years_: dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan, of Aeschere, 2124. fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. naes hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb ane niht ..., 134; fyrst foreth gewat, _the time_ (of going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; naes ŝaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fif nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. ŝy fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_, 76. fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. ge-fysan (fus), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefysed flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fyre gefysed, _provided with fire_, 2310; ŝa waes hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefysed saecce to seceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? guethe gefysed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_, 631. fyr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fyres faeethm, 185; fyres feng, 1765.-- Comp.: ad-, bael-, heaethu-, wael-fyr. fyr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fyr-bendum faest, 723. fyr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690. fyr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. (eoforlic) fah and fyr-heard, 305. fyr-leoht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517. fyr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... fyrwylmum fah, 2672. G galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-leoeth gaeleeth, 2461; inf. gryre-leoeth galan, 787; bearhtm ongeaton, guethhorn galan, _heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433. a-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. ŝaet hire on hafelan hringmael agol graedig guethleoeth, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head_, 1522. gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11. gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen gleobeames, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and gleodream, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp. heal-gamen. gamen-waeth, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society_: dat. sg. of gomen-waethe, 855. gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. ŝaer waes ... gomenwudu greted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grette, 2109. gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years, gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. ŝone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; ŝam gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former time_: gen. pl. gomelra lafe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lafe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609. gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twaeman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2) _step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraethe feran Grendles magan gang sceawigan, 1392.--Comp. in-gang. be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer floda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; floda begong, 1498; sioleetha bigong, 2368. gangan. See under gan. ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes baeeth (i.e. the sea), 1862. gad, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bieth ŝe wilna gad (_thou shalt have no lack of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950. gan, _expanded =_ gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio scel, 455; gaeeth eft ... to medo, 605; ŝonne he ... on flett gaeeth, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. ga ŝaer he wille, _let him go whither he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. ga nu to setle, 1783; nu ŝu lungre geong, hord sceawian, under harne stan, 2744; inf. in gan, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'foreth gan, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; ŝat hie him to mihton gegnum gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; to sele ... gangan cwomon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge moton gangan ... Hroethgar geseon, 395; ŝa com of more ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) from the fen_, 712; ongean gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war_, 1035; cwom ... to hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan to, _let us go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) geong or giong: he to healle geong, 926; similarly, 2019; se ŝe on orde geong, _who went at the head, went in front, _3126; on innan giong, _went in_, 2215; he ... giong to ŝaes ŝe he eorethsele anne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, _2410; ŝa se aeetheling, giong, ŝaet he bi wealle gesaet, _then went the prince_ (Beowulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: to healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang ŝa aefter flore, _went along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sceawian, _went in front to inspect the fields_, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenrof, ŝaet he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; similarly, 403; [wieth duru healle Wulfgar eode], _went towards the door of the hall_, 390; eode Wealhŝeow foreth, _went forth_, 613; eode to hire frean sittan, 641; eode yrremod, _went with angry feeling_, 727; eode ... to sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... ŝaer se snottra bad, 1313; eode weoreth Denum aeetheling to yppan, _the prince_ (Beowulf), _honored by the Danes, went to the high seat_, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hrof, 3124; pl. ŝaer swiethferhethe sittan eodon, 493; eodon him ŝa togeanes, _went to meet him_, 1627; eodon under Earna naes, 3032. a-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swa bit agangen weareth eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235. full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. ŝonne ... sceft nytte heold, feether-gearwum fus flane full-eode, _when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120. ge-gan, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his modor ... gegan wolde sorhfulne sieth, 1278; se ŝe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, _who dared to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his maeges scyld elne geeode, _went quickly under his kinsman's shield_, 2677; pl. elne geeodon to ŝaes ŝe ..., _went quickly thither where_ ..., 1968; pret. part. syethethan hie to-gaedre gegan haefdon, _when they_ (Wiglaf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; ŝaet his aldres waes ende gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; ŝa waes endedaeg godum gegongen, ŝaet se guethcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_: inf. (w. acc.) ŝonne he aet guethe gegan ŝenceeth longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, naes ŝaet yethe ceap to gegangenne gumena aenigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... ŝaet se byrnwiga bugan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. haefde ... gegongen ŝaet, _had attained it, that_ ..., 894; hord ys gesceawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to happen_: pres. sg. III. gif ŝaet gegangeeth ŝaet ..., _if that happen, that_ ..., 1847; pret. sg. ŝaet geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlaemmum, _it happened in later times to the warriors_ (the Geatas), 2201; pret. part. ŝa waes gegongen guman unfrodum earfoethlice ŝaet, _then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822. oeth-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oeth ŝaet hi oetheodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935. ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. ofereode ŝa aeethelinga bearn steap stan-hlietho, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl. freoetho-wong ŝone foreth ofereodon, 2960. ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-eode ŝa ides Helminga duguethe and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors_, 621. gar, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gare, 1076; blodigan gare, 2441; gen. sg. gares fliht, 1766; nom. pl. garas, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gar. gar-cene, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959. gar-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gar-cwealm gumena, 2044. gar-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835. gar-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on gar-secg, 49, 537; ofer gar-secg, 515. gar-wiga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum gar-wigan, of Wiglaf, 2675, 2812. gar-wigend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl. gar-wigend, 2642. gast, gaest, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gast (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gastes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gasta (Grendel's race), 1358; gaesta gifrost (_flames consuming corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, geo-sceaft-gast; ellen-, wael-gaest. gast-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gast-bona, 177. gaedeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_: gen. sg. gaedelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gaedelingum, 2950. aet-gaedere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod aetgaedere, 329, 387, 730, 1064. to-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631. gaest, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gaest, 1801; se gaest (the drake), 2313; se grimma gaest (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-licne gist (the nixy slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gaes[tas], 1894.--Comp.: feethe-, gryre-, inwit-, nieth-, sele-gaest (-gyst). gaest-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_: acc. sg., 995. ge, conj., _and_, 1341; ge ... ge ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259. ge, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of ŝu, 237, 245, etc. gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. ŝinra gegn-cwida, 367. gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, to, ofer, giving the direction: ŝaet hie him to mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go thither_), 314; gegnum for [ŝa] ofer myrcan mor, _away over the dark moor_, 1405. gehethu, geohethu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohetho maende, 2268; dat. sg. on gehetho, 3096; on giohethe, 2794. gen (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne waes hit lenge ŝa gen, ŝaet ..., _it was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymb Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; no ŝy aer ut ŝa gen ... gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gen is eall aet ŝe lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; ŝa gen, _then again_, 2678, 2703; swa he nu gen deeth, _as he still does_, 2860; furethur gen, _further still, besides_, 3007; nu gen, _now again_, 3169; ne gen, _no more, no farther_: ne waes ŝaet wyrd ŝa gen, _that was no more fate_ (fate no longer willed that), 735. gena, _still_: cwico waes ŝa gena, _was still living_, 3094. genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sae-, sceadu-genga. gengde. See gan(3). genge. See ueth-genge. genunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872. gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gewaedum (_dressed himself in the armor_), 1442. ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him ŝa gegiredan Geata leode ad ... unwaclicne, 3138; pret. part. glof ... eall gegyrwed deofles craeftum and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. ceol gegyrwan hilde-waepnum and heaethowaedum, 38; het him yethlidan godne gegyrwan, _had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike equipment_: pret. part. syethethan he hine to guethe gegyred haefde, 1473.--3) _to endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hraegl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lafe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. madmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029. getan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941. be-gete, adj., _attainable_; in comp. eeth-begete. geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador aetsomne, 491. on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596. gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. byman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. ŝonne waes ŝaet yrfe ... galdre bewunden (_placed under a spell_), 3053. gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. ŝaet his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447. gealg-mod, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gifre and galgmod, 1278. gealg-treow, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-treowu[m], 2941. geard, st. m., _residence_; in Beowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; aer he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard. gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished, equipped_: nom. sg. ŝaet hit weareth eal gearo, heal-aerna maest, 77; wiht unhaelo ... gearo sona waes, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca waes on bael gearu, _was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; ŝeod (is) eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231; hraethe waes aet holme hyeth-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gueth-freca, 2415; sie sio baer gearo aedre geaefned, _let the bier be made ready at once_, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwraece, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stowe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse he gearwe ŝaet ..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; ŝaet ic ... gearo sceawige swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are_), 2749; ic wat geare ŝaet ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716. gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086. gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feether-gearwe. geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. geato-lic, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wisa fengel geatolic gengde, _passed on in a stately manner_, 1402. geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: eored-, gryre-, gueth-, hilde-, wig-geatwe. gean (from gegn), adv. in on-gean, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: ŝaet he me ongean slea, 682; raehte ongean feond mid folme, 748; foran ongean, _forward towards_, 2365. With dat.: ongean gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035. to-geanes, to-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle togeanes, _towards Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grap ŝa togeanes, _she grasped at_ (Beowulf), 1502; similarly, him togeanes feng, 1543; eodon him ŝa togeanes, _went towards him_, 1627; het ŝa gebeodan ... ŝaet hie bael-wudu feorran feredon godum togenes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the dead Beowulf lay), 3115. geap, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... geap, _the roomy hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under geapne hrof, 837.--Comp.: horn-, sae-geap. gear, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geara, in adverbial sense, olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geara. gear-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) gear-dagum, 1, 1355. geofe. See gifu. geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geotende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395. geogoeth, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoethe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoethe, 2427; gen. gioguethe, 2113.--2) contrasted with dugueth, _the younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoeth, 66; giogoeth, 1191; acc. sg. geogoethe, 1182; gen. duguethe and geogoethe, 160; duguethe and iogoethe (geogoethe), 1675, 622. geogueth-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoeth: on geogoeth- (geogueth-) feore, 537, 2665. geohetho. See gehetho. geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden bark_), 2611. geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438. geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond ŝisne middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorethan, 266, 3100; ferdon folctogan ... geond wid-wegas, _went along the ways coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond ŝaet saeld, _through the hall, through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265. geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne guethcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swa geongum feore, _at a so youthful age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818. georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft siethes georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn. georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: ŝaet him wine-magas georne hyrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: sohte georne aefter grunde, _eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: no ic him ŝaes georne aetfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely, exactly_: comp. wiste ŝe geornor, 822. geo, iu, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; gio, 2522; iu, 2460. geoc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. geoce gefremman, 2675; ŝaet him gast-bona geoce gefremede wieth ŝeod-ŝreaum, 177; geoce gelyfde, _believed in the help_ (of Beowulf), 609; dat. sg. to geoce, 1835. geocor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. geo-man, iu-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iu-manna, 3053. geo-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. io-meowlan, 2932. geomor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him waes geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; modes geomor, 2101; fem. ŝaet waes geomuru ides, 1076. geomore, adv., _sadly_, 151. geomor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giomor-gyd, 3151. geomor-lic, adj., _sad, painful_: swa bieth geomorlic gomelum ceorle to gebidanne ŝaet..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._, 2445. geomor-mod, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giomor-mod, 2268. geomrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geomrode giddum, 1119. geo-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geosceaft grimme, 1235. geosceaft-gast, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela geosceaft-gasta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. geotan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen geotende, 1691. gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel. gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. ŝaer waes ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; leoeth waes asungen, gleomannes gyd, _the song was sung, the gleeman's lay_, 1161; ŝaer waes gidd and gleo, 2106; acc. sg. ic ŝis gid awraec, 1724; gyd awraec, 2109; gyd aefter wraec, 2155; ŝonne he gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.: geomor-, word-gid. giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631. gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa). gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [maethmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. geafon (hyne) on garsecg, 49; pret. part. ŝa waes Hroethgare here-sped gyfen, 64; ŝa waes gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syethethan aerest weareth gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_), 1949. a-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... agifan, _to give an answer_, 355; pret. sg. sona him se froda faeder Ohtheres ... ondslyht ageaf (_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930. for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him ŝaes lif-frea ... worold-are forgeaf, 17; ŝaem to ham forgeaf Hreethel Geata angan dohtor (_gave in marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, _granted me land_, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; maegen-raes forgeaf hilde-bille, _he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520. of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. ŝaet se maera maga Ecgŝeowes grund-wong ŝone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589; pret. sg. ŝas worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdream ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. naes ofgeafon hwate Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; ŝaet ŝa hildlatan holt ofgefan, _that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. ŝara ŝe ŝis [lif] ofgeaf, 2252. gifeethe, adj., _given, granted_: Guethfremmendra swylcum gifeethe bieth ŝaet..., _to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; swa me gifeethe waes, 2492; ŝaer me gifeethe swa aenig yrfeweard aefter wurde, _if an heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: waes ŝaet gifeethe to swieth, ŝe ŝone [ŝeoden] ŝyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeethe, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeethe. gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc. sg. ymb ŝa gifhealle, 839. gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378. gif-stol, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168. gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift. gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfaeste gife ŝe him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfaestan gife ŝe him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.--Comp.: maethethum-, sinc-gifu. gigant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563, 1691. gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiether-gyld(?). gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; he mid gode gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; we him ŝa guethgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaethoraesas geald mearum and maethmum, _repaid the battles with horses and treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald ŝone guethraes ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermaethmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures_, 2992. an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sare angeald aefenraeste, _one_ (Aeschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252. a-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg. ŝa me sael ageald, _when the favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, ŝa him rum ageald, 2691. for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda ŝec gode forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with good_, 957; inf. ŝone aenne heht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_ (killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; he ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan guethraesa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many attacks_, 1578; wolde se laetha lige forgyldan drinc-faet dyre, _the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him ŝaes lean forgeald, _he gave them the reward therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraethe wyrsan wrixle waelhlem ŝone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969. gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. haefde ... Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleeth faette beagas, _gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; ŝaet ic wieth ŝone guethflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiethgripan (_fulfil my promise of battle_), 2522.--Comp. dol-gilp. gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. no ic ŝaes gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morethres gylpeeth, _boasts of the murder_, 2056; inf. swa ne gylpan ŝearf Grendles maga aenig ... uhthlem ŝone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan ŝorfte, _had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hreethsigora ne gealp goldwine Geata, _did not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584. gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641. gilp-hlaeden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlaeden, 869. gilp-spraec, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat. sg. on gylp-spraece, 982. gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_: gen. pl. gespraec ... gylp-worda sum, 676. gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. gimme-rice, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rice hord-burh haeleetha, 466. gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide, extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552. gin-faest, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-faeste gife (gim-, on account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-faestan gife, 2183. ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. oeth ŝaet an ongan fyrene fremman feond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; ŝa ŝaet sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelac ongan sinne geseldan ... faegre fricgean, _began with propriety to question his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. no her cuethlicor cuman ongunnon lindhaebbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither_, 244; pret. part. haebbe ic maeretha fela ongunnen on geogoethe, _have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409. gist. See gaest. gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335. git, pron., _ye two_, dual of ŝu, 508, 512, 513, etc. git, gyt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957; naefre git, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513; _moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867. gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; ŝa hine wig beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit aer on ŝe gode be-geaton, _good men received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. ŝaet waes Hroethgare hreowa tornost ŝara ŝe leodfruman lange begeate, _the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131. for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. he ŝa forethgesceaft forgyteeth and forgymeeth, 1752. an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724; pret. sg. ŝe hine se broga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold_: pres. subj. I. ŝaet ic aerwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sael timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Geata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-ŝearfe ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeaton, guethhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syethethan hie Hygelaces horn and byman gealdor ongeaton, 2945. gifre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gifre and galgmod, of Grendel's mother, 1278.--Superl.: lig..., gaesta gifrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gifre. gitsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gytsaeth, 1750. gio-, gio-. See geo-, geo-. gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiaeth gomelra lafe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_ (armor), 2037. glaed, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. beo wieth Geatas glaed, 1174; acc. sg. glaedne Hroethgar, 864; glaedne Hroethulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frodan, 2026. glaede, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58. glaednian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367. glaed-mod, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786. gled, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. gledum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. gled-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg. gled-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651. gleaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct; in comp. un-gleaw. gleo, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. ŝaer waes gidd and gleo, 2106. gleo-beam, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. sg. gleo-beames, 2264. gleo-dream, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and gleo-dream, 3022. gleo-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper_: gen. sg. gleomannes gyd, 1161. glitinian (O.H.G. glizinon), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf. geseah ŝa ... gold glitinian, 2759. glidan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syethethan heofones gim glad ofer grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer garsecg, _you glided over the ocean_ (swimming), 515. to-glidan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. gueth-helm to-glad (Ongenŝeow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488. glof, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glof hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_, 2086. gneaeth, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. naes hio ... to gneaeth gifa Geata leodum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Geatas_, 1931. gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn ŝrowian, 2659. gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118. be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlafordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180. god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; halig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, _wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; haeethen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brad gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; faettan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), _provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, _adorned with gold_, 778; golde fahne (hrof), _the roof shining with gold_, 928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; faettan goldes, 1094, 2247; sciran goldes, _of pure gold_, 1695. --Comp. faet-gold. gold-aeht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749. gold-fah, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fah, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fahne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fag scinon web aefter wagum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls_, 995. gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid minne goldgyfan, 2653. gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank. gold-hwaet, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: naes he goldhwaet, _he_ (Beowulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075. gold-maethm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-maethmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415. gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084. gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082. gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geata, 2420, 2585. gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. guethrinc goldwlanc (Beowulf rewarded with gold by Hroethgar on account of his victory), 1882. gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen. gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. god, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frod and god, 279; w. dat. cyning aeethelum god, _the king noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum god, 2544; w. gen. wes ŝu us larena god, _be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se goda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. godne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum godne, 1487; neut. god, 1563; dat. sg. godum, 3037, 3115; ŝaem godan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gode, 2250; ŝa godan, 1164; acc. pl. gode, 2642; dat. pl. godum daedum, 2179; gen. pl. godra guethrinca, 2649.--Comp. aer-god. god, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gode, 20, 957, 1185; gode maere, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Ŝryetho), 1953; instr. pl. godum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nat he ŝara goda, 682. gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grapum, _in the gripe of the enemy_ (Beowulf), 766; nom. pl. ŝa graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035. gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683. gram-hydig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750. grap, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grape, 438; on grape, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grape, _all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grapum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grapum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: feond-, hilde-grap. grapian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. ŝaet hire wieth halse heard grapode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_, 1567; he ... grapode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086. graes-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. graesmoldan traed, _went over the grass-plot_, 1882. graedig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and graedig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. graedig guethleoeth, 1523. graeg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. aesc-holt ufan graeg, _the ashen wood, gray above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. graege syrcan, _gray_ (i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334. graeg-mael, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord Beowulfes gomol and graegmael, 2683. graepe. See aet-graepe. gretan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swa godne gretan, 347; Hroethgar gretan, 1647, 2011; eowic gretan het (_bade me bring you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grette Geata leod, 626; grette ŝa guma oetherne, 653; Hroethgar grette, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstol gretan, _take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; naes se folccyning aenig ... ŝe mec guethwinum gretan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... se ŝone gomelan gretan sceolde, 2422; ŝaet ŝone sin-scaethan guethbilla nan gretan nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804; pret. sg. grette goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen) _greeted the men in the hall_, 615; no he mid hearme ... gaestas grette, _did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grette, _touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. ŝaet ŝu ŝone waelgaest wihte ne grette, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. ŝaet he ne grette goldweard ŝone, 3082; pret. part. ŝaer waes ... gomenwudu greted, 1066. ge-gretan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne gegrette meaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981; gegrette ŝa gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siethe, _spoke then the last time to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_: inf. sceal ... manig oetherne godum gegretan ofer ganotes baeeth, _many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862. greot, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on greote, 3169. greotan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. se ŝe aefter sincgyfan on sefan greoteeth, _who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver_, 1343. grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gaest, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre guethe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grapum, 1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaetho-, heoro-, searo-grim. grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086. grim-lic, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlic gry[re-gaest], 3042. grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_: pret. pl. grummon, 306. grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, _destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. haefde ligdraca leoda faesten ... gledum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the people's feasts_, 2336; ŝa his agen (scyld) waes gledum forgrunden, _since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678. gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe meces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.--Comp.: faer-, mund-, nieth-gripe. grima, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grima. grim-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grim-helmas, 334. gripan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grap ŝa togeanes, _then she caught at_, 1502. for-gripan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. aet guethe forgrap Grendeles maegum, 2354. wieth-gripan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hu wieth ŝam aglaecean elles meahte gylpe wieth-gripan, _how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522. growan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhethe greow breosthord blodreow, 1719. grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands; _earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sohte ... aefter grunde, _sought along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom, the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. to grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sae-grund. grund-buend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl. grund-buendra, 1007. grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137. grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in ŝam [grund]sele, 2140. grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. ŝone grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589. grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519. gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn. gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wieth Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forsweop on Grendles gryre, _snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swa fela gryra, 592.--Comp.: faer-, wig-gryre. gryre-broga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[o]g[a], 2229. gryre-fah, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fahne (_the fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fyrwylmum fah, 2672), 2577. gryre-gaest, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg. grimlic gry[regaest], 3042; dat. sg. wieth ŝam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. gryre-leoeth, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehyrdon gryreleoeth galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787. gryre-lic, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-licne, 1442, 2137. gryre-sieth, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se ŝe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, 1463. guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes Geata leode, _people from the nation of the Geatas_, 260; dat. pl. aefter gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945. gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum godne beaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum god ... hilde-hlemma (Beowulf), 2544. gum-dream, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-dream ofgeaf (died), 2470. gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643. gum-feetha, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402. gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029. gum-stol, st. m., _man's seat_ [Greek: kat'ezochaen] _ruler's seat, throne_: dat. sg. in gumstole, 1953. gueth, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. guethe, 604; instr. sg. guethe, 1998; dat. sg. to (aet) guethe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. guethe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. guethum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. guetha, 2513, 2544. gueth-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gueth-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on the Danish coast_), 314. gueth-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. guethbill, 2585; gen. pl. gueth-billa nan, 804. gueth-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321. gueth-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. aefter gueth-ceare, 1259. gueth-craeft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles gueth-craeft, 127. gueth-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc. gueth-deaeth, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250. gueth-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wieth ŝone guethflogan (the drake), 2529. gueth-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gueth-freca, of the drake, 2415. gueth-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl. gueth-fremmendra, 246; gueth- (god-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_ (meaning Beowulf), 299. gueth-gewaede, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gueth-gewaedo, 227; acc. pl. -gewaedu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewaeda, 2624. gueth-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826. gueth-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. ŝa gueth-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in eowrum gueth-geatawum, 395. gueth-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488. gueth-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433. gueth-hreeth, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820. gueth-leoeth, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523. gueth-mod, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom. pl. gueth-mode, 306. gueth-raes, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gueth-raesa, 1578, 2427. gueth-reow, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58. gueth-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gueth-rinca, 2649. gueth-rof, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609. gueth-sceaetha, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319. gueth-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. aefter gueth-sceare, 1214. gueth-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat sg. in ŝaem guethsele (in Heorot), 443. gueth-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328. gueth-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155. gueth-werig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gueth-werigne Grendel, 1587. gueth-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. ŝe mec gueth-winum gretan dorste, _who dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736. gueth-wiga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112. gyd. See gid. gyfan. See gifan. gyldan. See gildan. gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beage, 1164.--Comp. eal-gylden. gylp. See gilp. gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-) girt warrior_, 2079. gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776. gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. to gyrn-wraece, 1139; gen. sg. ŝa waes eft hraethe gearo gyrn-wraece Grendeles modor, _then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119. gyrwan. See gerwan. gystran. See gistran. gyman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III. gymeeth, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gym! _do not study arrogance_ (despise it), 1761. for-gyman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. he ŝa foreth-gesceaft forgyteeth and forgymeeth, 1752. gytsian. See gitsian. gyt. See git. H habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. ŝaes ic wen haebbe (_as I hope_), 383; ŝe ic geweald haebbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, _have on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. ŝu nu [friethu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbaeth we ... micel aerende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. ŝaet he ŝrittiges manna maegencraeft on his mundgripe haebbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. ŝaet be Sae-Geatas selran naebben to geceosenne cyning aenigne, _that the Sea-Geatas will have no better king than you to choose_, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald husa selest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. haefde, 79, 518, 554; pl. haefdon, 539.--2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. haebbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; haebbe ic ... geahsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafaeth, 474, 596; pret. sg. haefde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. haefdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafaeth daed gefremede, 940; haefde se goda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-haebbend. for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte waefre mod forhabban in hreethre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast_, 1152; ne mihte ŝa for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610. wieth-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. ŝaet se winsele wieth-haefde heaetho-deorum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_, 773. hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; na ŝu minne ŝearft hafalan hydan, 446; ŝonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwita helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wig-heafola. hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. waepen hafenade heard be hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574. hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264. haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. to hagan, 2893, 2961. haga, w. m. See an-haga. hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flaesc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, scir-ham (adj.). hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lafe (swords), 2830. hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sio swiethre ... hand, _the right hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_: dat. sg. to hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331. hand-gemot, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) ŝolode aer fela hand-gemota, 1527; no ŝaet laesest waes hond-gemota, 2356. hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482. hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597. hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for ŝaes hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836. hand-gewriethen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl. waelbende ... hand-gewriethene, 1938. hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gueth-byrne, lic-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551. hand-raes, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-raes, 2073. hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987. hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen. pl. hond-wundra maest, 2769. hangan. See hon. hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. ŝonne his sunu hangaeth hrefne to hroethre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer ŝaem (mere) hongiaeth hrimge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086. hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. he ŝone heaetho-rinc hatian ne meahte laethum daedum (_could not do him any harm_), 2467; pret. sg. hu se gueth-sceaetha Geata leode hatode and hynde, 2320. had, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. ŝurh haestne had, _in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesiethes had, _in the position of follower, as follower_, 1298; on sweordes had, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See under on. hador, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hador, 414. hador, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwilum sang hador on Heorote, 497. hadre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572. hal, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hal, 300. With gen. heaetho-laces hal, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hal, 407; dat. sg. halan lice, 1504. halig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. halig god, 381, 1554; halig dryhten, 687. ham, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. ham, 1408; Hroethgares ham, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewat him ham, _betook himself home_, 1602; to ham, 124, 374, 2993; fram ham, _at home_, 194; aet ham, _at home_, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hames, 2367; acc. pl. hamas, 1128.--Comp. Finnes-ham, 1157. ham-weorethung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. ham-weorethunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelac, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999. har, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. har hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554; hare byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. harum hildfruman, 1679; f. on heare haeethe (on heaw ... h ... ethe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hares, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-har. hat, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hat gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaethu-fyres hates, 2523; acc. pl. hate heaetho-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hatost heaetho-swata, 1669. hat, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hat ŝrowian, _saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606. hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. daed-hata. hatan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguŝegnas mine hate ... flotan eowerne arum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg. II. hat in gan ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hataeth heaetho-maere hlaew gewyrcean, 2803; inf. ŝaet healreced hatan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teon, _gave command to bring eight horses into the hall_, 1036; ŝonne aenne heht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good that one with gold_, 1054; heht ŝa ŝaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan, _ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; swa se snottra heht, _as the wise_ (Hroethgar) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. het: het him yethlidan godne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him_, 198; so, het, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: het hine wel brucan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. ŝa waes haten hraethe Heort innan-weard folmum gefraetwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside_ (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.--2) _to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. ŝaet hit saeliethend ... hatan Biowulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Beowulf's grave-mound_, 2807; pret. part. waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603. ge-hatan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg. I. ic hit ŝe gehate, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me mede gehet, _promised me reward_, 2135; him faegre gehet leana (gen. pl.), _promised them proper reward_, 2990; wean oft gehet earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. geheton aet haergtrafum wig-weorethunga, _vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; ŝonne we geheton ussum hlaforde ŝaet ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. sio gehaten [waes] ... gladum suna Frodan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025. hator, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-hator. haeft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle haeftan, _him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789. haeft-mece, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. ŝaem haeft-mece, 1458. See Note. haeg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. haeg-stealdra, 1890. haele, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. haele, 720; dat. pl. haelum (haenum, MS.), 1984. haeleeth, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. haeleeth, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. haeleethum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. haeleetha, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. haerg. See hearg. haeeth, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. haeethe, 2213. haeethen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. haeethene sawle, 853; dat. sg. haeethnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. haeethenes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. haeethenra, 179. haeeth-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg., 1369 hael, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hael abead, 654; mid haele, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hael sceawedon, _observed favorable signs_ (for Beowulf's undertaking), 204. haelo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. haelo abead heoreth-geneatum, 2419.--Comp. un-haelo. haest (O.H.G. haistera hanti, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. ŝurh haestne had, 1336. he, fem. heo, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, hi, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hi, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345. hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. siethethan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; haefen, 3024. a-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: waes ... icge gold ahafen of horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109; ŝa waes ... wop up ahafen, _a cry of distress raised_, 128 ge-hegan [ge-hegan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: ŝing gehegan, _to mark off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... ana gehegan ŝing wieth ŝyrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425. hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum faest, 3073. hel-runa, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrunan, 163. be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414. helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brun-fagne, gold-fahne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hroethgar), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grim-, gueth-, heaetho-, niht-helm. ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmaeth, 1365. helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643. helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. ŝaet him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wieth lige, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame_, 2341; ŝaet him irenna ecge mihton helpan aet hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... maeges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so, pret. sg. ŝaer he his maeges (MS. maegenes) healp, 2699. help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. to helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449. hende, _-handed_: in comp. idel-hende. her, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_, 244, 361, 376. here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here. here-broga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for here-brogan, 462. here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444. here-grima, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -griman, 396, 2050, 2606. here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554. here-nieth, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475. here-pad, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259. here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177. here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta heap, 335. here-sped, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64. here-strael, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436. here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512. here-waed, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-waedum, 1898. here-waesma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an here-waesmum, 678.--Leo. here-wisa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaetherod, _confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum faest), 3073. herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with an army_: pres. sg. I. ic ŝe wel herige, 1834.--Leo. hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, morethor-, wig-hete. hete-lic, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268. hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wieth hettendum, 3005. hete-nieth, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-niethas, 152. hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226. hete-ŝanc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his hete-ŝancum, 475. hedan, ge-hedan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hedde he ŝaes heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret. sg. III. gehedde, 505. herian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to adore_: inf. heofena helm herian ne cuethon, _could not worship the defence of the heavens_ (God), 182; ne huru Hildeburh herian ŝorfte Eotena treowe, _had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. ŝaet mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177. ge-heaetherian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaetherod, 3073. heaetho-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553. heaetho-deor, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaetho-deorum, 773. heaetho-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heaethu-fyres, 2523; instr. pl. heaetho-fyrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. heaetho-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548. heaetho-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?). heaetho-lac, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. aet heaetho-lace, 584; gen. sg. heaetho-laces hal, 1975. heaetho-maere, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -maere, 2803. heaetho-raes, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -raesas, 1048; gen. pl. -raesa, 526. heaetho-reaf, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg. heaetho-reaf heoldon (_kept the equipments_), 401. heaetho-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. ŝone heaetho-rinc (Hreethel's son, Haeethcyn), 2467; dat. pl. ŝaem heaetho-rincum, 370. heaetho-rof, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaetho-rofe, 865. heaetho-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830. heaetho-seoc, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -siocum, 2755. heaetho-steap, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak form, heaetho-steapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaetho-steapne, 2154, both times of the helmet. heaetho-swat, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heaetho-swate, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hatost heaetho-swata, 1669. heaetho-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. aefter heaethu-swenge, 2582. heaetho-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heaetho-torht, _the voice clear in battle_, 2554. heaetho-waed, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl. heaetho-waedum, 39. heaetho-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893. heaetho-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hate heaetho-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaetho-wylma, 82. heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note. heafola. See hafela. heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal. heal-aern, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-aerna, 78. heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg., 1067. heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68. heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016. heal-ŝegn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-ŝegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-ŝegnas, of Beowulfs band, 720. heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318. healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl. hu ŝa stanbogan ... ece eorethreced innan heoldon (MS. healde), _how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: heold hine to faeste, _held him too fast_, 789; w. the dat. he him freondlarum heold, _supported him with friendly advice_, 2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal ŝu hit geŝyldum healdest, maegen mid modes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeeth hige-meethum heafod-wearde, _holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald foreth tela niwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald (heold, MS.) ŝu nu hruse ... eorla aehte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. se ŝe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... arum healdan, _to keep well your vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forleton eorla gestreon eorethan healdan, 3168; pres. part. dream healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heold hine syethethan fyr and faestor, _kept himself afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; aegwearde heold, _I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hiold heah-lufan wieth haeleetha brego, _preserved high love_, 1955; ginfaestan gife ... heold, 2184; gold-maethmas heold, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; heold min tela, _protected well mine own_, 2738; ŝonne ... sceft ... nytte heold, _had employment, was employed_, 3119; heold mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaetho-reaf heoldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg. for pl. heafodbeorge ... walan utan heold, _outwards, bosses kept guard over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif ŝu healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heold, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit_: inf. let ŝone brego-stol Beowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. to healdanne hleoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne heold nihtes hwilum, _at night-time had the enjoyment of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Geata leode hreawic heoldon, _the Geatas held the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. ŝaer heo aer maeste heold worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon heah gesceap, _we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085. be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. ŝegn nytte beheold, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to hold_: pret. sg. se ŝe floda begong ... beheold, 1499.--3) _to look at, to behold_: ŝryethswyeth beheold maeg Higelaces hu ..., _great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..._, 737. for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. part. haefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings_, 2382. ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. se ŝe waldendes hyldo gehealdeeth, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres. subj. faeder alwalda ... eowic gehealde sietha gesunde, _keep you sound on your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on ŝam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, _could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald husa selest, 659; inf. gehealdan het hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fraetwe geheold fela missera, 2621; ŝone ŝe aer geheold wieth hettendum hord and rice, _him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheold tela (brade rice), 2209. healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on ŝa healfe, _towards this side_, 1676; dat. sg. haeleethum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc. pl. on twa healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on ba healfa (healfe), _on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_, 801. healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wieth halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives famig-, wunden-heals. heals-beah, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. ŝone heals-beah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-beaga, 1196. heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63. healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. ŝa se ŝeoden mec ... healsode hreoh-mod ŝaet..., _entreated me sorrowful, that_..., 2133. heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda ŝegn, 2978; ŝes hearda heap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran haele, 720. With accompanying gen.: wiges heard, _strong in battle_, 887; dat. sg. nietha heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gueth-byrne, lic-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strael hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, waepen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lafe, 2830; heard and hring-mael Heaethobeardna gestreon, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreether-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wroht ... heard, 2915; here-nieth hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan ceape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hynetha, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.--Comp.: fyr-, iren-, nieth-, regn-, scur-heard. hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439. heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289. heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.--Leo. heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800. hearg-traef, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. aet haerg-trafum (MS. hraerg trafum), 175. hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. hearm-sceaetha, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg. hearm-scaetha, 767. hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan sweg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263. heaethu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. heaethu, 1863? heaethu-liethend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -liethende, 1799; dat. pl. -liethendum (designation of the Geatas), 2956. heafod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. heafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. heafdum, 1243. heafod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg. heafod-beorge, 1031. heafod-maeg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl. heafod-maegum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. heafod-maga, 2152. heafod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153. heafod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeeth ... heafod-wearde leofes and laethes, _for the friend and the foe_ (Beowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910. heah, hea, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heah Healfdene, 57; hea (Higelac), 1927; heah (sele), 82; heah hlaew, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. heah (segn), 48, 2769; heahne (MS. heanne) hrof, 984; dat. sg. in (to) sele ŝam hean, 714, 920; gen. sg. hean huses, 116.--_high, heavy_: acc. heah gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085. hea-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128. heah-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hroethgar), 1040. heah-gestreon, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestreona, 2303. heah-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. heah-lufan, 1955. heah-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_: dat. sg. heah-sele, 648. heah-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088. heah-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on heah-stede, 285. hean, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409. heap, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. ŝegna heap, 400; ŝes hearda heap, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta heap, _the crowd of spears_, 335; mago-rinca heap, 731; dat. sg. on heape, _in a compact body_, as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wig-heap. heawan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801. ge-heawan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-heawe, 683. heoethu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. ŝaet he on heoethe gestod, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404. heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505. heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303. heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756. heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000. heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde. heoreth-geneat, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heoreth-geneatas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heoreth-geneatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heoreth-geneatum, 2419. heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370. heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. aet heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blieth-, grom-, rum-, stearc-heort. heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bindan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here). heoro-blac, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg. [heoro-]blac, 2489. heoru-dreor, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-dreore, 487; heoro-dreore, 850. heoro-dreorig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-dreorigne, 1781, 2721. heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359. heoro-gifre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499. heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848. heoro-hocihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl. mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyhtum, 1439. heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540. heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591. heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake, 2782. See weallian. heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword_: nom. sg., 1268. heofan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hiofende, 3143. a-heoran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. bryd aheorde, 2931. heore, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis ŝaet heoru stow, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-heore (-hyre). hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.) hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through combat_, 2917; dat. sg. aet hilde, 1461. hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521. hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140. hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599. hilde-deor, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-dior, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-deore, 3171. hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367. hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363. hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607. hilde-grap, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508. hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft ŝaet ge-eode ... hilde-hlaemmum, _it happened to the warriors_ (the Geatas), 2202. hilde-leoma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leoman, 2584.--2) _the gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -leoman, 1144. hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800. hilde-mece, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -meceas, 2203. hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243. hllde-raes, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300. hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987. hilde-saed, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_: acc. sg. hilde-saedne, 2724. hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156. hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040. hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114. hilde-swat, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hat hilde-swat (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. hilde-tux, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512. hilde-waepen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -waepnum, 39. hilde-wisa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewisan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnaef), 1065. hild-freca. See hilde-freca hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. ŝaes hild-fruman, 2836. hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. ŝa hild-latan, 2847. hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. ŝaet hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. ŝa hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoethen-hilt. hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023. hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988. hin-fus, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge waes him hinfus (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756. hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman siethe, _the last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518. hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rices hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; fraetwa hyrde, 3134; rices hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. huses hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde. hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. ŝenden hyt sy, 2650. hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bael hladan leofne mannan, _lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_, 2776; pret. part. ŝaer waes wunden gold on waen hladen, _laid upon the wain_, 3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. ŝa waes ... saegeap naca hladen herewaedum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlaeden. ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. saebat gehlod (MS gehleod), 896. hlaford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlafordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlaford. hlaford-leas; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlaford-lease, 2936. hlaw, hlaew, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlaew, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlawe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill), _cave_: acc. sg. hlaw [under] hrusan, 2277; hlaew under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlaewe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. hlaest, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlaeste, 52. hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, uht-, wael-hlem. hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma. a-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his mod ahlog, _his mood exulted_, 731. hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021. hleapan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hleapan leton ... fealwe mearas, 865. a-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. ahleop, 1398. hleoethu. See hlieth. hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oeth ŝaet he ... fyrgen-beamas ofer harne stan hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416. hleo, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wigendra hleo, of Hroethgar, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hleo, of Hroethgar, 1036, 1867; of Beowulf, 792; of Hygelac, 2191. hleo-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732. hleoethor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980. hleor, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. faeted-hleor (adj.). hleor-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hleor-beran (_visor_?), 304. hleor-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689. hleotan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hleat, 2386. hlifian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899. hlieth, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hliethe, 3159; gen. sg. hliethes, 1893; pl. hlietho in composition, stan-hlietho; hleoethu in the compounds fen-, mist-, naes-, wulf-hleoethu. hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., [Greek: klinidion], _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035. to-hlidan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl. to-hlidene, 1000. hlud, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. dream ... hludne, 89. hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612. hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. naes ŝa on hlytme, hwa ŝaet hord strude, _it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127. hnah, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnagran, 678; dat. sg. hnahran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly intimate_: nom. sg. naes hio hnah swa ŝeah, _was nevertheless not familiarly intimate_ (with the Geatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (_niggardly_?), 1930. hnaegan, w. v. w. acc., (for naegan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. ŝaet he ŝone wisan wordum hnaegde frean Ingwina, 1319. ge-hnaegan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret. sg. ge-hnaegde helle gast, 1275; ŝaer hyne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon, 2917. hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. ŝonne hniton (hnitan) feethan, 1328, 2545. hoethma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in hoethman, 2459. hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg. hof (Hroethgar's residence), 312; dat. sg. to hofe sinum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; to hofe (Hygelac's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. to hofum Geata, 1837. hogode. See hycgan. hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frean Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelace waes ... nefa swyethe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Beowulf) _very much attached_, 2171; acc. sg. ŝurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487. hold. See healdan. holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. waeg-holm. holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on ŝam holm-clife, 1422; from ŝaem holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230. holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.--Comp.: aesc-, fyrgen-, gar-, Hrefnes-holt. holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = _forest_: acc. sg., 1370. hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beaga hord, 2285; maethma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sawle hord, 2423; ŝaet hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; haeethnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: beah-, breost-, word-, wyrm-hord. hord-aern, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat. hord-aerne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-aerna, 2280. hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's), _ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467. hord-gestreon, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl. hord-gestreonum, 1900; gen. pl. maegen-byrethenne hord-gestreona, _the great burden of rich treasures_, 3093. hord-maethethum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199. hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345. hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594. hord-weorethung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc. sg.--weorethunge, 953. hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271. horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gueth-horn. horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. horn-geap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heah and horn-geap, 82. horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44. hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400. hociht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hociht. be-hofian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nu is se daeg cumen ŝat ure man-dryhten maegenes behofaeth godra guethrinca, _now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648. on-hohsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. ŝaet onhohsnode Heminges maeg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945. holinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077. be-hon, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140. hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in the compounds fen-, mor-hop. hos (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. maegetha hose, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925. hraeethe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraethe, 1438; hreethe, 992; compar. hraethor, 543. hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540. hran-rad, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rade, 10. hra, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589. hra-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277. hraedlice, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964. hraefn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802; se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. hraegl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hraegles, 1218; gen. pl. hraegla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hraegl. hreethe. See hraethe. hreether, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreether inne weoll _(it surged in his breast_), 2114; hreether aeethme weoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreethre, 1152; of hreethre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. ŝaet waes ... hreethre hygemeethe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer, Haeethcyn), 2443; on hreethre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. ŝurh hreethra gehygd, 2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreethre, parallel with aldre, 1447. hreether-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt_: acc. sg., 1344. hrefn. See hraefn. hreeth, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gueth-hreeth; _renown, assurance of victory_, in sige-hreeth. hreethe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hreeth (on account of the following aet, final _e_ is elided, as wenic for wene ic, 442; frofor and fultum for frofre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576. hreeth-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hreeth-sigora, 2584. hremig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. huethe hremig, 124; since hremig, 1883; fraetwum hremig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hremge ŝorfton (sc. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2365. on-hreran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrered, 549, 2555. hrea-wic, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Geata leode hrea-wic heoldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215. hread, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hread. See hreoethan. hream, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303. hreoetha, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hreoetha. hreoethan, ge-hreoethan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; ŝa waes heal hroden feonda feorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_, 1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: beag-, gold-hroden. hreoh, hreow, hreo, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled_: nom. sg. (Beowulf) hreoh and heoro-grim, 1565; ŝaet ŝam godan waes hreow on hreethre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_), 2329; hreo waeron yetha, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; naes him hreoh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hreon mode, _of sad heart_, 1308; on hreoum mode, _angry at heart_, 2582. hreoh-mod, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297. hreosan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hreas, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron him tearas, _tears burst from him_, 1873. be-hreosan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. hreow, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. ŝaet waes Hroethgare hreowa tornost, _that was to Hroethgar the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130. hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. ŝone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.--Comp. ban-hring. hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327. hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562. hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_ (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frieth-ŝiofs saga, I: ŝorsteinn atti skip ŝat er Ellidi het, ... borethit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132. hring-iren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322. hring-mael, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mael Heaethobeardna gestreon (_rich armor_), 2038. hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863. hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890. hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054. hring-weorethung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorethunge, 3018. hrinan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. ŝaet him heardra nan hrinan wolde iren aergod (_that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him_), 989; him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte faergripe flodes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof_), 1516; ŝaet ŝam hring-sele hrinan ne moste gumena aenig _(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siethethan he hire folmum [hr]an (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; oeth ŝaet deaethes wylm hran aet heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. ŝeah ŝe him wund hrine (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrina, _sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrinde bearwas (for hrinende) 1364; but see Note. hroden. See hreoethan. hron-fix. See hran-fix. hroethor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne to hroethre, 2449; gen. pl. hroethra, 2172. hrof, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrof, 403; under geapne hrof, 838; geseah steapne hrof (here _inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer heahne hrof, 984; ymb ŝaes helmes hrof, 1031; under beorges hrof, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrof. hrof-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrof-sele, 1516. hror, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of ŝaem hroran, 1630.--Comp. fela-hror. hruron. See hreosan. hruse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer waeteres hrycg (_over the water's back, surface_), 471. hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.--Comp.: leod-, wig-hryre. hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226. hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369. hund, num., _hundred_: ŝreo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499; hund ŝusenda landes and locenra beaga, 2995. hu, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. hueth, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. huethe, 124. huru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121. hus, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. huses, 116; gen. pl. husa selest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936. hwan, adv., _whither_: to hwan syethethan weareth hondraes haeleetha (_what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072. hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. hwa, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwa, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwaet, 173; anes hwaet (_a part only_), 3011; hwaet ŝa men waeron (_who the men were_), 233, etc.; hwaet syndon ge searo-haebbendra (_what armed men are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wieth manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; neut. ŝurh hwaet, 3069; hwaet wit geo spraecon, 1477; hwaet ... hynetho (gen.), faer-nietha (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwaet ŝu worn fela (_how very much thou_), 530; swylces hwaet, 881; hwaet ... arna, 1187; dat. m. hwam, 1697.--Comp. aeg-hwa. hwaet, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249. ge-hwa, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wieth feonda gehwone, 294; nietha gehwane, 2398; meca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dogora gehwam, 88; aet nietha gehwam, 883; ŝegna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehwaem, 1421; fem. in maegetha ge-hwaere, 25; nihta gehwaem, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwaes, 2528; fem. daeda gehwaes, 2839. hwar. See hwaer. hwaeder. See hwider. hwaeether, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwaeether ... uncer twega, 2531; swa hwaeether, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swa hwaeethere hond swa him gemet ŝince, 687.--Comp. aeg-hwaeether. ge-hwaeether, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. waes gehwaeether oethrum lifigende laeth, 815; waes ... gehwaeether oethrum hroethra gemyndig, 2172; ne gehwaeether incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwaeether ŝara (_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwaeethrum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwaeethres, 1044. hwaeether, hwaeethere, hwaeethre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwaeethre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwaeethre swa ŝeah, _however, notwithstanding_, 2443; hwaeethere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwaeethre, 1315; hwaeether, 1357, 2786. hwaet, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwaet. hwaet. See hwa. hwaer, adv., _where_: elles hwaer, _elsewhere_, 138; hwaer, _somewhere_, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwar ŝonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_ 3063.--Comp. o-hwaer. ge-hwaer, _everywhere_: ŝeah ŝu heaetho-raesa gehwaer dohte (_everywhere good in battle_), 526. hwele. See hwyle. hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591. hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swa ŝin sefa hwette (_as thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerofne (_they whetted the brave one_), 204. hwene, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700. hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016. hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres. pl. ŝara ŝe cwice hwyrfaeth, 98; inf. hwilum he on lufan laeteeth hworfan monnes mod-geŝonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mot ... monna aeghwylc idel hweorfan (_of rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. faeder ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf ŝa hraedlice ŝaer Hroethgar saet, 356; hwearf ŝa bi bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf ŝa be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond ŝaet reced, 1982; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf (_went oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles aefter lyfte lacende hwearf (_not at all through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, aer he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264. and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. oeth ŝaet ... norethan wind heaetho-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_), 548. aet-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwilum he on beorh aet-hwearf (_at times returned to the mountain_), 2300. ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf ŝa in Francna faeethm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on aeht gehwearf ... Denigea frean, 1680; so, 1685, 2209. geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018. hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwaeder (hwaeether, MS.), 1332. hwil, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. waes seo hwil micel (_it was a long time_), 146; ŝa waes hwil daeges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg. hwile, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwile, _a long while_, 16, 2781; ane hwile, _a while_, 1763; lytle hwile, _brief space_, 2031, 2098; aenige hwile, _any while_, 2549; laessan hwile, _a lesser while_, 2572; dat. sg. aer daeges hwile, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwilum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_: hwilum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwilum ... hwilum, 2108-9-10.--Comp.: daeg-, gescaep-, orleg-, sige-hwil. hwit, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwita helm, 1449. hworfan. See hweorfan. hwopan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hweop, 2269. hwyder. See hwider. hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaetha ic nat hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwil, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Saegeata siethas waeron, 1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swa hwylc maegetha swa ŝone magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_), 944; neut. ŝonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat. sg. efne swa hwylcum manna swa him gemet ŝuhte, 3058.--Comp.: aeg-, nat-, wel-hwylc. ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dogra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095. hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scriethaeth (_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft. hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic ŝaet hogode ŝaet ... (_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swieth-, ŝanc-, wis-hycgend. for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic ŝaet ŝonne for-hicge ŝaet ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435. ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. ŝa ŝu ... feorr gehogodest saecce secean, 1989. ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode ŝa hringa fengel ŝaet he ŝone widflogan weorode gesohte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_), 2346. hydig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. an-, bealo-, grom-, nieth-, ŝrist-hydig. ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. ŝurh hreethra gehygd, 2046.--Comp.: breost-, mod-gehygd, won-hyd. hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. ŝurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149. hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum faest, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879. hyge-geomor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409. hyge-meethe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2) _life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-meethum (-maeethum, MS.), 2910. hyge-rof, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerof], 403; acc. sg. hige-rofne, 204. hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329. hyge-ŝyhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-ŝihtigne (of Beowulf), 747. See ŝyhtig. hyge-ŝrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for hige-ŝrymmum, 339. hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179. ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo. hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689. hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. a-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. a-hyrded, 1461. hyrde. See hirde. hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenŝeow's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763. hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256. hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218. hyt. See hit. hydan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hyde [hine, _himself_] se ŝe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. no ŝu minne ŝearft hafalan hydan, 446; aer he in wille hafelan [hydan] (_ere in it he_ [the stag] _will hide his head_), 1373. ge-hydan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehydde, 2236, 3060. hyeth, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. aet hyethe, 32. hyeth-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915. hynan (see hean), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg. hynde, 2320. hynethu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hynethu, 277; gen. sg. hwaet ... hynetho, 475; fela ... hynetho, 594; gen. pl. heardra hynetha, 166. hyran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hyrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. ŝaet he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876; I. pl. swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: naenigne ic ... selran hyrde hordmaethethum (_I heard of no better hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hyrde ic ŝaet ..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. oeth ŝaet him aeghwylc ŝara ymbsittendra hyran scolde, 10; hyran heaetho-siocum, 2755; Pret. pl. ŝaet him winemagas georne hyrdon, 66. ge-hyran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. minne gehyraeth anfealdne geŝoht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehyrde on Beowulfe faestraedne geŝoht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehyrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic ŝaet gehyre ŝaet ..., 290. I ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. min; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. usic, us, dat. us, gen. user. ic omitted before the verb, 470. icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit ic, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. eht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Koerner. ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352. in. See inn. in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_: in geardum, 13, 2460; in ŝaem guethsele, 443; in beorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in maegetha gehwaere, 25; in ŝystrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in anum (_in one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstole, 1953; in ŝam wongstede (_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in baelstede, 3098. Temporal: in gear-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, into_: in woruld, 60; in fyres faeethm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in ŝa tide (in watide, MS.), 2228. II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091. incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lafe (_with the costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lafe, _edge of the sword_.--K. Koerner?] in-frod, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frodum, 1875. in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550. in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg., 1156. inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301. innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; ŝaer on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: ŝaer on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245. innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999. inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne abead (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; ŝaer inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867. inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg., 1448. inwit-gaest, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671. inwit-hrof, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg. under inwit-hrof, 3124. inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168. inwit-nieth, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl. inwit-niethas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nietha, 1948. inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. ŝurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo. inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. inwit-ŝanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. he onfeng hraethe inwit-ŝancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749. irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to_, occur_: pret. sg him on mod be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67. on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sona onarn, 722. irre-mod, adj. See yrre-mod. I idel, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes ŝaere maegburge idel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the people_ [of the Geatas]), 2889. idel-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082. iren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlic iren (_the doughty, lordly sword_), 893; iren aer-god, 990; acc. sg. leoflic iren, 1810; gen. pl. irena cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; irenna cyst, 803; irenna ecge (_edges of swords_), 2684. iren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg waes iren, 1460. iren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. iren-bendum faest (bold), 775, 999. iren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. iren-byrnan, 2987. See isern-byrne. iren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113. irenne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-irenne. iren-ŝreat, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330. is, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. ise, 1609. isern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. isern-byrnan, 672. See iren-byrne. isern-scur, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. ŝone ŝe oft gebad isern-scure, 3117. is-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. is-gebinde, 1134. isig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. isig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo. IO IU iu. See geo. iu-man. See geo-man. io-meowle. See geo-meowle. L laethu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: freond-, neod-laethu. ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his waetere gelafede, 2723. lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631. lagu-craeftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-craeftig mon (_pilot_), 209. lagu-straet, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-straete, 239. lagu-stream, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-streamas, 297. land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; to lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 31l.--Comp.: el-, ea-land. land-buend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl. lond-buend, 1346; dat. pl. land-buendum, 95. land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31. land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209. land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. leoda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc. land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes idel, 2887. land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322. land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891. lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. to lang, 2094; naes ŝa long (lang) to ŝon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwile (_for a long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) ŝrage, 54, 114, 1258; lange tid, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. se waes fiftiges fotgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang. lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; to lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; no ŝy leng (_none the longer_), 975. Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239. ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence _ready, prepared_: nu is raed gelang eft aet ŝe anum (_now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gen is eall aet ŝe lissa gelong (_all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge. lang-ge-streon, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestreona, 2241.--Leo. langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him ...aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after the dear man_), 1880. lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537. lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709. lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata. la, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865. lac, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaetho-lac.--2) _gift, offering_: acc. pl. lac, 1864; laethlicu lac (_loathly offering, prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lacum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sae-lac. ge-lac, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelac (_battle_), 1041; dat. pl. aet ecga gelacum, 1169. lacan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying_, etc.: inf. dareethum lacan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. aefter lyfte lacende (_flying through the air_), 2833. for-lacan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. he weareth on feonda geweald foreth forlacen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904. lad, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lade, 1988; gen. sg. lade, 569.--Comp.: brim-, sae-lad. ge-lad, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncueth gelad, 1411. laeth, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. laeth, 816; laeth lyft-floga, 2316; laeth (_enemy_), 440; ne leof ne laeth, 511; neut. laeth, 134, 192; in weak form, se laetha (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. laethne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. laethum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. laethes (of the enemy), 842; fela laethes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; laethan liges, 83; laethan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ŝaes laethan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. laeth gewidru (_hateful storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wieth laethum, 550; laethum scuccum and scinnum, 939; laethum daedum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; laethan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. laethra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; laethra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg. laethra ... beorn, 2433. laeth-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. laeth-bite lices (_the body's hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123. laeth-geteona, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. laeth-geteonan, 559. laeth-lic, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. laeth-licu, 1585. laf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom. sg. Hreethlan laf (Beowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fela lafe (_the leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lafe, 2830; on him gladiaeth gomelra lafe, heard and hringmael Heaethobeardna gestreon (_on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaethobeardas' treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaethobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lafe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lafe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lafe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wea-, yrfe-, yeth-laf. lar, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be faeder lare, 1951; gen. pl. lara, 1221; larena, 269.--Comp. freond-lar. last, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. last, 132, 972, 2165; on last (_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lastas, 1403; acc. pl. lastas, 842.--Comp.: feethe-, feorh-, fot-, wraec-last. laeger. See leger. lager-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. laes, adj., _less_, 1947; ŝy laes (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not, lest_, 1919. laessa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. laessa, 1283; acc. sg. m. laessan, 43; fem, laessan hwile, 2572; dat. sg. for laessan (_for less, smaller_), 952. Superl. nom. sg. no ŝaet laesest waes hond-gemot[a], 2355. laet, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes laet, 1530. laedan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. laedan, 239; pret. pl. laeddon, 1160. for-1aedan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-laeddan, 2440 (?). ge-laedan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-laeded, 37. laefan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. ŝinum magum laef folc and rice, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum laefde ... lond and leodbyrig, 2471.--2) _spare, leave behind_: aht cwices laefan (_to spare aught living_), 2316. laen-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. laen-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. laen-daga, 2342. laene, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; ŝas laenan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. laenan lifes, 2846. laeran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. ŝu ŝe laer be ŝon (_learn this, take this to heart_), 1723. ge-laeran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic ŝaes Hroethgar maeg ... raed gelaeran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. ŝa me ŝaet ge-laerdon leode mine (_gave me the advice_), 415. laestan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. ŝaet him se lic-homa laestan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_: imper. laest eall tela (_do all well_), 2664. ge-laestan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) ŝaet mec aer and oft gelaeste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. ŝaet ... wilgesiethas, ŝonne wig cume, leode gelaestan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic ŝe sceal mine gelaestan freode (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707; pret. sg. beot ... gelaeste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelaeste swa (_kept his word_), 2991; pres. part. haefde East-Denum ... gilp gelaested (_had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830. laetan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. laeteeth, 1729; imper. pl. II. laetaeth, 397; sg. II. laet, 1489; pret. sg. let, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. leton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lete, 1997; sg. III. lete, 3083. a-laetan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. ŝaet ŝu ne alaete ... dom ge-dreosan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. alaetan laen-dagas (_die_) 2592; so, alaetan lif and leodscipe, 2751. for-laetan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-let, 971; pret. pl. for-leton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hleo ... ŝone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlaetan (_would not let the murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg. in ŝam wong-stede ... ŝaer he hine aer forlet (_where he had previously left him_), 2788. of-laetan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf ŝu aer ŝonne he worold oflaetest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflet lif-dagas and ŝas laenan gesceaft, 1623. on-laetan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. ŝonne forstes bend faeder on-laeteeth (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610. a-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syethethan hilde-deor hond a-legde ... under geapne hrof, 835; ŝaet he on Beowulfes bearm a-legde (_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret. pl. a-ledon ŝa leofne ŝeoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; a-legdon ŝa to middes maerne ŝeoden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), 3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siethethan ... in fen-freoetho feorh a-legde (_laid down his life, died_), 852; nu se here-wisa hleahtor a-legde, gamen and gleo-dream _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021. leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044. lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede to lange, 906. MS. leng. See lang. lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne waes hit lenge ŝa gen (_nor was it yet long_), 83. ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... lice gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733. let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_). lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), ŝaet syethethan na ... brim-liethende lade ne letton (_might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying_), 569. a-ledon. See a-lecgan. leg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna leg (_the lurid flame_), 3116; swogende leg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lege, 2550. See lig. leg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041. *leahan, lean, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyheth, 1049; pret. sg. log, 1812; pret. pl. logon, 203, 863. be-lean, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. ne inc aenig mon ... belean mihte sorhfullne sieth (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey_), 511. leahtre. See or-leahtre. leaf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. leafum, 97. leafnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245. lean. See leahan. lean, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. leane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. ŝa lean, 2996; dat. ŝam leanum, 2146; gen. leana, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-lean. lean (for laen, O.H.G. lehan), st. n, _loan_, 1810. leanian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic ŝe ŝa faehethe feo leanige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret. sg. me ŝone wael-raes wine Scyldinga faettan golde fela leanode (_the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_), 2103. leas, adj., _false_: nom. pl. lease, 253. leas, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreama leas, 851; dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665.--Comp.: dom-, dream-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlaford-, sawol-, sige-, sorh-, tir-, ŝeoden-, wine-, wyn-leas. leasig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-leasig(?). leoetho-craeft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoetho-craeftum (_a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770. leoetho-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene leoetho-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoetho-syrcan, 1891. leomum. See lim. leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him ŝaes gueth-cyning ... wraece leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337. leod, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. leod, 626. leod, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. leode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates _individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. leode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Geata leode (_people of the race of the Geatas_), 260; acc. pl. leode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. leodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. leoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. leod-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_), _great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. leod-bealewa, 1947. leod-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472. leod-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54. leod-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. leod-fruman, 2131. leod-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269. leod-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. aefter leod-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaethobeardas_, Froda, cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. ŝaes leod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389), 2392. leod-sceaetha, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. ŝam leod-sceaethan, 2094. leod-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on ŝam leod-scipe, 2198. leoeth, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gueth-, sorh-leoeth. leof, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., leofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. leofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. leofum, 1074; gen. pl. leofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. leofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. leofost, 1297; acc. sg. ŝone leofestan, 2824. leoflic, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. leoflic lind-wiga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. leoflic iren, 1810. leogan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. naefne him his wlite leoge (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda ne worda, 3030. a-leogan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. he beot ne a-leh (_he left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80. ge-leogan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him seo wen geleah (_hope deceived him_), 2324. leoht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan leoht, 649; godes leoht geceas (_chose God's light, died_), 2470; dat. sg. to leohte, 95.--Comp.: aefen-, fyr-, morgen-leoht. leoht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. leohtan sweorde, 2493. leoma, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leoman, 1518; sunnan and monan leoman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu- and hilde-leoma), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. lixte se leoma (_the blade-gleam flashed_), 1571. leosan, st. v., = amitti, in be-leosan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (heo) weareth beloren leofum bearnum and broethrum (_was deprived of her dear children and brethren_), 1074. for-leosan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. ŝaer he dome for-leas, ellen-maerethum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. ŝam ŝe aer his elne for-leas (_to him who, before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic ŝam leanum for-loren haefde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146. libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifaeth, 3169; lyfaeth, 945; leofaeth, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be ŝe lifigendum (_in thy lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende. licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nu seo hand ligeeth (_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nu se wyrm ligeeth, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. laeg, 40, 552, 2078; syethethan Heardred laeg (_after Heardred had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lagon, 3049; laegon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. naefre on ore laeg wid-cuethes wig (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_), 1042; syethethan wiether-gyld laeg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052. a-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. ŝaet his dom a-laeg (_that its power failed it_), 1529. ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond gelaeg, 3147. lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, yeth-lida. lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624. lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97. limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hu lomp eow on lade (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988. a-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg. oeth ŝaet sael a-lamp (_till the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, ŝa him a-lumpen waes wistfylle wen (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734. be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him sio sar belamp, 2469. ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeeth ŝaet..., 1754; subj. pres. ŝisse ansyne alwealdan ŝanc lungre gelimpe (_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp ŝaet..., 76; swa him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to them_), 1253; ŝaes ŝe hire se willa gelamp ŝaet ... (_because her wish had been fulfilled_), 627; frofor eft gelamp sarig-modum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him ŝyslicu ŝearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum weareth ... willa gelumpen, 825. lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366. lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974. lind-haebbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -haebbende, 245; gen. pl. haebbendra, 1403. lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040. lind-wiga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604. linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151. list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (_cunningly_), 782. lixan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571. lic, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lic, 2081; ŝaet lic (_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lices, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-, swin-lic. ge-lic, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-lice, 2165. Superl. ge-licost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. lic-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. lic-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lic-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lic-haman, 3179. lician, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. me ŝin mod-sefa licaeth leng swa wel, 1855; pret. pl. ŝam wife ŝa word wel licodon, 640. licnes. See on-licnes. lic-sar, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. lic-sar, 816. lic-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg., 550. 1iethan, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl. ŝa liethende (_navigantes, sailors_), 221; ŝa waes sund liden (_the water was then traversed_), 223.--Comp.: heaethu-, mere-, waeg-liethend. liethe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lara liethe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. liethost, 3184. lieth-waege, st. n., _can in which lieth_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is contained_: acc. sg., 1983. lif, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. lif, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. life, 2572; to life (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. lifes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lifes (_of the earthly life_), 1388, 2344.--Comp. edwit-lif. lif-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death_: nom. sg., 967. lif-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623. lif-frea, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16. lif-gedal, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842. lif-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065. lif-wraethu, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. lif-wraethe, 2878; dat. sg. to lif-wraethe, 972. lif-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. lif-wynna, 2098. lig, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lige, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. liges, 83, 782. See leg. lig-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See leg-draca. lig-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg., 2781. lige-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?): dat. sg. aefter lige-torne _(on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. lig-yeth, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. lig-yethum, 2673. leon, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. ŝaet him on ŝearfe lah ŝyle Hroethgares (_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457. on-leoon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. ŝa he ŝaes waepnes on-lah selran sweord-frecan, 1468. loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. ban-, burh-loca. locen. See lucan. lond, long. See land, lang. lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537. lof-daed, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-daedum, 24. lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184. loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. treow-loga. losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losaeth, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097. locian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. sae-lac ... ŝe ŝu her to locast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655. ge-lome, adv., _often, frequently_, 559. lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. heah-, mod-, wif-lufe. lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence; property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp. eard-lufa. lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with eethel-wyn), 2887. luf-tacen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tacen, 1864. lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode ŝa leode (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983. lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2) _quite, very, fully_: feower mearas lungre gelice (_four horses quite alike_), 2165. lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600. lucan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoetho-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra beaga (_rings wrought of gold wire_), 2996. be-lucan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter yethe be-leac is-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wige beleac manegum maegetha (_I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771. Cf. me wige beluc wraethum feondum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps. 34, 3. ge-lucan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770. on-lucan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-leac (_opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259. to-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782. lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. aefter lyfte (_along, through, the air_), 2833. lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914. lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. lyheth. See leahan. lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(_the Geat_ [Beowulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794. lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyt eft becwom ... hames niosan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyt aenig (_none at all_), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... heafod-maga, 2151; wergendra to lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lyt swigode niwra spella (_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (_too few of men_), 2837. lytel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. to lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hwile (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wraethe lytle (_little protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lytel. lyt-hwon, adv., _little = not at all_: lyt-hwon logon, 204. lyfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. ŝine lyfe (life, MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Moebius' Glossary, p. 266. lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in a-lyfan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. naefre ic aenegum men aer alyfde ... ŝryeth-aern Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (ŝa me waes) sieth ... alyfed inn under eoreth-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_), 3090. ge-lyfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. ŝaer gelyfan sceal dryhtnes dome se ŝe hine deaeth nimeeth (_whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Beowulf and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geoce gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena (_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; ŝaet heo on aenigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frofre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles_), 628; se ŝe him bealwa to bote gelyfde (_who trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him to anwaldan are gelyfde (_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273. a-lysan, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. ŝa waes of ŝaem hroran helm and byrne lungre a-lysed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him_), 1631. M maethelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maethelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maethelade, 2426. maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hroethgar), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgŝeowes (Beowulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (Wiglaf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. ŝone magan, 944. magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. maeg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht ŝu, 2048; subj. pres. maege, 2531, 2750; ŝeah ic eal maege (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. we maegen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. maeg, sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecglafes (Hunfereth), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hroethgar), 1868, 2012. mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67. mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, heap, 731. magu-ŝegn, mago-ŝegn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-ŝegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-ŝegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-ŝegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-ŝegna ... ŝone selestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406. man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wid-cuethne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they, people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-, gleo-, gum-, iu-, lid-, sae-, waepned-man. man. See munan. man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. man-dream, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-dream, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dreamum, 1716. man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150. ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of the fourteen Geatas that returned from the sea]), 1644. manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. manaeth swa and myndgaeth ... sarum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058. manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellic sae-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. ŝegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre maegethe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum maethmum, 2104; monegum maegethum, 5; gen. pl. manigra meda, 1179.--2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum maegetha, 1772; monegum fira, 2002; haeleetha monegum bold-agendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (maethm)-aehta monige, 1614. manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected]. man-lice, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047. man-ŝwaere, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl. mon-ŝwaerust, 3183. ma, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. maethum, maethethum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. maethethum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. maethme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. maethmas, 1861; acc. pl. madmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. maethmum, madmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. maethma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; madma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-maethum. maethm-aeht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. maethm-aehta, 1614, 2834. maethethum-faet, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg., 2406. maethm-gestreon, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. maethm-gestreona, 1932. maethum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat. sg. aefter maethethum-gife, 1302. maethum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_: gen. pl. maethethum-sigla, 2758. maethum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024. maethum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg. aefter-maethethum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751. magas. See maeg. mage, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles magan (_mother_), 1392. man, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. mane, 110, 979; adv., _criminally_, 1056. man-for-daedla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. man-for-daedlan, 563. man-scaetha, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; man-sceaetha, 2515. mara (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m. mara, 1354, 2556; neut. mare, 1561; acc. sg. m. maran, 2017; mund-gripe maran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. maran ... eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. maran, 533, 1012; neut. mare, 518; with gen. pl. moreth-beala mare _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; gen. sg. f. maran, 1824. maest (superl. of micel, mara), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), maest, 78, 193; fem. maest, 2329; acc. sg. fem. faehethe maeste, 459; maeste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) maest maeretha, 2646; hond-wundra maest, 2769; bael-fyra maest, 3144; instr. sg. m. maeste craefte, 2182. maecg. See mecg. maegeth, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. maegetha hose (_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; maegetha, 944, 1284. maegen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. maegen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. maegene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. maegenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; maegnes, 671, 1762; maegenes strang, strengest (_great in strength_), 1845, 196; maegenes rof (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. swa he oft (i.e. etan) dyde maegen Hreethmanna (_the best of the Hreethmen_), 445; gen. sg. wieth manna hwone maegenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp. ofer-maegen. maegen-agend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl. -agendra, 2838. maegen-byrethen, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. maegen-byrethenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626. maegen-craeft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380. maegen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660. maegen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. naes ŝaet ŝonne maetost maegen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456. maegen-raes, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520. maegen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679. maegen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236. maest, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be maeste (_beside the mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906. maeethum. See maethum, hyge-maeethum. maeg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. maeg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. maeg (_son_), 1340; (_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. maege, 1979; gen. sg. maeges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. magas, 1016; acc. pl. magas, 2816; dat. pl. magum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; maegum, 2354; gen. pl. maga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: faederen-, heafod-, wine-maeg. maeg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... ŝaere maeg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_, i.e. of the Geatas), 2888. maegeth, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. maegethe, 1012; dat. sg. maegethe, 75; dat. pl. maegethum, 5; gen. pl. maegetha, 25, 1772. maeg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.). mael, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; ŝa waes sael and mael (_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mael, 2634; instr. pl. aerran maelum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. maela, 1250; saela and maela, 1612; maela gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2) _sword, weapon_: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mael (_the drawn sword_), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot, mark_.--Comp.: graeg-, hring-, sceaethen-, wunden-mael. mael-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mael-ceare, 189. mael-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bad mael-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738. maenan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, proclaim_: inf. maenan, 1068; pret. part. ŝaer waes Beowulfes maeretho maened, 858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohetho maende (_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. maendon, 1150, 3150. ge-maenan (see man), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj. pret. pl. ge-maenden, 1102. ge-maene, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemaene, 2474; ŝaer unc hwile waes hand gemaene (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal urum ŝaet sweord and helm bam gemaene (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemaene, 1861; dat. pl. ŝaet ŝam folcum sceal ... sib gemaenum (attraction for gemaene, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela maethma gemaenra (_we two shall share many treasures together_), 1785. maerethu, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. maeretho, 660, 688; acc. pl. maeretha, 2997; instr. pl. maerethum (_gloriously_), 2515: gen. pl. maeretha, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. maeretho, 2135; gen. pl. maeretha, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-maerethu. maere, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg. m. maere, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se maera, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se maera, 1475; nom. fem. maeru, 2017; maere, 1953; neut. maere, 2406; acc. sg. m. maerne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. maere, 1024; dat. sg. maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; to ŝaem maeran, 270; gen. sg. maeres, 798; maeran, 1730; nom. pl. maere, 3071; superl. maerost, 899,--Comp.: fore-, heaetho-maere. maest. See mara. maete, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. maetost, 1456. mecg, maecg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wraec-maecg. medla. See on-medla. medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605. medo-aern, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-aern (Heorot), 69. medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903. medu-dream, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc. sg. 2017. medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016. medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639. medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981. medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066. medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5. medo-stig, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stig, 925. medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644. meethel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on meethle, 1877. meethel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here _meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on ŝaem meethel-stede, 1083. meethel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr. pl. meethel-wordum, 236. melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. ŝaes meldan, 2406. meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121. ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se mod-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629. men. See man. mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200. mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. se ŝe mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450. ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594. menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. maethma menigeo (_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, maenigo, 41. mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. mere-deor, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558. mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540), 549. mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450. mere-hraegl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hraegla sum, 1906. mere-liethend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl. mere-liethende, 255. mere-straet, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-straeta 514. mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533. mere-wif, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520. mergen. See morgen. met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsael meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Koerner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg. nis ŝaet ... gemet mannes nefne min anes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer min gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780. ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. swa him gemet ŝince (ŝuhte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe straete mearum maeton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514, 1634. ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stig gemaet.(_measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall_), 925. metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scir metod, 980; soeth metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod. metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. to metod-sceafte, 2816. mece, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mece, 2048; bradne mece, 2979; gen. sg. meces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mecum, 565; gen. pl. meca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, haeft-, hilde-mece. med, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mede, 2135; dat. sg. mede, 2147; gen. pl. meda, 1179. ge-mede, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-medu, 247. meethe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sae-meethe. metan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syethethan Aescheres ... hafelan metton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. ŝaet he ne mette ... on elran man mundgripe maran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip_), 752. ge-metan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemette, 758, 2786; pl. naes ŝa long to ŝon, ŝaet ŝa aglaecean hy eft gemetton (_it was not long after that the warriors again met each other_), 2593. ge-meting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002. meagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, 1981. mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. to mearce (_the end of life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fot-, mil-ge-mearc. mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearcaeth morhopu (_will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450. ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morethre gemearcod (_murder-marked_ [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swa waes on ŝaem scennum ... gemearcod ... hwam ŝaet sweord geworht waere (_engraved for whom the sword had been wrought_), 1696. mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349. mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and maethmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. meara and maethma, 2167. mearn. See murnan. meodu. See medu. meoto. See met. meotud. See metod. meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geo-meowle. micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mare must be supplied before ŝone in: medo-aern micel ... (mare) ŝone yldo beam aefre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle leofre (_far dearer_), 2652; efne swa micle (laessa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle (_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrethne gedon (_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; to fela micles (_far too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mara. mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preeminently _union, community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hroethgare, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesiethum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freo-drihtne, 2628; mid ŝaem lacum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid haele (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid baele for (_sped off amid fire_), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with him_, 1626; ne waes him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with, among_: mid Geatum (_among the Geatas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid aer-daege (_at dawn_), 126.--2) _with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid ar-stafum (_through his grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grape (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-ŝoncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gode (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_), 1893; mid ŝaere sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid ŝy wife (_through [marriage with] the woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid minne gold-gyfan, 2653. II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time, likewise_, 1650. middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752. midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) to-middes (_in the midst_), 3142. middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. ŝurh drihtnes miht (_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701. mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deor, 558; mere-wif mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: ael-, fore-mihtig. milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. modes milde (_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to men_), 3183. milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922. missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses (_missed the mark_), 2440. missere, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missera (_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621. mist-hlieth, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under mist-hleoethum, 711. mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige moras, 162. mil-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mil-gemearces, 1363. min: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelac min (_my lord_, or _king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534, etc. molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. graes-molde. mon. See man. ge-mong. See ge-mang. moreth-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl. moreth-beala, 136. morethor, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morethre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morethres, 2056; morethres scyldig (_guilty of murder_), 1684. morethor-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. waes ŝam yldestan ... morethor-bed stred (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437. morethor-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg. morethor-bealo, 1080, 2743. morethor-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. ŝaes morethor-hetes, 1106. morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451. morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gar morgen-ceald (_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023. morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne daeg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895. morgen-leoht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918. morgen-sweg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129. morgen-tid, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tide, 484, 818(?) morn. See morgen. mod, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom. sg., 50, 731; waefre mod (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_), 1151; acc. sg. on mod (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mode geŝungen (_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mode (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hreoum mode (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes bliethe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, modes milde, 1230; modes seoce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness, courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom. sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, geomor-, glaed-, gueth-, hreoh-, irre-, sarig-, stieth-, swieth-, werig-mod. mod-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. mod-ceare, 1993, 3150. mod-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. mod-gehygdum, 233 mod-ge-ŝanc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. mod-ge-ŝonc, 1730. mod-giomor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895. modig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he ŝaes (ŝaem, MS.) modig waes (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se modega, 814; dat. sg. mid ŝam modigan, 3012; gen. sg. modges, 502; modiges, 2699; Geata leod georne truwode modgan maegnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671; nom. pl. modge, 856; modige, 1877; gen. pl. modigra, 312, 1889.--Comp, fela-modig. modig-lic, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. modiglicran, 337. mod-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. ŝinre mod-lufan, 1824. mod-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mod-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mod-sefan, 180. mod-ŝracu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his mod-ŝraece, 385. modor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. modor, 1539, 2140, 2933. mona, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. monan, 94. mor, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406; dat. sg. of more, 711; acc. pl. moras, 103, 162, 1349. mor-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_: acc. pl. mor-hopu, 450. ge-mot, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mot. motan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mot, 186, 442, 604; II. most, 1672; pl. moton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mote, 431; III. se ŝe mote, 1388; pret sg. moste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. moston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. ŝaet ŝu hine selfne geseon moste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_: pres. sg. mot, 2887; pret. sg. moste, 1940; ŝaer he ŝy fyrste forman dogore wealdan moste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf, hreeth aet hilde (_if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic ŝe ŝaes lean geman (_I shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic ŝaet eall gemon (_I remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he ŝaet eall gemon hwaet ... (_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic ŝaet mael gemon hwaer... (_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... aefen-spraece (_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se ŝaes leod-hryres lean ge-munde (_was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; ŝaet he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde faehetho genoge (_his hand remembered strife enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglafes ŝaet ... (_remembered not that which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mod-sefan (_their thoughts_ [as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179. on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg. onmunde usic maeretha (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641. mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092. mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780. mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; aefter mund-gripe (_after having seized the criminal_), 1939. murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. no mearn fore faehethe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him waes ... murnende mod, 50; pres. subj., ŝonne he fela murne (_than that he should mourn much_), 1386. be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078. murn-lice. See un-murn-lice. mueth-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. to mueth-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080. muetha, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes muethan (_mouth of the house, door_), 725. ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. to gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weoreth-mynd. myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndgaeth, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif ŝonne Fresna hwylc ... ŝaes morethor-hetes myndgiend waere (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106. ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bieth gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sieth (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451. ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc. myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): ne his myne wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169. ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne maeretho! 660. myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of (?), the men_), 713; mynte ŝaet he gedaelde ... (_thought to sever_), 732; mynte se maera, ŝaer he meahte swa, widre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763. myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406. myreth, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. modes myrethe, 8n. N naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.--Comp.: hring-, yeth-naca. nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gueth-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nieth-draca, 2274. nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Beowulf is min nama, 343; waes ŝaem haeft-mece Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scop him Heort naman (_gave it the name Hart_), 78. na (from ne-a), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537. nah, from ne-ah. See agan. nan (from ne-an), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. gueth-billa nan, 804; adjectively, nan ... iren aergod, 990. nat, from ne-wat: _I know not=nescio_. See witan. nat-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wat-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef. pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nat-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nat-hwylces (ŝara banena), 2054; nietha nat-hwylces(?), 2216; nat-hwylces haeleetha bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nieth-sele nat-hwylcum, 1514. naebben, from ne-haebben (subj. pres.). See habban. naefne. See nefne. naegel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. naegla (of the finger-nails), 986. naegled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. naegled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024. naes, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc. sg. naes, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. naesse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige naessas, 1412; gen. pl. naessa, 1361. naes, from ne-waes (_was not_). See wesan. naes, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263. naes-hlieth, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea_: dat. pl. on naes-hleoethum, 1428. naefre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: naefre ne, 1461. ge-naegan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret. pl. nietha genaegdan nefan Hererices (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew_), 2207; pret. part. weareth ... nietha genaeged, 1440. naenig (from ne-aenig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. naenegum, 599; gen. pl. naenigra, 950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. oether naenig, 860; naenig waeter, 1515; naenig ... deor, 1934; acc. sg. naenigne ... hord-maethethum, 1199. naere, from ne-waere (_were not, would not be_). See wesan. ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gym! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wene (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: noether ... ne, 2125; swa he ne mihte no ... (_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509. ne ... ne, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, no ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; naefre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: aer ne siethethan (_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sueth ne noreth (_south nor north_), 859; adl ne yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum ne worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wendon (_knew not and weened not_), 1605. nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so, 1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 882. nefne, naefne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = _unless_: nefne him witig god wyrd forstode (_if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God himself_, etc.), 3055; naefne him his wlite leoge (MS. naefre) (_unless his face belie him_), 250; naefne he waes mara (_except that he was huger_), 1354; nemne him heaetho-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w. follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frea (_except the husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo heafod-maga nefne Hygelac ŝec (_have no near kin but thee_), 2152; nis ŝaet eower (gen. pl.) sieth ... nefne min anes, 2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne feaum anum, 1082. ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe. nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan. nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. ŝone yldestan oret-mecgas Beowulf nemnaeth (_the warriors call the most distinguished one Beowulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to address_, as in be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... aethum be-nemde ŝaet (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...), 1098; pret. pl. swa hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon ŝeodnas maere (_put under a curse_), 3070. nemne. See nefne. nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereeth unfaegne eorl, 573; pret. part. haefde ... sele Hroethgares ge-nered wieth niethe (_saved from hostility_), 828. ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg. hrof ana genaes ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2) w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. se ŝa saecce ge-naes, 1978; fela ic ... gueth-raesa ge-naes, 2427; pret. part. swa he nietha gehwane genesen haefde, 2398. net, st. n., _net_: in comp. breost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net. nedla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. ŝrea-nedla. neethan (G. nanŝjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part. nearo neethende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. ŝaer git ... on deop water aldrum neethdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_), 510; so, 538. ge-neethan, the same: inf. ne dorste under yetha gewin aldre ge-neethan, 1470. With depend. clause: naenig ŝaet dorste geneethan ŝaet (_none durst undertake to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under harne stan ana geneethde frecne daede (_he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) wige under waetere weorc geneethde earfoeth-lice (_I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic geneethde fela guetha (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) we ... frecne geneethdon eafoeth uncuethes (_we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961. neh. See neah. ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost braegd eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795. nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812. nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410. nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977. nearo-craeft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-craeftum, 2244. nearo-fah, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fages, 2318. nearo-ŝearf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-ŝearfe, 422. ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part. genearwod, 1439. neah, neh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. neah, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = _last_: instr. sg. nyhstan siethe (_for the last time_), 1204; niehstan siethe, 2512. 2) adv., _near_: feor and (oethethe) neah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sae-grunde neah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme neh, 2412. Compar. near, 746. nean, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and nean, 840; nean and feorran, 1175, 2318. ge-neat, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. beod-, heoreth-geneat. nioethor. See niether. neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412. neod, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc. sg. niode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216. neod-laethu, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. aefter neod-laethu (_according to his wishes_), 1321. neosan, neosian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf. neosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niosan, 2389, 2672; neosian, 115, 1126; niosian, 3046; pret. sg. niosade, 2487. neotan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg. neot, 1218. be-neotan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-neotan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397. nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846. nicor-hus, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-husa, 1412. nieth st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. niethetha, 1006; nietha? (passage corrupt), 2216. niether, nyether, neoethor, adv., _down, downward_: niether, 1361; nioethor, 2700; nyether, 3045. nieth-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nieth-sele nat-hwylcum, 1514. nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575. niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwilum (_sometimes at night, in the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G. nachts, 422, 2274; daeges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.: middel-, sin-niht. niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193. niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790. niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (_space of a night_), 528. niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828. niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam ŝa mid handa hige-ŝihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . niode naman, 2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. se ŝe hine deaeth nimeeth (_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeeth, 1847; nymeeth nyd-bade, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenŝio iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... maethm-aehta ma (_he took no more of the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. ŝa waes ... seo cwen numen (_the queen carried off_), 1154. be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oeth ŝaet hine yldo benam maegenes wynnum (_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887. for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. ŝe ŝa deaeth for-nam (_whom death carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him irenna ecge fornamon, 2829. ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret. on reste genam ŝritig ŝegna, 122; heo under heolfre genam cuethe folme, 1303; segn eac genom, 2777; ŝa mec sinca baldor ... aet minum faeder genam (_took me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167. ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under naessa genipu, 1361; ofer floda genipu, 2809. nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan. niwe, niowe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. sweg up a-stag niwe geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... niwe (_a newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nova voce; here = de novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; niowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. niwra spella (_new tidings_), 2899. ge-niwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, 2288. niw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295. nieth, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nieth, 184, 276; Wedera nieth (_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wieth (aet) niethe, 828, 2586; instr. niethe, 2681; gen. pl. nietha, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.: bealo-, faer-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wael-nieth. nieth-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274. nieth-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. ŝone nieth-gaest (_the dragon_), 2700. nieth-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684. nieth-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193. nieth-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418. nieth-hydig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nieth-hydige men, 3167. ge-niethla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferheth-, feorh-geniethla. nieth-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg., 1366. nipan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nipende niht, 547, 650. nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan. noreth, adv., _northward_, 859. norethan, adv., _from the north_, 547. nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hliethes nosan, 1893; aet brimes nosan, 2804. no (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; no ... no (_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, no ... ne, 168. See ne. noether (from na-hwaeether), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125. ge-noh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. faehetho genoge, 2490; acc. pl. genoge ... beagas, 3105. non, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screadunga, 24 _2_: we hataeth aenne daeg fram sunnan upgange oeth aefen): nom. sg. non, 1601. nu, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu gyt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nu gen (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nu ŝu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligeeth (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, 2248; ŝaet ŝu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic ŝus feorran com (_that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on maethma hord mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, fremmaeth ge nu (_as I now..., so do ye_), 2800; so, 3021. nymethe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymethe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. ŝegn nytte beheold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt. nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. haefde eoreth-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047. nyd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. ŝurh deaethes nyd, 2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In comp. (like nyd-maga, consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; ned-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. ŝrea-nyd. ge-nydan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. niethe ge-nyded (_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nyde genydde ... gearwe stowe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. nyd-bad, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. nyd-bade, 599. nyd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. pl. nyd-gesteallan, 883. nyd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977. nyd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., 193. nyhst. See neah. O oethethe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007. of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scineeth (_shineth from heaven_), 1572; of hliethes nosan gaestas grette (_from the cliff's projection_), 1893; of ŝam leoma stod (_from which light streamed_), 2770; ŝaer waes maethma fela of feorwegum ... gelaeded (_from distant lands_), 37; ŝa com of more (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; ŝa ic of searwum com (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; ŝa him Hroethgar gewat ... ut of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rec a-stah sweart of (ofer) swioethole (_black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) a-haefen of horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; let ŝa of breostum ... word ut faran (_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), 673; so, 1130; sealdon win of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous vessels_), 1163; siethethan hyne Haeethcyn of horn-bogan ... flane geswencte (_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: ŝa he him of dyde isern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), 672. ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, locality): Wiglaf siteeth ofer Biowulfe, 2908; ofer aeethelinge, 1245; ofer eorethan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-ŝeode (_over the earth, among mankind_), 900; ofer yethum, 1908; ofer hron-rade (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowaege (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc. of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer yethe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rade (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer waegholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer heahne hrof (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebraec (_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer ŝa niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: he ofer benne spraec, 2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer min ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence, _against, contrary to_: he ofer willan giong (_went against his will_), 2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wig ofer waepen (_war sans, dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin (_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782. ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761. ofer-maethum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-maethmum, 2994. ofer-maegen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid ofer-maegene, 2918. ofer-ŝearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] ŝea[rfe], 2227. oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [no] seldan, 2030; oft nalles aene, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664. om-, on-. See am-, an-. ombiht. See ambiht. oncer. See ancer. ond. See and. onsyn. See ansyn. on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on heah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on minre eethel-tyrf (_in my native place_), 410; on ŝaem meethel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on ŝam holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on ŝaere medu-bence (_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on raeste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (_on the wall_), 1663; on ŝaem wael-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scan (_on him shone the corselet_), 405; on ore (_at the front_), 1042; on corethre (_at the head of, among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; ŝaet he on heoethe ge-stod (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on faeder staele (_in a father's place_), 1480; on yethum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on eg-streamum, 577; on segl-rade, 1438, etc.; on flode, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_ (of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; on wig-geatwum, 368; (reced) on ŝaem se rica bad (_in which the mighty one abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on beor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan minum (_in my mind_), 473; on mode, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum (_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on ŝam leod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymethe liges faeethm swulge on swaethule (_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with, touched by, possessing something_: ŝa waes on salum sinces brytta (_then was the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; waes on hreon mode, 1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; heo waes on ofste (_she was in haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; ŝa waes on blode brim weallende (_there was the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) waes on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; waes to fore-mihtig feond on feethe (_too powerful in speed_), 971; ŝaer waes swigra secg ... on gylpspraece (_there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, representing, something_: on weres waestmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d) _attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hyrde on Beowulfe faest-raedne ge-ŝoht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; ŝaet he ne mette ... on elran men mund-gripe maran, 753;--hence, with verbs of taking: on raeste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit aer on ŝe gode be-geaton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swa hit lungre weareth on hyra sinc-gifan sare ge-endod (_as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_: maeg ŝonne on ŝaem golde ongitan Geata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorethan: ŝaet he on fylle weareth (_that he came to a fall_), 1545. With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, upon, in_: a-ledon ŝa leofne ŝeoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; ŝa him mid scoldon on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; se ŝe wieth Brecan wunne on sidne sae (_who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; ŝaet ic on holma ge-ŝring eorlscipe efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on feonda geweald siethian, 809; ŝara ŝe on swylc staraeth, 997; so, 1781; on lufan laeteeth hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?_), 1729; him on mod bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to him_), 67; raesde on ŝone rofan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwom) on worethig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, on_: gode gewyrcean ... on faeder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, for the object, for, as, in, on_: on ŝearfe (_in his need, in his strait_), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan ŝearfe, 2850; wraethum on andan (_as a terror to the foe_), 709; Hroethgar maethelode him on andsware (_said to him in reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca waes on bael gearu (_on the pyre ready_), 1110; wig-heafolan baer frean on fultum (_for help_), 2663; weareth on bid wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in conformity with_: rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556; ne me swor fela aetha on unriht (_swore no oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on sped (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp seleeth faette beagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; on sinne selfes dom (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold wendeeth on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, _for, in exchange for_: me ic on maethma hord mine be-bohte frode feorh-lege (_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelace wat, Geata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; ŝaet heo on aenigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena frofre (_that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; ŝa hie ge-truwedon on twa healfa (_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; ŝaet ŝu him ondraedan ne ŝearft ... on ŝa healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = _among_: naes ... sinc-maethethum selra (= ŝaet waes sinc-maethma selest) on sweordes had (_there was no better jewel in sword's shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se waes Hroethgare haeleetha leofost on ge-siethes had (_dearest of men as, in the character of, follower_, etc.), 1298. II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne (_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoethe (_in youth_), 409, 466; on geogoeth-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), 1327; hu lomp eow on lade (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, about_: on undern-mael (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on morgen-tid, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-staef (_toward the end, at last_), 1754; oftor micle ŝonne on aenne sieth (_far oftener than once_), 1580. III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; ŝaer on innan (_in there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative ŝe often separated from its case: ŝe ic her on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; ŝe ge ŝaer on standaeth (_that ye there stand in_), 2867. on-cyeth (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cyethethe, 831. on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933. onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804. on-licnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352. on-medla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-medlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. on-saege, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. ŝa waes Hondscio (dat.) hild on-saege, 2077; Haeethcynne weareth ... gueth on-saege, 2484. on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwaeethres ... onweald ge-teah (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044. open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272. openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057. orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aurkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761. orcne, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcneas, 112. ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. oeth ŝaet wordes ord breost-hord ŝurh-braec (_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), 2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263. oret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332. oretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408. or-leg-hwil, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwil, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwile, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwila, 2428. or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887. or-ŝanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-ŝance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orŝancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-ŝanc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-ŝoncum, 2088; smiethes or-ŝancum, 406. or-wena, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wena (_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566. or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128. orueth, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreethe, 2840. O oeth (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only temporal: oeth ŝone anne daeg, 2400; oeth domes daeg, 3070; o woruld-ende, 3084.--2) oeth ŝaet, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc. oether (Goth. anŝar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se oether, 2062; oether(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Haeethcyn and Hygelac), 2482; oether ... oether (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: oether ... mihtig man-sceaetha (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to 1350), 1339; se oether ... haele, 1816; fem. niht oether, 2118; neut. oether gear (_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. oetherne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; ŝenden reafode rinc oetherne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenŝeow), 2986; neut. oether swylc(_another such, an equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. oethre siethe (_for the second time, again_), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. oethrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. oethres dogores, 219, 606; neut. oethres, 1875.--2) _another, a different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. oether, 1756; oether naenig (_no other_), 860. Adj.: aenig oether man, 503, 534; so, 1561; oether in (_a different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. oether flet, 1087; gen. sg. oethres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende oether saedan (_ale drinkers said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word oether, 871. ofer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on ofre, 1372. ofost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ofost is selest to gecyethanne (_haste is best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beo ŝu on ofeste (ofoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091. ofost-lice, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131. o-hwaer, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871. omig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. omige, 3050. or, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ore, 1042. o-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. o-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433. P pad, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pad. paeeth, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. an-paeeth. plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074. R raethe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hraethe. rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bi ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sid-rand. rand-haebbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: gen. pl. rond-haebbendra, 862. rand-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794. rad, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rad. ge-rad, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rade, 874. rap, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wael-rap. rasian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. ŝa waes hord rasod, 2284. raest. See rest. raecan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. raehte ongean feond mid folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748. ge-raecan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... waepne ge-raehte (_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556. raed, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. nu is raed gelong eft aet ŝe anum (_now is help to be found with thee alone_), 1377; acc. sg. raed, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_: acc. sg. ŝaet raed talaeth (_counts that a gain_), 2028; ecne raed (_the eternal gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ece raedas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-raed, and adj., an-, faest-raed. raedan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera raedend (_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. ŝone ŝe ŝu mid rihte raedan sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dom godes daedum raedan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-raedend. raed-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. raeden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-raeden(?). a-raeran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. ŝa waeron monige ŝe his maeg ... ricone a-raerdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. blaed is a-raered (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704. raes, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. guethe raes (_the storm of battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. guethe raesum, 2357.--Comp.: gueth-, hand-, heaetho-, maegen-, wael-raes. (ge-)raesan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. raesde on ŝone rofan, 2691, 2840. raeswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda raeswan, 60. reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; gerund, to lang is to reccenne, hu ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...), 2094; pret. sg. syllic spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107. reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eoreth-, heal-, horn-, win-reced. regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326. regnian, renian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. deaeth ren[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169. ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778. regn-, ren-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. ren-weardas (of Beowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771. rest, raest, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. raeste, 139; dat. sg. on raeste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; to raeste (_to bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-raest, sele-rest, wael-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in comp. aefen-raest. ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste. restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine ŝa rum-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858. rec (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rece, 3157.--Comp.: wael-, wudu-rec. recan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be anxious_: pres. sg. III. waepna ne receeth (_recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him_), 434. reethe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. reethe, 771. Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. reethes and-hattres (_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524. reaf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaetho-, wael-reaf. reafian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord reafian, 2774; pret. sg. ŝenden reafode rinc oetherne, 2986; wael reafode, 3028; pret. pl. wael reafedon, 1213. be-reafian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-reafod, 2747; golde be-reafod, 3019. reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cniow mannes reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556. reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026. ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. ŝa waes eft swa aer ... flet-sittendum faegere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained_), 1789 reot, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. reote, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reote as dat. from reot (_rest, repose_). reoc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122. be-reofan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reote berofene, 2458. reon. See rowan. reotan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. oeth ŝaet ... roderas reotaeth, 1377. reow, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blod-, gueth-, wael-reow. See hreow. ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984. riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on ryht (_according to right_), 1556; soeth and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; dat. sg. wieth rihte, 144; aefter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; syllic spell rehte aefter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; --Comp. in eethel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht. rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See aet-rihte. rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hroethgar, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gueth-, here-, heaetho-, hilde-, mago-, sae-rinc. ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654. rice, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rice, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rices, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swio-rice.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesaet rice to rune, 172. rice, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hroethgar), 1238; (of Hygelac), 1210; (of Aesc-here), 1299; weak form, se rica (Hroethgar), 310; (Beowulf), 399; (Hygelac), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rice. ricsian, rixian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. ricsian, 2212; pret. sg. rixode, 144. ridan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. ŝaet his byre ride giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. ridend, 2458; inf. wicge ridan, 234; mearum ridan, 856; pret. sg. sae-genga ... se ŝe on ancre rad, 1884; him to-geanes rad (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlaew riodan (_rode round the grave-mound_), 3171. ge-ridan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. se ŝe naes ge-rad (_who rode over the promontory_), 2899. rim, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. daeg-, un-rim. ge-rim, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dogor-ge-rim. ge-riman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in comp. foreth-gerimed. a-risan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. a-ris, 1391; pret. sg. a-ras ŝa se rica, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; a-ras ŝa bi ronde (_arose by his shield_), 2539; hwanan sio faeheth a-ras (_whence the feud arose_), 2404. rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556. rof, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. maegenes rof (_strong in might_), 2085; so, ŝeah ŝe he rof sie nieth-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rofne, 1794; on ŝone rofan, 2691.--Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaetho-, hyge-, sige-rof. rot, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rot. rowan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. reon (for reowon), 512, 539. rum, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691. rum, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. ŝuhte him eall to rum, wongas and wic-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. ŝurh rumne sefan, 278. rum-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111. ge-rum-lic, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rum-licor, 139. run, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. sg. ge-saet rice to rune, 172.--Comp. beado-run. run-staef, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. ŝurh run-stafas, 1696. run-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. ge-rysne. See ge-risne. ge-ryman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. ŝaet hie him oether flet eal ge-rymdon, 1087; pret. part. ŝa waes Geat-maecgum ... benc gerymed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. ŝa me ge-rymed waes (sieth) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; ŝa him gerymed weareth, ŝaet hie wael-stowe wealdan moston, 2984. S ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774. sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sawl-berendra ... gearwe stowe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the death-bed), 1005. on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive of_: pres. subj. ŝaette freoethuwebbe feores on-saece ... leofne mannan, 1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. ŝaet he saemannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and bryde), 2955. sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. saece, 154; saecce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. aet (to) saecce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. saecca, 2030. ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738. sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039. sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176. ge-saga. See secgan. samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in aet-somne, _together, united_, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. to-somne (_together_), 3123; ŝa se wyrm ge-beah snude to-somne (_when the dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569. samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod aet-gaedere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod aer-daege (_with the break of day_), 1312; somod aer-daege, 2943. sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); aefter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wieth sande, 213. sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, 90; acc. sg. sige-leasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sarigne sang (Hreethel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448. sal, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sale, 1907; on sale (sole, MS.), 302. sal. See sael. sar, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sar, 976; sio sar, 2469; acc. sg. sar, 788; sare, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sare, 1252, 2312, 2747.--Comp. lic-sar. sar, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sarum wordum, 2059. sare, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: se ŝe him [sa]re gesceod (_who injured him sorely_), 2224. sarig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sarigne sang, 2448. sarig-fereth, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sarig-fereth (Wiglaf), 2864. sarig-mod, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sarig-modum, 2943. sar-lic, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110. sawol, sawl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lif, the physical life): nom. sg. sawol, 2821; acc. sg. sawle, 184, 802; haeethene sawle, 853; gen. sg. sawele, 1743; sawle, 2423. sawl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. sawl-berendra, 1005. sawul-dreor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sawul-driore, 2694. sawul-leas, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sawol-leasne, 1407; sawul-leasne, 3034. saece, saecce. See sacu. saed, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-saed. sael, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sael, 307, 2076, 2265. saeld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond ŝaet saeld (Heorot), 1281. sae, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sidne sae, 507; ofer sae, 2381; ofer sae side, 2395; dat. sg. to sae, 318; on sae, 544; dat. pl. be saem tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. sae-bat, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896. sae-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sae-cyninga, 2383. sae-deor, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511. sae-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sae-dracan, 1427. ge-saegan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. haefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-saeged (_felled with the sword_), 885. saege. See on-saege. sae-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. sae-geap, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sae-geap naca, 1897. sae-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sae-grunde, 564. sael, sal, sel, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. sg. sael, 623, 1666, 2059; sael and mael, 1009; acc. sg. sele, 1136; gen. pl. saela and maela, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, joy_: dat. pl. on salum, 608; saelum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sel, adj. ge-saelan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-saelde ŝaet ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne ŝearf ge-saelde (_at such times as need disposed it for their lord_), 1251. saelan (see sal), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. saelde ... sieth-faeethme scip, 1918; pl. sae-wudu saeldon, 226. ge-saelan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-beaga fela searwum ge-saeled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. on-saelan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sael meoto, sige-hreeth secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy presage of victory_?), 489. sae-lac, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sae-lace, 1625; acc. pl. ŝas sae-lac, 1653. sae-lad, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sae-lade, 1140, 1158. sae-liethend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sae-liethend, 411, 1819, 2807; sae-liethende, 377. sae-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sae-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sae-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geatas). saemra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. saemra, 2881; dat. sg. saemran, 954. sae-meethe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sae-meethe, 325. sae-naes, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sae-naessas, 223, 571. saene, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. he on holme waes sundes ŝe saenra, ŝe hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away_), 1437. sae-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691. sae-sieth, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. aefter sae-siethe, 1150. sae-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sae-wong, 1965. sae-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sae-wealle, 1925. sae-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sae-wudu, 226. sae-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sae-wylmas, 393. scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go, glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. ŝonne min sceaceeth lif of lice, 2743; inf. ŝa com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. dugueth ellor scoc _(the chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; ŝonne straela storm ... scoc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields_), 3119; pret. part. waes hira blaed scacen (_their bravest men had passed away_), 1125; ŝa waes winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704. scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651. scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; no he ŝaere feoh-gyfte ... scamigan ŝorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving_), 1027. scawa (see sceawlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896. ge-scad, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. aeg-hwaeethres gescad, worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288. ge-scadan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556. scanan? See scinan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scanan having been abandoned. ge-scaep-hwile, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. sg. to gescaep-hwile (_at the fated hour_), 26. sceethethan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceethethan (_hurt her life_), 1525; ŝaet on land Dena laethra naenig mid scipherge sceethethan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. ŝaer him naenig waeter wihte ne sceethede, 1515. ge-sceethethan, the same: inf. ŝaet him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceethethan, 1448. scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc. scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scir wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer). scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on ŝaem scennum sciran goldes, 1695. sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. ŝonne heoru bunden ... swin ofer helme andweard scireeth (_hews off the boar-head on the helm_), 1288. ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scaer (_often clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770. scet. See sceotan. sceadu. See scadu. sceaetha, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaethena, 4.--2) _fighter, warrior_: nom. pl. scaethan, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, feond-, gueth-, hearm-, leod-, man-, sin-, ŝeod-, uht-sceaetha. sceaethan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. se ŝe oft manegum scod (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888. ge-sceaethan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swa him aer gescod hild aet Heorote, 1588; se ŝe him sare ge-sceod (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; no ŝy aer in gescod halan lice, 1503; bill aer gescod eald-hlafordes ŝam ŝara maethma mund-bora waes (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if aer and gescod form compound). sceaethen-mael, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940. sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: here-, wael-sceaft. ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. ŝas laenan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. foreth-, lif-, mael-gesceaft. scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Beowulf), 940.--Comp beor-scealc. ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. heah ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085. sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scop him Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. waes sio wroht scepen heard wieth Hugas, syethethan Hygelac cwom (_the contest with the Hugas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915. ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lif ge-sceop cynna gehwylcum, 97. scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gueth-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaetho-scearp. scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is decided_ or _determined_, in gueth-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214. sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see ŝusend).--Comp. gif-sceat. sceat, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum and leafum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorethan sceata, 753. sceawere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. sceaweras, 253. sceawian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. sceawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. ŝaet ge genoge nean sceawiaeth beagas and brad gold, 3105; subj. pres. ŝaet ic ... sceawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sceawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. sceawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441. ge-sceawian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085. sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp. sceotan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. se ŝe of flan-bogan fyrenum sceoteeth, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sceotend (_the warriors, bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sceotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027. ge-sceotan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gesceat (_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320. of-sceotan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his maeg of-scet ... blodigan gare _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440. scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851. scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymethe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034. scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119. scild-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288. scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940. scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. to scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. to scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155. scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243. ge-scife (for ge-scyfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. _schief_? scinan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... suethan scineeth, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blacne leoman beorhte scinan, 1518; pret. sg. (gueth-byrne, woruld--candel) scan, 321, 1966; on him byrne scan, 405; pret. pl. gold-fag scinon web aefter wagum, 995; scionon, 303. scir, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-iren scir, 322; scir metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scir wered, 496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695. scir-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scir-hame, 1896. scoten. See sceoten. ge-scod, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. aer-ge-scod(?). See ge-sceaethan, and Note. scop, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, 90. scraef, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eoreth-scraef. scriethan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scriethaeth, 163; inf. scriethan, 651, 704; scriethan to, 2570. scrifan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hu him (Grendel) scir metod scrifan wille, 980. for-scrifan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siethethan him scyppend for-scrifen haefde, 106. ge-scrifan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_as Weird did not permit him_), 2575. scrud, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrud. scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940. sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres. sg. I., III. sceal beodan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg. se ŝe waeter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; waecnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85; se ŝone gomelan gretan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; ŝaet se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919; pl. ŝa ŝe beado-griman bywan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela maethma ge-maenra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... faetum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him aefter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. ŝonne ŝu foreth scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio scel (_Weird goeth ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gueth-bill ge-swac swa hit no sceolde (i.e. ge-swican), 2586. scua, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. deaeth-scua. scufan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. ŝa waes morgen-leoht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret. pl. guman ut scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wid-scofen(?) be-scufan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wa bieth ŝaem ŝe sceal ... sawle be-scufan in fyres faeethm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace_), 184. scur, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. isern-scur. scur-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scur-heard, 1034. scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan. scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morethres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072. scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919 scynna. See scinna. scyppend. See sceapan. scyran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. ŝaet hit sceaethen-mael scyran moste (_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, decide_. scyne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. maegeth scyne, 3017. se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, seo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. ŝaet;--relative: se (_who_), 1611, 2866; se ŝe (_he who_), 2293; seo ŝe (_she who_), 1446; se ŝe (for seo ŝe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seo, 2422; dat. sg. ŝam (for ŝam ŝe), 2780. secce. See sacu. secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgar), 402; (Hunfereth), 981; (Wiglaf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673. secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685. secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic ŝanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swa se secg hwata secgende waes laethra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. saegde him ŝaes leanes ŝanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwaet ŝu worn fela ... saegdest from his siethe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, 273; pret. sg. saegde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgaeth, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. to secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. saegde, 90, 1176; pl. saegdon, 377, 2188; saedan, 1946. a-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic a-secgan suna Healfdenes ... min aerende, 344. ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; ŝaet ic his aerest ŝe eft ge-saegde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret. part. gesaegd, 141; gesaed, 1697. sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. mod-sefa. ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen. segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907. segl-rad, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rade, 1430. segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. heafod-segn. sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sael. seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld. ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985. seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [no] seldan, 2030. seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: nom. sg., 249. sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. to sele, 323, 1641; in (on, to) sele ŝam hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: beah-, beor-, dryht-, eoreth-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gueth-, heah-, hring-, hrof-, nieth-, win-sele. sele-dream, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. ŝara ŝe ŝis lif ofgeaf, gesawon sele-dream (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620. sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. ŝone sele-gyst, 1546. sele-raedend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl., 51; acc. leode mine sele-raedende, 1347. sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691. sele-ŝegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795. sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668. self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); ŝu self, 595; ŝu ŝe self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, 1734; ŝaem ŝe him selfa deah (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876; wieth sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sinne sylfes dom (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sueth-Dene sylfe, 1997. ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella. sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleeth him on eethle eorethan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde ŝam ŝe he wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only w. acc. of thing): aer he feorh seleeth (_he prefers to give up his life_), 1371; nallas on gylp seleeth faette beagas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon win of wunder-fatum, 1162. ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc. sel-lic, syl-lic (from seld-lic), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glof ... syllic, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllic spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellice sae-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllicran wiht (the dragon), 3039. semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768. sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. ŝone god sende folce to frofre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13; so, 471, 1843. for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. he weareth on feonda geweald ... snude for-sended, 905. on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. ŝe hine ... foreth on-sendon aenne ofer yethe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafaeth fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267. sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeeth, 601.--Leo. serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. graege syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoetho-, lic-syrce. sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; ŝa he bi sesse geong (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: heah-, hilde-, meodu-setl. settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sae-meethe side scyldas ... wieth ŝaes recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243. a-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hie him a-setton segen [gyl]-denne heah ofer heafod, 47; pret. part. haefde kyninga wuldor Grendle to-geanes ... sele-weard a-seted, 668. be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swin-licum (_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454. ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swa waes ...ŝurh run-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-saed (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and monan leoman to leohte land-buendum, 94.--3) = componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. ŝaet he mid ŝy wife wael-faehetha ... dael ... ge-sette, 2030. secan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-faet sohte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sohte searo-niethas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: ŝonne his myne sohte (_than his wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sohte georne aefter grunde (_the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se ŝe ... biorgas seceeth, 2273; subj. ŝeah ŝe haeeth-stapa holt-wudu sece, 1370; imper. sec gif ŝu dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou dare_), 1380; inf. secean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; secan, 665, 1451; drihten secean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187; secean wyn-leas wic (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell), 822; so, secan deofla gedraeg, 757; sawle secan (_seek the life, kill_), 802; so, secean sawle hord, 2423; gerund. saecce to seceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sohte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sohtest, 458; pl. sohton, 339.--3) _to seek, attack_: ŝe us seceaeth to Sweona leode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wraec-maecgas ofer sae sohtan, 2381. ge-secan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesecean dear wig ofer waepen, 685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-secean, 693; gerund, to ge-secanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cyethethe beoeth selran ge-sohte ŝam ŝe hine selfa deah, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg. ge-seceeth 2516; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 2347; pl. ge-sohton, 2927; ge-sohtan, 2205. ofer-secan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. waes sio hond to strong, se ŝe meca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sohte, ŝonne he to saecce baer waepen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he_ [Beowulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687. sel, st. f. See sael. sel, sael, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. selra, 861, 2194; ŝaem ŝaer selra waes (_to the one that was the better_, i.e. Hygelac), 2200; deaeth bieth sella ŝonne edwit-lif, 2891; neut. selre, 1385; acc. sg. m. selran ŝe (_a better than thee_), 1851; selran, 1198; neut. ŝaet selre, 1760; dat. sg. m. selran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. selran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. selest, 173, 1060; husa selest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is selest, 256; bolda selest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hraegla selest, 454; husa selest, 659; billa selest, 1145;--weak form: nom. sg. m. reced selesta, 412; acc. sg. m. ŝone selestan, 1407, 2383; (ŝaes, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. ŝaem selestan, 1686; nom. pl. selestan, 416; acc. pl. ŝa selestan, 3123. sel, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byeth him wihte ŝe sel (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688. sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461. sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt waeter (_the sea_), 1990. searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom. pl. sae-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: ŝa ic of searwum cwom, fah from feondum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_: instr. pl. sadol searwum fah (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039; earmbeaga fela, searwum ge-saeled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_), 2765.--Comp. fyrd-, gueth-, inwit-searo. searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl. searo-bendum faest, 2087. searo-fah, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sid and searo-fah, 1445. searo-ge-ŝraec, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103. searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158. searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595. searo-haebbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings_: gen. pl. searo-haebbendra, 237. searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406. searo-nieth, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl. searo-niethas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc. pl. searo-niethas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nietha, 582. searo-ŝanc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-ŝoncum, 776. searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921. seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.--Comp. wael-seax. seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905. seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123. seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_: pret. sg. duguethe and geogoethe seomade (cf. 2086-2092), 161. seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818. seoc, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum seoc (of Beowulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum seoc (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. modes seoce (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaetho-seoc. seoethan, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over, brood_: pret. sg. ic ŝaes mod-ceare sorh-wylmum seaeth (_I pined in heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190. seoloeth, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sioleetha bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368. seon, syn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seon, an-syn. seon, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder seon, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; ŝaer maeg nihta ge-hwaem nieth-wundor seon (_there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudream maran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elŝeodige ŝus manige men modiglicran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leofe, 2864; pl. folc to saegon (_looked on_), 1423. ge-seon, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se ŝe beah ge-syheth, 2042; inf. ge-seon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sawon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syheth ... on his suna bure win-sele westne (_sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. maere maethethum-sweord monige ge-sawon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sawon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-segan, 3039; ge-segon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. maeg ŝonne ... geseon sunu Hreethles, ŝaet ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sawon, 1592. geond-seon, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) ŝaet eall geond-seh, 3088. ofer-seon, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-sawon, 419. on-seon, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sawon, 1651. seowian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net seowed smiethes or-ŝancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406. sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?), 154.--Comp.: dryht-, frietho-sib. sib-aeetheling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_: nom. pl. -aeethelingas, 2709. sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geatas), 730. siethethan, syethethan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoethethan, 1876.--b) _then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoethethan, 1938; aer ne siethethan (_neither before nor after_), 719. 2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoethethan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: siethethan him scyppend forscrifen haefde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syethethan niht becom (_after night had come on_), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105. siex. See seax. sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391. sige-eadig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut. sige-eadig bil, 1558. sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645. sige-hreeth, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note. sige-hreethig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. sige-hwil, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwile, 2711. sige-leas, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-leasne sang, 788. sige-rof, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620. sige-ŝeod, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-ŝeode, 2205. sige-waepen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-waepnum, 805. sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.--Comp. maethethum-sigl. sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.--Comp.: hreeth-, wig-sigor. sigor-eadig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf), 1312, 2353. sin. See syn. sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429. sinc-fah, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fage sel, 167. sinc-faet, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623. sinc-ge-streon, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl. -gestreonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestreona, 1227. sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Beowulf), 2312; (of Aeschere), 1343. sinc-maethethum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194. sinc-ŝego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885. sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818. sin-frea, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935. sin-gal, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale saece, 154. sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136. singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190. singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-iren scir song in searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song fus-lic f[yrd]-leoeth (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_), 1424; scop hwilum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496. a-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. leoeth waes a-sungen, 1160. sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937. sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte (_night after night_), 161. sin-sceaetha, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaetha, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaethan, 802. sin-snaed, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl. syn-snaedum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744. sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. Wiglaf siteeth ofer Biowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu to symle, 489; inf. ŝaer swieth-ferhethe sittan eodon (_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; eode ... to hire frean sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge saet (_sat on the horse_), 286; aet fotum saet (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; ŝaer Hroethgar saet (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewergad saet ... frean eaxlum neah, 2854; pret. pl. saeton, 1165; gistas setan (MS. secan) ... and on mere staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. maere ŝeoden ... unbliethe saet, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend. be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: besaet ŝa sin-herge sweorda lafe wundum werge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary_), 2937. for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. eagena bearhtm for-siteeth (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768. ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-saet rice to rune (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rice), 171; wieth earm ge-saet (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?), 750; feetha eal ge-saet (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-saet ŝa wieth sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. Hygelac), 1978; ge-saet ŝa on naesse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syethethan) ... we to symble ge-seten haefdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in something, to board_: pret. sg. ŝa ic ... sae-bat ge-saet, 634. of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-saet ŝa ŝone sele-gyst, 1546. ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. ŝaet ic wieth ŝone gueth-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685. on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_), w. acc., _to fear_: inf. ŝa faehethe, atole ecg-ŝraece eower leode siwethe onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598. ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (ŝaet hie) ... symbel ymb-saeton (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend. sid, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glof) sid, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sidne scyld, 437; on sidne sae, 507; fem. byrnan side (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sae side, 2395; neut. side rice, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348; acc. pl. side sae-naessas, 223; side scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sidra sorga (_of great sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. ŝurh sidne sefan, 1727. side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224. sid-faeethme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sid-faeethme scip, 1918. sid-faeethmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sid-faeethmed scip, 302. sid-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290. sieth (G. seŝu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. siethast sige-hwile (_the last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. aet siethestan (_in the end, at last_), 3014. sieth, adv. compar., _later_: aer and sieth (_sooner and later, early and late_), 2501. sieth (G. sinŝ-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; naes ŝaet eethe sieth (_that was no easy road, task_), 2587; so, ŝaet waes geocor sieth, 766; acc. sg. sieth, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. siethe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. siethes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking, enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis ŝaet eower sieth, 2533; ne bieth swylc earges sieth (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. sieth, 873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. siethas, 1987; acc. siethas, 878; gen. sietha, 318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. naes ŝaet forma sieth (_that was not the first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle ŝonne on aenne sieth, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, oethre, ŝriddan) siethe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sae-, wil-, wraec-sieth. ge-sieth, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-siethes, 1298; nom. pl. ge-siethas, 29; acc. pl. ge-siethas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-siethum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-sietha, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-gesieth. sieth-faet, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. ŝone sieth-faet, 202; dat. sg. sieth-fate, 2640. sieth-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. sieth-frome, 1814. siethian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. siethode, 2120. for-siethian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. haefde ŝa for-siethod sunu Ecg-ŝeowes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551. sie, sy. See wesan. sigan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon aet-somne (_descended together_), 307; sigon ŝa to slaepe _(they sank to sleep_), 1252. ge-sigan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sigan aet saecce (_fall in battle_), 2660. sin, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. sinne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sinum, 1508. slaep, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. to slaepe, 1252. slaepan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slaepende, 2220; acc. sg. he gefeng ... slaependne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl. slaepende fraet folces Denigea fiftyne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes_), 1582. sleac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188. sleahan, slean: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. ŝaet he me ongean slea (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa sloh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, sloh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. ŝaet he ŝone nieth-gaest nioethor hwene sloh _(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. ŝaes ŝe he Abel slog (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slog, 421, 2180; sloh, 1582, 2356; pl. slogon, 2051; pret. part. ŝa waes Fin slaegen, 1153. ge-slean, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-sloh ŝin faeder faehethe maeste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syethethan hie ŝa maeretha ge-slogon, 2997. of-slean, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-sloh, 574, 1666, 3061. sliethe (G. sleiŝ-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. ŝurh sliethne nieth, 184; gen. pl. sliethra ge-slyhta, 2399. sliethen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo sliethen, 1148. slitan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slat (slaependne rinc), 742. slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht. ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. sliethra ge-slyhta, 2399. smieth, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. waepna smieth, 1453; gen. sg. smiethes, 406.--Comp. wundor-smieth. be-smiethian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) ŝaes faeste waes innan and utan iren-bendum searo-ŝoncum besmiethod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se snella, 2972. snellic, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691. snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor. snotor-lice, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-licor, 1483. snude, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. be-snyethian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. ŝaette Ongenŝio ealdre be-snyethede Haeethcyn, 2925. snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon aet-somne (_hurried forward together_), 402. snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid modes snyttrum, 1707; ŝe we ealle aer ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943. Adv., _wisely_, 873. somne. See samne. sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. no ŝu ymb mines ne ŝearft lices feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance_), 451. sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me to secganne (_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid ŝaere sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, ŝegn-sorh. sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456. sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sieth, 512, 1279, 1430. sorh-leas, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673. sorh-leoeth, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461. sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905. socn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see secan): dat, (instr.) ŝaere socne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. soeth, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. soeth, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. to soethe (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326. soeth, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, ŝaet is soeth metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd awraec soeth and sar-lic, 2110. soethe, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; soethe gebunden (of alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872. soeth-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora soeth-cyning (_God_), 3056. soeth-faest, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. soeth-faestra dom (_glory, realm, of the saints_), 2821. soeth-lice, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900. softe, adv., _gently, softly_: compar. ŝy seft (_the more easily_), 2750.--Comp. un-softe. sona, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc. on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-speon (_loosed his helm_), 2724. spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. wea-spel. sped, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wig-sped.--2) _skill, facility_: acc. sg. on sped (_skilfully_), 874. spiwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. gledum spiwan (_spit fire_), 2313 spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor. spowan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne speow (_availed him naught_), 2855; hu him aet aete speow (_how he sped in the eating_), 3027. spraec, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frecnan spraece (_through bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: aefen-, gylp-spraec. sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymbe Grendel _(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. se ŝe wyle soeth sprecan (_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. to Geatum sprec (spraec, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spraec, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word aefter spraec, 341; no ymbe ŝa faehethe spraec, 2619; II. hwaet ŝu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spraece (_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwaet wit geo spraecon (_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb godne on-geador spraecon, ŝaet big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ..._), 1596; swa wit furethum spraecon (_as we two spoke, engaged, before_), 1708; pret. part. ŝa waes ... ŝryeth-word sprecen, 644. ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-spraec, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095. spreot, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-spreot. springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hra wide sprong _(the body bounded far_), 1589; swat aedrum sprong foreth under fexe (_the blood burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wide sprungon hilde-leoman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: blaed wide sprang (_his repute spread afar_), 18. ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. swa ŝaet blod ge-sprang (_as the blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong aefter deaeth-daege dom un-lytel, 885. on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston banlocan 818. standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl. eored-geatwe ŝe ge ŝaer on standaeth (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels standing_), 2761; pret. sg. aet hyethe stod hringed-stefna (_in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; stod on stapole (_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; ŝaet him on aldre stod here-strael hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_), 1435; so, 2680; pl. garas stodon ... samod aet-gaedere (_the spears stood together_), 328; him big stodan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis ŝaet feor heonon ... ŝaet se mere standeeth, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in a certain state_: subj. pres. ŝaet ŝes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum idel and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaetha opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oeth ŝaet idel stod husa selest, 145; so, 936; waeter under stod dreorig and ge-drefed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Noreth-Denum stod atelic egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_), 784; ŝara anum stod sadol searwum fah (_on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-leoma eldum on andan (_burning light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; leoht inne stod (_a light stood in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of eagum stod ... leoht unfaeger (_an uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, ŝaet [fram] ŝam gyste [gryre-] broga stod, 2229. a-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. a-stod, 760, 1557, 2093. aet-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. ŝaet hit (i.e. ŝaet swurd) on wealle aet-stod, 892. for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder, prevent_: pret. sg. (breost-net) wieth ord and wieth ecge in-gang for-stod (_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stode (_if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2) _defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. ŝaet he ... mihte heaetho-liethendum hord for-standan, bearn and bryde (_that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956. ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-stod, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestodon (_not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597. stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. haeeth-, mearc-stapa. stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furethur stop, 762; gum-feetha stop lind-haebbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode on_), 1402. aet-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. foreth near aet-stop (_strode up nearer_), 746. ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. he to foreth gestop dyrnan craefte, dracan heafde neah (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290. stapol, st. m., (=[Greek: basis]), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support, pillar, column_: dat. sg. stod on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden middle column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. ŝa stan-bogan stapulum faeste (_the arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note. starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. ŝaet ic on ŝone hafelan ... eagum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; ŝara fraetwa ... ŝe ic her on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look upon_), 2797; III. ŝonne he on ŝaet sine staraeth, 1486; sg. for pl. ŝara ŝe on swylc staraeth, 997; pret. sg. ŝaet (sin-frea) hire an daeges eagum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604. stan, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stan.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under (ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stane, 2289, 2558. stan-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stan-beorh steapne, 2214. stan-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg. stan-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stan-bogan, 2719. stan-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stan-cleofu, 2541. stan-fah, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom. sg. straet waes stan-fah (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320. stan-hlieth, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stan-hlietho, 1410. staef, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. run-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. ar-, ende-, facen-staef. stael, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. ŝaet ŝu me a waere foreth-gewitenum on faeder staele (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me_), 1480. staelan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf. ŝa ic on morgne ge-fraegn maeg oetherne billes ecgum on bonan staelan _(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. ge-staelan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. ge feor hafaeth faehethe ge-staeled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_), 1341. stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bael-, burh-, folc-, heah-, meethel-, wang-, wic-stede. stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niowan) stefne (properly nova voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790. stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna. on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. se ŝaes or-leges or on-stealde, 2408. steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wael-steng. ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sae side sunu Ohtheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Eadgils, _went with warriors over the broad sea_), 2394. stede (O.H.G. stati, M.H.G. staete), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. waes stede naegla ge-hwylc style ge-licost (_each nail-place was firm as steel_), 986. stepan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. ŝeah ŝe hine mihtig god ... eafeethum stepte, 1718. ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nyd-ge-stealla. stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Beowulf), 2553. steap, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. steapne hrof, 927; stan-beorh steapne, 2214; wieth steapne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas steape, 222; neut. steap stan-hlietho, 1410.--Comp. heaetho-steap. stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wid-floga wundum stille, 2831. stille, adv., _quietly_, 301. stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc ŝa aefter stane (_snuffed along the stone_), 2289. stieth, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-mael (swurd) ... stieth and stylecg, 1534. stieth-mod, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567. stig, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stige nearwe, 1410--Comp. medu-stig. stigan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg. ŝa he to holme [st]ag (_when he plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera leode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. aer he on bed stige, 677. a-stigan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. ŝonon yeth-geblond up a-stigeeth won to wolcnum, 1374; gueth-rinc a-stah (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rec] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft a-stah (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rec a-stah sweart of swioethole, 3145; sweg up a-stag, 783. ge-stigan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg. ŝa ic on holm ge-stah, 633. storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. straela storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme weol (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132. stol, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, eethel-, gif-, gum-stol. stow, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis ŝaet heoru stow (_a haunted spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frecne stowe, 1379; grund-buendra gearwe stowe _(the place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nydan), 1007: comp. wael-stow. strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. waes ŝaet ge-win to strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; ŝu eart maegenes strang (_strong of body_), 1845; waes sio hond to strong (_the hand was too powerful_), 2685; superl. wigena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; maegenes strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; maegene strengest, 790. stradan? (cf. straede = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride over_ (Grein): subj. pres. se ŝone wong strade, 3074. See Note. strael, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran straele, 1747; gen. pl. straela storm, 3118. straet, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. straete, 1635; fealwe straete, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-straet. strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg. wigena strengel, 3116. strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. maegenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum = _violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, maegen-, mere-strengo. stregan (O.S. strowian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, waes ŝaem yldestan ... morethorbed stred (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest one_), 2437. stream, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pl. streamas, 212; acc. pl. streamas, 1262: comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-, lagu-stream. ge-streon (cf. streon = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_; hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heaetho-beardna ge-streon (_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. aeethelinga, eorla ge-streon, 1921, 3168.--Comp.: aer-, eald-, eorl-, heah-, hord-, long-, maethm-, sinc-, ŝeod-ge-streon. strudan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. naes ŝa on hlytme hwa ŝaet hord strude, 3127. ge-strynan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. ŝaes ŝe (_because_) ic moste minum leodum ... swylc ge-strynan, 2799. stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at times_), 1424. styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft on-gan sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_: pres. sg. III. ŝonne wind styreeth laeth ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj. pres. ŝaet he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands_), 2841. styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. style, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. style, 986. styl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534. be-styman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (waeron) eal benc-ŝelu blode be-stymed, 486. suhtor-ge-faederan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165. sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal ŝaer dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hraegla sum, 1906; ŝaet waes wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fiftena sum (_one of fifteen, with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feara sum (_one of few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; feara sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?), 3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. eower sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_, i.e. Beowulf), 248; gueth-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who had shown the way to Hroethgar's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_, i.e. Beowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-aerna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280. sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. aet sunde (_in swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2) _sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445. ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. faeder alwalda ... eowic ge-healde sietha ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund. sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc. sg., 1451. sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg. sund-nytte dreah (_swam through the sea_), 2361. sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedaelan (_to separate, sunder_), 2423. sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668. sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907. sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381. sueth, adv., _south, southward_, 859. suethan, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel suethan fus (_the sun inclined from the south_), 1967. swaethrian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaethredon (_the waves became calm_), 570. See sweethrian. swaethu, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swaethe, 2099.--Comp.: swat-, wald-swaethu. swaethul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaethule, 783. See sweoethol. swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. ŝrio wicg swancor, 2176. swan-rad, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-rade, 200. and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340. swa: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: swa sceal man don, 1173, 1535; swa ŝa driht-guman dreamum lifdon, 99; ŝaet ge-aefndon swa (_that we thus accomplished_), 538; ŝaer hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swa manlice _(so like a man_), 1047; swa fela (_so many_), 164, 592; swa deorlice daed (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine swa godne (_him so good_), 347; on swa geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-deeth him swa ge-wealdene worolde daelas ŝaet ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): me ŝin mod-sefa licaeth leng swa wel (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: swa me Higelac sie ... modes bliethe (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; swa ŝeah (_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; swa ŝeh, 2968; hwaeethre swa ŝeah (_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_: oeth ŝaet his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swa his aerfaeder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did_), 2623; eft swa aer (_again as before_), 643;--with indic.: swa he selfa baed (_as he himself requested_), 29; swa he oft dyde (_as he often did_), 444; gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio sceal, 455; swa guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swa ŝin sefa hwette _(as pleases thy mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; swa hie a waeron ... nyd-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_), 882; swa hit diope ... be-nemdon ŝeodnas maere (_as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swa he manna waes wigend weorethfullost (_as he of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment when_: swa ŝaet blod gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: swa he ne mihte no (_so that he might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swa waeter bebugeeth (_wrought the beauteous plain which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) swa ... swa = _so ... as_, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swa ... swa (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swa hwylc maegetha swa (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swa (_even so to each man as_), 3058. for-swafan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-sweof mine magas to metod-sceafte, 2815. for-swapan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweop on Grendles gryre, 477. swat, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swate, 1287.--Comp. heaetho-, hilde-swat. swat-fah, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112. swatig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570. swat-swaethu, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947. be-swaelan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. waes se leg-draca ... gledum beswaeled, 3042. swaes, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swaesne eethel, 520; nom. pl. swaese ge-siethas, 29; acc. pl. leode swaese, 1869; swaese ge-siethas, 2041; gen. pl. swaesra ge-sietha, 1935. swaes-lice, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090. swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeeth, 601. a-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum a-swefede, 567. sweethrian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. ŝaet ŝaet fyr ongan sweethrian, 2703; pret. siethethan Heremodes hild sweethrode, 902. swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefeeth, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swaef, 1801; pl. swaefon, 704; swaefun, 1281.--2) _to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefeeth, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefaeth, 2257, 2458. swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774. swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750. swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607. swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snaedum swealh (_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymethe liges faeethm swulge on swaethule, 783. for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081. swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf. ŝa sio wund on-gan ... swelan and swellan, 2714. sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morethre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-deaethe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359. swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra ŝaes fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511. ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syethethan hine Haeethcyn ... flane geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; haeethstapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaetho-, heoro-sweng. swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swor fela aetha on unriht (_swore no false oaths_), 2739; he me aethas swor, 472. for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulae?)_: pret. part. he sige-waepnum for-sworen haefde, 805. sweg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. sweg, 783; hearpan sweg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca sweg, 645; sang and sweg, 1064; dat. sg. swege, 1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-sweg. swelan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swaelan. sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rec sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167. sweoethol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_: dat. sg. ofer swioethole (MS. swic ethole), 3146. See swaethul. sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. sweoloeth, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloethe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma. sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceeth (_darkens his soul_), 1738. for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. eagena bearhtm for-siteeth and for-sworceeth, 1768. ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: gueth-, maethethum-, waeg-sweord. sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. aeth-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065. sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148. sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885. sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, 90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tacen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141. sweof, sweop. See swafan, swapan. swieth, st. n.? (O.N. swiethi), _burning pain_: in comp. ŝryeth-swieth(?). swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625. ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleetha bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368. swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on waeteres aeht seofon niht swuncon, 517. ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol yetha geswing, 849. swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. ne god hafoc geond sael swingeeth, 2265. swican, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg. naefre hit (_the sword_) aet hilde ne swac manna aengum, 1461.--2) _to escape_: subj. pret. butan his lic swice, 967. ge-swican, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. gueth-bill ge-swac nacod aet niethe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seo ecg ge-swac ŝeodne aet ŝearfe (_the sword failed the prince in need_), 1525. swieth, swyeth (Goth, swinŝ-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. waes ŝaet ge-win to swyeth, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. sio swiethre hand (_the right hand_), 2099; _harsh_, 3086. swiethe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swyethe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swiethor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199--Comp. un-swiethe. ofer-swiethian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswyetheeth, 279, 1769. swieth-ferheth, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg. swyeth-ferheth, 827; gen. sg. swieth-ferhethes, 909; nom. pl. swieth-ferhethe, 493; dat. pl. swieth-ferhethum, 173. swieth-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in spirit_: nom. sg. swieth-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swieth-hycgende, 1017. swieth-mod, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625. on-swifan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_: pret. sg. biorn (Beowulf) bord-rand on-swaf wieth ŝam gryre-gieste, 2560. swigian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lyt swigode niwra spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swigedon ealle, 1700. swigor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak, ŝa waes swigra secg ... on gylp-spraece gueth-ge-weorca, 981. swin, swyn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swyn, 1112; acc. sg. swin, 1287. swin-lic, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swin-licum, 1454. swogan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swogende leg, 3146. swutol. See sweotol. swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_; relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; oether swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. gueth-fremmendra swylcum (_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Beowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwaet (_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twegen (_two such_), 1348; ealle ŝearfe swylce (_all needs that_), 1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce maela swylce (_at just such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nietha, 582; swylcra fela ... aer-gestreona, 2232. swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (_and likewise_), 2259; swilce, 1153. swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437. swylt-daeg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. aer swylt-daege, 2799. swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. swyrd. See sweord. swyethl. See swieth. swyn. See swin. syethethan (seethian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. ŝonne hit sweordes ecg syethethan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge it_), 1107. syethethan. See siethethan. syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429. syheth. See seon. syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776. sylfa. See selfa. syllan. See sellan. syllic. See sellic. symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf me sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; ŝaet hie ... symbel ymbsaeton (_that they might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233. symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle waes ŝy saemra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881. symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dreoh, 1783. syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072. syn. See sin. syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_ (Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. ŝaet waes feohleas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.: fela-, un-synnig. ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870. syrce. See serce. syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. duguethe and geogoethe seomade and syrede, 161. be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. daed ŝe we ealle aer ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and destroy_: inf. mynte se manscaetha manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714. syn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-syn. ge-syne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.--Comp.: eeth-ge-syne, yeth-ge-sene. T taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I. no ic me ... hnagran gueth-geweorca ŝonne Grendel hine (_count myself no worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wen ic talige ...ŝaet (_I count on the hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. ŝaet raed talaeth ŝaet (_counts it gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: soeth ic talige (_I tell facts_), 532; swa ŝu self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595. tacen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141; tires to tacne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tacen. tan, st. m., _twig_: in comp. ater-tan. [emended to ater-tearum in text--KTH] ge-taecan, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him ŝa hilde-deor hof modigra torht ge-taehte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_: pret. sona me se maera mago Healfdenes ... wieth his sylfes sunu setl getaehte (_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014. taele, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-taele. ge-taese, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him waere ... niht ge-taese (_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321. tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. telge. See talian. tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. ne his lif-dagas leoda aenigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795; ŝaet ic me aenigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cwaeeth he ŝone gueth-wine godne tealde (_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; he usic gar-wigend gode tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. swa (_so that_) hine Geata beam godne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_: pret. sg. (Ŝryetho) him waelbende weotode tealde hand-gewriethene, 1937. ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759. tear, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. tearas, 1873. teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. (ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for laessan lean teohhode ... hnahran rince, 952; pres. part. waes oether in aer geteohhod (_assigned_)... maerum Geate, 1301. teon, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. heht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teon (_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. me to grunde teah fah feond-sceaetha (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_), 553; eft-siethas teah (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. aeg-hwylcum ...ŝara ŝe mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah (_to each of those that crossed the sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. ŝa waes ... heard ecg togen (_then was the hard edge drawn_), 1289; weareth ... on naes togen (_was drawn to the promontory_), 1440. a-teon, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. to Heorute a-teah (_drew to Heorot_), 767. ge-teon: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teah, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-teah, brad brun-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_: imp. no ŝu him wearne geteoh ŝinra gegn-cwida glaednian (_refuse not to gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and ŝa Beowulfe bega gehwaeethres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teah (_and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, he him est geteah (_gave possession of_), 2166. of-teon, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scefing ... monegum maegethum meodo-setla of-teah, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-teah, 1521. ŝurh-teon, _to effect_: inf. gif he torn-gemot ŝurh-teon mihte, 1141. teon (cf. teoh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_: pret. sg. teode, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hi hine laessan lacum teodan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43. ge-teon, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weorethan ... swa unc Wyrd ge-teoeth, 2527; pret. sg. ŝe him ... sare ge-teode (_who had done him this harm_), 2296. ge-teona, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. laeth-ge-teona. til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. Halga til, 61; ŝegn ungemete till (of Wiglaf), 2722; fem. waes seo ŝeod tilu, 1251; neut. ne waes ŝaet ge-wrixle til, 1305. tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... owihte maeg ŝinre mod-lufan maran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824. timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. sael timbred (_the well-built hall_), 307. be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rofes becn, 3161. tid, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra tid, 147; lange tid, 1916; in ŝa tide, 2228.--Comp.: an-, morgen-tid. ge-tiethian (from tigethian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. waes ... bene (gen.) ge-tiethad feasceaftum men, 2285. tir, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tires, 1655. tir-eadig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of Beowulf), 2190. tir-faest, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of Hroethgar), 923. tir-leas, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga. torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaetho-torht (_loud in battle_). torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp. lige-torn. torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hreowa tornost, 2130. torn-ge-mot, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc. sg., 1141. to, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: com to recede (_to the hall_), 721; eode to sele, 920; eode to hire frean sittan, 642; gaeeth eft ... to medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand to wolcnum (_wound to the welkin_), 1120; sigon to slaepe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lieth-waege baer haelum to handa (_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; oeth ŝaet niht becom oether to yldum, 2118; him to bearme cwom maethethum-faet maere (_came to his hands, into his possession_), 2405; saelde to sande sid-faeethme scip (_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; ŝat se harm-scaetha to Heorute a-teah (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nu to symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siethethan ... we to symble geseten haefdon, 2105; to ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maethelode to his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360; to Geatum sprec, 1172; so, heht ŝaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan (_bade the battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraethe waes to bure Beowulf fetod (_B. was hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siethethan Hama aet-waeg to ŝaere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city_), 1200; wean ahsode. faehetho to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, in_: ŝone god sende folce to frofre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14; gesette ... sunnan and monan leoman to leohte (_as a light_), 95; ge-saet ... to rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; weareth he Heaetho-lafe to hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... to helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf angan dohtor ... hyldo to wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan to soethe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: he to gyrn-wraece swiethor ŝohte ŝonne to sae-lade (_thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage_), 1139; saecce ne weneeth to Gar-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes_), 602; ŝonne wene ic to ŝe wyrsan geŝinges (_then I expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Sweoŝeode sibbe oethethe treowe wihte ne wene (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste ŝaem ahlaecan to ŝaem heah-sele hilde ge-ŝinged (_battle prepared for the monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bieth ŝaem ŝe mot to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188; ŝara ŝe he ge-worhte to West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: to gefremmanne (_to do_), 174; to ge-cyethanne (_to make known_), 257; to secganne (_to say_), 473; to befleonne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: to feran, 316; to friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: gewat him to gescaep-hwile (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated rest?_), 26; to widan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; awa to aldre (_for life, forever_), 956; so, to aldre, 2006, 2499; to life (_during life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wod under wolcnum to ŝaes ŝe ... (_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon to ŝaes ŝe, 1968; so, 2411; he him ŝaes lean for-geald ... to ŝaes ŝe he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead_), 1586; waes ŝaet blod to ŝaes hat (_the blood was hot to that degree_), 1617; naes ŝa long to ŝon ŝaet (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846; waes him se man to ŝon leof ŝaet (_the man was dear to him to that degree_), 1877; to hwan siethethan weareth hond-raes haeleetha (_up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out_), 2072; to middes (_in the midst_), 3142. II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: geong sona to, 1786; so, 2649; feheth oether to, 1756; sae-lac ... ŝe ŝu her to locast (_upon which thou here lookest_), 1655; folc to saegon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; ŝaet hi him to mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; se ŝe him bealwa to bote gelyfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e. Beowulf), 910; him to anwaldan are ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the Almighty's help_), 1273; ŝe us seceaeth to Sweona leode (_that the Swedes will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: to strang (_too mighty_), 133; to faest, 137; to swyeth, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; to fela micles (_far too much_), 695; he to foreth ge-stop (_he had gone too far_), 2290. toeth (G. tunŝu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blodig-toeth (adj.). tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sae-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wraec-lastas traed, 1353; medo-wongas traed, 1644; graes-moldan traed, 1882. treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_), 923. trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. ne ... fotes trem (_not a foot's breadth_), 2526. treow, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. treowe, 1073; sibbe oethethe treowe, 2923. treow, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-treow. treowian. See truwian. treow-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. treow-logan, 2848. trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844. ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370. ge-truwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. ŝa hie getruwedon on twa healfe faeste frioethu-waere, 1096. truwian, treowan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. siethe ne truwode leofes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne truwode ŝaet he ... (_she trusted not the child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhethe treowde ŝaet he ... (_each trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geata leod georne truwode modgan maegnes, 670; wiethres ne truwode, 2954. ge-truwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-truwode, mund-gripe maegenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-truwode, wiges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-truwode anes mannes, 2541. tryddian. See treddian. trywe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. ŝa gyt waes ... aeghwylc oethrum trywe, 1166. ge-trywe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. her is aeghwylc eorl oethrum ge-trywe, 1229. turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. eethel-turf. tux, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tux. ge-twaefan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. ŝaet ŝec adl oethethe ecg eafoethes ge-twaefeeth (_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god eaethe maeg ŝone dol-scaethan daeda ge-twaefan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479; pret. sg. sumne Geata leod ... feores getwaefde (_cut him off from life_), 1434; no ŝaer waeg-flotan wind ofer yethum siethes ge-twaefde (_the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. aet rihte waes gueth ge-twaefed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659. ge-twaeman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwaeman, 969. twegen, m. f. n. twa, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. twegen, 1348; dat. twaem, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twa, 1096, 1195. twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172. tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be saem tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686. twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709. tyder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tyder, 111. tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. tydre, 2848. tyn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, 2848. tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed. on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. Ŝ ŝafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. ŝaet se ŝeod-cyning ŝafian sceolde Eofores anne dom, 2964. ŝanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-ŝanc; inwit-ŝanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. ŝanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. ŝa ŝe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon ŝyder to ŝance (_those that tribute for the Geatas carried thither for favor_). 379. ge-ŝanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. ŝeostrum ge-ŝoncum, 2333.--Comp. mod-ge-ŝanc. ŝanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236. ŝancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode ŝancode ... ŝaes ŝe hire se willa ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl. ŝancedon, 627(?). ŝanon, ŝonon, ŝonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: ŝanon eft gewat (_he went thence back_), 123; ŝanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, ŝanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; ŝanan, 1881; ŝonon, 520, 1374, 2409; ŝonan, 820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: ŝanon untydras ealle on-wocon (_from him_, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, ŝanan, 1266; ŝonon, 1961; unsofte ŝonon feorh oeth-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141. ŝa, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With ŝaer: ŝa ŝaer, 331. With nu: nu ŝa (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc. ŝaet, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. ŝaet (_that_), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. ŝy, 1798, 2029; ŝaet ic ŝy waepne ge-braed (_that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; ŝy weorethra (_the more honored_), 1903; ŝy seft (_the more easily_), 2750; ŝy laes hym yethe ŝrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; no ŝy aer (_not sooner_), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; no ŝy leng (_no longer, none the longer_), 975. ŝy =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; ŝe ... ŝe = _on this account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste ŝe geornor (_knew but too well_), 822; he ... waes sundes ŝe saenra ŝe hine swylt fornam (_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; naes him wihte ŝe sel (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. ŝaes = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. ŝaes ŝe, especially after verbs of thanking, = _because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: ŝaes ŝe hie gewislicost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001; to ŝaes (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; ŝaes georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac he ŝaes faeste waes ... besmiethod (_it was too firmly set_), 774; no ŝaes frod leofaeth gumena bearna ŝaet ŝone grund wite (_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; he ŝaes (ŝaem, MS.) modig waes (_had the courage for it_), 1509. II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; oeth ŝaet (_up to that, until_); see oeth. ŝaette (from ŝaet ŝe, see ŝe), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; ŝaet ŝe (_that_), 1847. ŝaer: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morethor-bealo maga, ŝaer heo aer maeste heold worolde wynne (_the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With ŝa: ŝa ŝaer, 331; ŝaer on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271, 550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: ŝaer swieth-ferhethe sittan eodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode ... ŝaer se snottra bad (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so, 1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: ga ŝaer he wille, 1395. ŝe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seo, ŝaet: Hunfereth maethelode, ŝe aet fotum saet (_H., who sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; waes ŝaet gewin to swyeth ŝe on ŝa leode be-com (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), 192, etc.; ic wille ... ŝe ŝa and-sware aedre ge-cyethan ŝe me se goda a-gifan ŝenceeth (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355; oeth ŝone anne daeg ŝe he ... (_till that very day that he_ ...), 2401; heo ŝa faehethe wraec ŝe ŝu ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid ŝaere sorge ŝe him sio sar belamp (_with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. ŝonne ŝa dydon ŝe ... (_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; ŝa maethmas ŝe he me sealde (_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfaestan gife ŝe him god sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After ŝara ŝe (_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-siona fela secga ge-hwylcum ŝara ŝe on swylc staraeth (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, seo, ŝaet: saegde se ŝe cuethe (_said he that knew_), 90; waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, se ŝe moras heold (_the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... seo ŝe ban-cofan beorgan cuethe (_the corselet that could protect the body_), 1446, etc.; ŝaer ge-lyfan sceal dryhtnes dome se ŝe hine deaeth nimeeth (_he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308). ŝaes ŝe. See ŝaet. ŝeah ŝe. See ŝeah. for ŝam ŝe. See for-ŝam. ŝy, ŝe, _the, by that_, instr. of se: ahte ic holdra ŝy laes ... ŝe deaeth for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437. ŝeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. ŝa sceal brond fretan, aeled ŝeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_), 3016; pret. pl. ŝaer git eagor-stream earmum ŝehton (_in swimming_), 513. ŝegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Beowulf), 194; (Wiglaf), 2722; acc. sg. ŝegen (Beowulf, MS. ŝegn), 1872; dat. sg. ŝegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wiglaf), 2811; gen. sg. ŝegnes, 1798; nom. pl. ŝegnas, 1231; acc. pl. ŝegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. ŝegnum, 2870; gen. pl. ŝegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-ŝegn. ŝegnian, ŝenian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him ŝenode deoran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them with it), 560. ŝegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg. ŝegn-sorge, 131. ŝegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: beah-, beor-, sinc-ŝegu. ŝel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-ŝel, 486, 1240. ŝencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se ŝe wel ŝenceeth, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. naenig heora ŝohte ŝaet he ... (_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg. III. ŝa and-sware ... ŝe me se goda a-gifan ŝenceeth (_the answer that the good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blodig wael) byrgean ŝenceeth, 448; ŝonne he ... gegan ŝenceeth longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_), 1536; pret. sg. ne ŝaet aglaeca yldan ŝohte (_the monster did not mean to delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wieth hronfixas werian ŝohton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heawan ŝohton, 801. a-ŝencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (he) ŝis ellen-weorc ana a-ŝohte to ge-fremmanne, 2644. ge-ŝencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: ŝaet he his selfa ne maeg ... ende ge-ŝencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_), 1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-ŝenc nu ... hwaet wit geo spraecon, 1475. ŝenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles facen-stafas Ŝeod-Scyldingas ŝenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Widsieth, 45 seqq.); ŝenden reafode rinc oetherne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenŝeow), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: ŝenden ŝu mote, 1178; ŝenden ŝu lifige, 1255; ŝenden hyt sy (_whilst the heat lasts_), 2650. ŝengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa ŝengel (Beowulf), 1508. ŝes (m.), ŝeos (f.), ŝis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; ŝys, 1396; acc. sg. m. ŝisne, 75; f. ŝas, 1682; dat. sg. neut. ŝissum, 1170; ŝyssum, 2640; f. ŝisse, 639; gen. m. ŝisses, 1217; f. ŝisse, 929; neut. ŝysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. ŝas, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. ŝyssum, 1063, 1220. ŝe. See ŝaet. ŝeh. See ŝeah. ŝearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. ŝearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; ŝa him waes manna ŝearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. ŝearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmaeth ge nu leoda ŝearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_), 2802; dat. sg. aet ŝearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede ŝegnes ŝearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-ŝegn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-ŝearf. ŝearf. See ŝurfan. ge-ŝearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. ŝa him swa ge-ŝearfod waes (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104. ŝearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560. ŝeah, ŝeh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. ŝeah, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by ŝe: ŝeah ŝe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; ŝeah ... eal (_although_), 681.--2) with indic.: ŝeah, 1103; ŝeh, 1614.--3) doubtful: ŝeah he uethe wel, 2856; swa ŝeah (_nevertheless_), 2879; no ... swa ŝeah (_not then however_), 973; naes ŝe forht swa ŝeh (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwaeethre swa ŝeah (_yet however_), 2443. ŝeaw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. ŝeaw, 359; instr. pl. ŝeawum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145. ŝeod, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) _nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. ŝeoda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, wer-ŝeod. ŝeod-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_: nom. sg. (Hroethgar), 2145; (Ongenŝeow), 2964, 2971; ŝiod-cyning (Beowulf), 2580; acc. sg. ŝeod-cyning (Beowulf), 3009; gen. sg. ŝeod-cyninges (Beowulf), 2695; gen. pl. ŝeod-cyninga, 2. ŝeoden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; ŝioden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. ŝeoden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; ŝioden, 2789; dat. sg. ŝeodne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; ŝeoden, 2033; gen. sg. ŝeodnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; ŝiodnes, 2657; nom. pl. ŝeodnas, 3071. ŝeoden-leas, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. ŝeoden-lease, 1104. ŝeod-gestreon, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl. ŝeod-ge-streonum, 44; gen. pl. ŝeod-ge-streona, 1219. ŝeodig, adj., _appertaining to a_ ŝeod: in comp. el-ŝeodig. ŝeod-scaetha, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. ŝeod-sceaetha (_the dragon_), 2279, 2689. ŝeod-ŝrea, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wieth ŝeod-ŝreaum, 178. ŝeof, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. ŝeofes craefte, 2221. ŝeon, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorethmyndum ŝah (_grew in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. huru ŝaet on lande lyt manna ŝah (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901. ge-ŝeon, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-ŝeoh tela, 1219; inf. lof-daedum sceal ... man geŝeon, 25; ŝaet ŝaet ŝeodnes bearn ge-ŝeon scolde, 911. on-ŝeon? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. he ŝaes aer onŝah, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901. ŝeon (for ŝeowan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. naes se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra aenig ŝara ŝe mec ... dorste egesan ŝeon (_that durst oppress me with terror_), 2737. ŝeostor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. ŝeostrum ge-ŝoncum, 2333. ŝicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. ŝaet he (Grendel) ma moste manna cynnes ŝicgean ofer ŝa niht, 737; symbel ŝicgan (_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. ŝaet hie me ŝegon, 563; ŝaer we medu ŝegun, 2634. ge-ŝicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-ŝeah, 619, 629; Beowulf ge-ŝah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-ŝaegon, 1015. ŝider, ŝyder, adv., _thither_: ŝyder, 3087, 379, 2971. ŝihtig, ŝyhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum ŝyhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-ŝihtig. ŝincan. See ŝyncan. ŝing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. aenige ŝinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375, 2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. me weareth Grendles ŝing ... undyrne cueth (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3) _judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... ana gehegan ŝing wieth ŝyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant_: see hegan), 426. ge-ŝing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-ŝingo, 1086.--2) _fate, providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-ŝinges, 398, 710; (ge-ŝingea, MS.), 525. ge-ŝingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwen mode ge-ŝungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_), 625. See wel-ŝungen. ge-ŝingan (see ge-ŝing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat, _enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him ŝonne Hreethric to hofum Geata ge-ŝingeeth _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of the Geatas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_: pret. part. wiste [aet] ŝaem ahlaecan ... hilde ge-ŝinged, 648; hraethe waes ... mece ge-ŝinged, 1939. ŝingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne hyrde ic snotor-licor on swa geongum feore guman ŝingian (_I never heard a man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feo ŝingian (_would not compound the life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. ŝa faehethe feo ŝingode, 470. ŝihan. See ŝeon. ŝin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc. ge-ŝoht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. an-fealdne ge-ŝoht, 256; faest-raedne ge-ŝoht, 611. ŝolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) ŝolian, 833; pres. sg. III. ŝrea-nyd ŝolaeth, 284; pret. sg. ŝolode ŝryethswyeth, 131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) ŝenden ŝis sweord ŝolaeth (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (seo ecg) ŝolode aer fela hand-gemota, 1526. ge-ŝolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. to ge-ŝolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoeth-lice ŝrage ge-ŝolode..., ŝaet he ... dream gehyrde (_bore ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-ŝolode (_bore the misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. ŝaer he longe sceal on ŝaes waldendes waere ge-ŝolian, 3110. ŝon (Goth, ŝan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; aefter ŝon (_after that_), 725; aer ŝon daeg cwome (_ere day came_), 732; no ŝon lange (_it was not long till then_), 2424; naes ŝa long to ŝon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846; waes him se man to ŝon leof ŝaet ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him that ..._), 1877. ŝonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; ŝaet ic gum-cystum godne funde beaga bryttan, breac ŝonne moste (_that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; ŝonne ...ŝonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif ŝonne ...ŝonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before ŝone: ŝaet he ... hatan wolde medo-aern micel men ge-wyrcean ŝone yldo bearn aefre ge-frunon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men had ever known_). ŝracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. mod-ŝracu; = impetus in ecg-ŝracu. ŝrag, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. ŝa hine sio ŝrag be-cwom (_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. ŝrage (_for a time_), 87; longe (lange) ŝrage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoeth-ŝrag. ge-ŝraec, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-ŝraec. ŝrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. maegen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247. ŝrea, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. ŝeod-ŝrea, ŝrea-nedla, -nyd. ŝrea-nedla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for ŝrea-nedlan, 2225. ŝrea-nyd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. ŝrea-nyd, 284; dat. pl. ŝrea-nydum, 833. ŝreat, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on ŝam ŝreate, 2407; dat. pl. sceaethena ŝreatum, 4.--Comp. iren-ŝreat. ŝreatian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...ŝreatedon, 560. ŝreot-teoetha, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. ŝreot-teoetha secg, 2407. ŝreo, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. ŝrio wicg, 2175; ŝreo hund wintra, 2279. ŝridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. ŝriddan siethe, 2689. ge-ŝring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-ŝring, 2133. ŝringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra to lyt ŝrong ymbe ŝeoden (_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syethethan Hreethlingas to hagan ŝrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge_), 2961. for-ŝringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. ŝaet he ne mehte ...ŝa wea-lafe wige for-ŝringan ŝeodnes ŝegne (_that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085. ge-ŝringan, _to press_: pret. sg. ceol up geŝrang (_the ship shot up_), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. ŝritig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: ŝritig ŝegna, 123; gen. ŝrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379. ŝrist-hydig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. ŝioden ŝrist-hydig (Beowulf), 2811. ŝrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hat, gnorn) ŝrowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. ŝrowade, 1590, 1722; ŝrowode, 2595. ŝryeth, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl. ŝryethum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494. ŝryeth-aern, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658. ŝryethlic, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. ŝryeth-lic ŝegna heap, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. ŝryeth-licost, 2870. ŝryeth-swyeth, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very powerful, exceeding strong_]. ŝryeth-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rigsmal, 29, 7, in Moebius, p. 79b, 22.) ŝrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. yetha ŝrym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. ŝrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. ŝrym, 2.--Comp. hyge-ŝrym. ŝrym-lic, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. ŝrec-wudu ŝrym-lic (_the mighty spear_), 1247. ŝu, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. ŝec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; ŝe, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. selran ŝe (_a better one than thee_), 1851. See ge. ŝunca, w. m. See aef-ŝunca. ge-ŝungen. See ge-ŝingan, st. v. ŝurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. no ŝu ne ŝearft ... sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne ŝearf ... onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. ŝaet he ... secean ŝurfe, 2496; pret. sg. ŝorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hremge ŝorfton (i.e. wesan) feethe-wiges (_needed not boast of their foot-fight_), 2365. ge-ŝuren. See ŝweran. ŝurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, throughout_: wod ŝa ŝurh ŝone wael-rec (_went then through the battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing to_: ŝurh sliethne nieth (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; ŝurh holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, ŝurh rumne sefan, 278; ŝurh sidne sefan, 1727; eoweeth ŝurh egsan uncuethne nieth (_shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by means of, through_: heaetho-raes for-nam mihtig mere-deor ŝurh mine hand, 558; ŝurh anes craeft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. ŝus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430. ŝunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu ŝunede, 1907. ŝusend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic ŝe ŝusenda ŝegna bringe to helpe, 1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan ŝusendo, 2196; gen. hund-ŝusenda landes and locenra beaga (100,000 _sceattas' worth of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. ŝusend wintra, 3051. ŝwaere, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-ŝwaere. ge-ŝwaere, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-ŝwaere, 1231. ge-ŝweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-ŝuren (for ge-ŝworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286. ŝyhtig. See ŝihtig. ge-ŝyld (see ŝolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-ŝyld, 1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-ŝyldum (_steadfastly, patiently_), 1706. ŝyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg., 1166, 1457. ŝyncan, ŝincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III. ŝinceeth him to lytel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne ŝynceeth me gerysne, ŝaet we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. hy ... wyrethe ŝinceaeth eorla ge-aehtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_ (?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swa him ge-met ŝince, 688; inf. ŝincean, 1342; pret. sg. ŝuhte, 2462, 3058; no his lif-gedal sar-lic ŝuhte secga aenigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_), 843; pret. pl. ŝaer him fold-wegas faegere ŝuhton, 867. of-ŝincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. maeg ŝaes ŝonne of-ŝyncan ŝeoden (dat.) Heaetho-beardna and ŝegna gehwam ŝara leoda, 2033. ŝyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wieth ŝyrse (Grendel), 426. ŝys-lic, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. ŝys-licu ŝearf, 2638. ŝy. See ŝaet. ŝywan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif ŝec ymb-sittend egesan ŝywaeth (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_), 1828. ŝystru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in ŝystrum, 87. ge-ŝywe, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swa him ge-ŝywe ne waes (_as was not his custom_), 2333. U ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330. ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dogrum, 2201, 2393. ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952. uhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126. uht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. uht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008. uht-sceaetha, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272. umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188. un-bliethe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032. un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549. unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hwaeether ... uncer twega (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of us two, G. and me_), 2003. uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186. un-cueth, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stig ... eldum uncueth, 2215; acc. sg. neut. uncueth ge-lad (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, evil_: acc. sg. un-cuethne nieth, 276; gen. sg. un-cuethes (_of the foe_, Grendel), 961. under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = _under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bat (waes) under beorge, 211; ŝa cwom Wealhŝeo foreth gan under gyldnum beage (_W. walked forth under a golden circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siethethan he under segne sine ealgode (_under his banner_), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-griman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): ŝa secg wisode under Heorotes hrof, 403; siethethan aefen-leoht under heofenes hador be-holen weoretheeth, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleon under fen-hleoethu, 821; hond alegde ... under geapne hrof, 837; teon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, haefde ŝa for-siethod sunu Ecg-ŝeowes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-siethian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under harne stan ...ana ge-neethde frecne daede, 888; ne dorste under yetha ge-win aldre ge-neethan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016. II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stig under laeg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the rock), 2214. undern-mael, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429. un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912. un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cueth, 150, 410. un-faeger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. leoht un-faeger, 728. un-faecne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069. un-faege, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-faegne eorl, 573. un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme aethum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f. = _unconquerable in valor_], 1098. un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note. un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189. un-frod, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frodum, 2822. un-gedefelice, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436. un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729. un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. un-geara, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603. un-gifeethe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922. un-gleaw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleaw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. un-har, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?). un-haelo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-haelo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120. un-heore, un-hyre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard un-hiore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wif un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note. un-leof, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-leofe, 2864. un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745. un-lytel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. dugueth un-lytel (_a great band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dom un-lytel (_no little glory_), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (_very great shame, misery_), 834. un-murnlice, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757. unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic ŝe an tela sinc-gestreona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. uethe ic swiethor ŝaet ŝu hine selfne ge-seon moste, 961; III. he ne uethe ŝaet ...(_he granted not that ..._), 503; him god uethe ŝaet ... he hyne sylfne ge-wraec (_God granted to him that he avenged himself_), 2875; ŝeah he uethe wel (_though he well would_), 2856. ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif he us ge-unnan wile ŝaet we hine ... gretan moton, 346; me ge-uethe ylda waldend, ŝaet ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662. un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170. un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060. un-rim, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625. un-rime, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rime, 3013. un-rot, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rote, 3149. un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for his unwisdom_), 1735. un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_, 1656. un-swyethe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bat unswiethor ŝonne his ŝiod-cyning ŝearfe haefde (_the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed_), 2579; fyr unswiethor weoll, 2882. un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073. un-taele, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-taele, 1866. un-tyder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.] un-waclic, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. ad ... un-waclicne, 3139. un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742. un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444. up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), ŝa waes ... wop up ahafen, 128; so, 783. up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760. uppe (adj., ufe, uffe), adv., _above_, 566. up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093. uton. See wuton. U ueth-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): ŝaer waes Aesc-here ... feorh ueth-genge, 2124. us, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), usic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ure: ure aeg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; user, 2075. user, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ure man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ussum hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. usses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. urum ... bam (_to us both, two_) (for unc bam), 2660. ut, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. utan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335. ut-fus, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna isig and ut-fus, 33. ut-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) waes ut-weard, 762. utan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlaew ... ealne utan-weardne, 2298. W *wacan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. ŝanon (from Cain) woc fela geo-sceaft-gasta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. ŝam feower bearn ... in worold wocun, 60. *on-wacan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. ŝa se wyrm on-woc (_when the drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-woc heah Healfdene, 56; pl. on-wocon, 111. wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wieth wraethum! 661. wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wod ŝurh ŝone wael-rec, 2662; wod under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_), 715. ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. oeth ŝaet ... wunden-stefna ge-waden haefde, ŝaet ŝa liethende land ge-sawon (_till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220. on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wod(?), 916. ŝurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. ŝaet swurd ŝurh-wod wraet-licne wyrm, 891; so, 1568. wag, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. aefter wagum (_along the walls_), 996. wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.). walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda. wald-swaethu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. aefter wald-swaethum (_along the wood-paths_), 1404. wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_, etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074. wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, yeth-geblond ... won (_the dark waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna leg (_lurid flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652. wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.--Comp.: freoetho-, grund-, medo-, sae-wang. wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787. wan-hyd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his won-hydum, 434. wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. ŝa ŝaet sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. he to lange leode mine wanode, 1338. ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is min flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477. wan-saelig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-saelig wer (Grendel), 105. wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120. warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. ŝaer he haeethen gold waraeth (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dygel land warigeaeth, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) westen warode, 1266. waroeth, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. to waroethe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroethas, 1966. waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru. wa, interj., _woe!_ wa bieth ŝaem ŝe... (_woe to him that..._), 183. waethu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-waethu. wanian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehyrdon ... sar wanigean helle haeftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wanode], 3152(?). wat. See witan. waecean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part waeccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. waeccendne wer, 1269. See wacian. waecnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85. waed, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508. waefre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily form_: nom. sg. wael-gaest waefre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, expiring_: nom. sg. waefre mod, 1151; him waes geomor sefa, waefre and wael-fus, 2421. be-waegnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him waes ... freond-laethu wordum be-waegned, 1194. wael, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wael, 1213, 3028, blodig wael, 448; oethethe on wael crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on waele crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es waele (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043. wael-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wael-bedde, 965. wael-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wael-bende ... hand-gewriethene, 1937. wael-bleat, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wael-bleate, 2726. wael-deaeth, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696. wael-dreor, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wael-dreore, 1632. wael-fah, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wael-fagne winter, 1129. wael-faeheth, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wael-faehetha, 2029. wael-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. to wael-fealle, 1712. wael-fus, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421. wael-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid ŝaere wael-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wael-fylla? 3155. wael-fyr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wael-fyre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. pl. wael-fyra maest, 1120. wael-gaest, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wael-gaest, 1332; acc. sg. ŝone wael-gaest, 1996. wael-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wael-hlem ŝone, 1996. waelm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. ŝaere burnan waelm, 2547; gen. sg. ŝaes waelmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-waelm. wael-nieth, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. aefter wael-niethe, 85; nom. pl. wael-niethas, 2066. wael-rap, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wael-rapas, 1611; (cf. waell, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on waele mid sceote scriethan, Gnom. Cott. 39). wael-raes, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wael-raese, 825, 2532. wael-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wael-reste, 2903. wael-rec, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wod ŝa ŝurh ŝone wael-rec, 2662. wael-reaf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206. wael-reow, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630. wael-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wael-sceaftas, 398. wael-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. waell-seaxe, 2704. wael-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on ŝam wael-stenge, 1639. wael-stow, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wael-stowe, 2052, 2985. waestm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres waestmum (_in man's form_), 1353. waeter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. waeter, 1365, 1620; deop waeter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wid waeter (_over the high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. aefter waetere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; under waetere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. waetere, 2723; waetre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer waeteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_), 471; on waeteres aeht, 516; ŝurh waeteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694; gen. = instr. waeteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792. waeter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261 waeter-yeth, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. waeter-yethum, 2243. waed, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-waed. ge-waede, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl. gewaedu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewaede. waeg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. waeg, 3133. waeg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlic waeg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441. waeg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. weg-flotan, 1908. waeg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer waeg-holm, 217. waege, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. faeted waege, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, lieth-waege. waeg-liethend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. waeg-liethendum (et liethendum, MS.), 3160. waeg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490. waen, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on waen, 3135. waepen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. waepen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. waepne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes, 1468; acc. pl. waepen, 292; dat. pl. waepnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-waepen. waepned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. waepned-men, 1285. waer, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. waere, 1101;--_protection, care_: dat. sg. on frean (on ŝaes waldendes) waere (_into God's protection_), 27, 3110.--Comp.: frioetho-waer. waesma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-waesma, 678. we, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996. webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoethu-webbe. weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wig-bealu weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan sweg (sceal) wigend weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025; ongunnon ŝa ... bael-fyra maest wigend weccan (_the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine waetre (_roused him with water_, i.e. Wiglaf recalled Beowulf to consciousness), 2855. to-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hu ŝa folc mid him (_with one another_), faehethe to-wehton, 2949. wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo to wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999. weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546. ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wig-speda ge-wiofu (_the woof of war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698. weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf ŝu on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, foreth-, wid-weg. wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nah hwa sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan maethethum to ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he ŝa fraetwe waeg ... ofer yetha ful (_bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wael-seaxe ... ŝaet he on byrnan waeg, 2705; heortan sorge waeg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781. aet-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syethethan Hama aet-waeg to ŝaere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar_), 1199. ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. ŝe he wieth ŝam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401. wel, adv.: 1) _well_: wel bieth ŝaem ŝe ... (_well for him that ...!_), 186; se ŝe wel ŝenceeth (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Geat ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_), 1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856. wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. aer-, burg-, hord-, maethethum-wela. wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wic-stede weligne Waegmundinga, 2608. wel-ŝungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_: nom. sg. Hygd (waes) swiethe geong, wis, wel-ŝungen, 1928. wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. ŝaet ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heap hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092. be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. maeg ŝaes ŝonne of-ŝyncan ŝeoden Heaetho-beardna ... ŝonne he mid faemnan on flet gaeeth, dryht-bearn Dena duguetha bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. waeron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeeth on willan (_all the world turns at his will_), 1740. ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende (_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wa bieth ŝaem ŝe sceal ... frofre ne wenan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186. on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor haeleeth wean on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb aefre ne maeg wiht on-wendan ŝam ŝe wel ŝenceeth (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside_), 2602. wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beowulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres waestmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948. wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scir wered, 496. were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. werhetho, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. ŝu in helle scealt werhetho dreogan, 590. werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscruda ... ŝaet mine breost wereeth, 453; inf. wit unc wieth hron-fixas werian ŝohton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra to lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; pret. ind. wael-reaf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwita helm hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ... _corselet-clad_), 238, 2530. be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. ŝaet hie ... leoda land-geweorc laethum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939 werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gastes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748. werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod. wer-ŝeod, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-ŝeode, 900. wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. ŝu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is ŝines maegenes blaed ane hwile (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sie, 435, 683, etc.; sy, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hael), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hremge ŝorfton (i.e. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. waes, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; waes on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, waes secgende (for saede), 3029; II. waere, 1479, etc.; pl. waeron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; waeran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. waere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend waere (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; naes = ne + waes, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne waes, 890, 1472); naeron = ne + waeron, 2658; naere = ne + waere, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende. weg. See waeg. wen, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leodum wen orleg-hwile (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_), 2911; acc. sg. ŝaes ic wen haebbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, ŝaes ŝe ic [wen] hafo, 3001; wen ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wenum _(in expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Beowulf), 2896. See or-wena. wenan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. ŝaes ic wene (_as I hope_), 272; swa ic ŝe wene to _(as I hope thou wilt_: Beowulf hopes Hroethgar will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. ŝonne wene ic to ŝe wyrsan ge-ŝinges, 525; ic ŝaer heaethu-fyres hates wene, 2523; III. secce ne weneeth to Gar Denum (_weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bote) wenan (_to expect, count on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. ŝaes ne wendon aer witan Scyldinga ŝaet ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that_...), 779; ŝaet hig ŝaes aeethelinges eft ne wendon ŝaet he ... secean come _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ ... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wende, 934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wene ic ŝaet..., 1185; wen' ic ŝaet..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wende, 2330; pl. wendon, 938, 1605. wepan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [weop], 3152 (?). werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siethes werig (_weary from the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siethes wergum, 1795;--w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum werge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: deaeth-, fyl-, gueth-werig. ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wergad, 2853. werig-mod, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544. weste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele westne, 2457. westen, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. westen, 1266. westen, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on ŝaere westenne, 2299. weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wieth ŝaes recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.--Comp.: bord-, eoreth-, sae-, scyld-weal. ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer yetha ge-wealc, 464. ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on feonda ge-weald _(into the power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald agan, haebban, a-beodan (w. gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald. wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan mot (_if he may prevail_), 442; ŝaer he ... wealdan moste swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend (_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) with instr. or dat.: inf. ŝam waepnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the weapons_), 2039; Geatum wealdan (_to rule the Geatas_), 2391; ŝeah-hordum wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wael-stowe wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; ŝenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. ruled the G._), 30; pl. weoldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. ŝenden ic wealde widan rices, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. weold, 703, 1771. ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. halig god ge-weold wig-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weold his ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte no ... waepna ge-wealdan, 1510. ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedeeth him swa gewealdene worolde daelas, 1733. weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. weol, 515, 850, 1132; weoll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syethethan Ingelde weallaeth wael-niethas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreether inne weoll (_his heart was moved within him_), 2114; hreether aeethme weoll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from breathing, snorting_), 2594; breost innan weoll ŝeostrum ge-ŝoncum, 2332; so, weoll, 2600, 2715, 2883. weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782. weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sawele hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called beah-horda weard, 922; rices weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hiore, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bat-, eethel-, gold-, heafod-, hord-, hyeth-, land-, ren-, sele-, yrfe-weard. weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eoreth-weard, 2335. weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde heold, 305.--Comp. aeg-weard. weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ut-weard, 1288, etc. weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. he his folme forlet to lif-wraethe, last weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sio swiethre swaethe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._, i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hyrde ic ŝaet ŝam fraetwum feower mearas lungre gelice last weardode (_I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fifel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rim eorla (_an immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. ŝaer we gesunde sael weardodon, 2076. wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268. wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_ See un-wearnum, 742. weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. oeth ŝaet him on innan ofer-hygda dael weaxeeth (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. weox, 8. ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft ŝaet seo geogoeth ge-weox, 66. ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-weox he him to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712. wea, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. weana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. wea-laf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. ŝa wea-lafe (_the wretched remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099. wea-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. wea-spelle, 1316. ge-weoldum. See ge-wild. weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_: acc. sg. ŝaes gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: baedo-, ellen-, heaetho-, niht-weorc. ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: aer-, fyrn-, gueth-, hond-, nieth-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939. weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419. weoreth, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorethe, 2497. weoreth, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weoreth Denum aeetheling (_the atheling dear to the Danes_, Beowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. ŝaet he syethethan waes ... maethme ŝy weorethra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrethe. weorethan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weoretheeth (_is concealed_), 414; underne weoretheeth (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III. weorethaeth, 2067; wurethaeth, 282; inf. weorethan, 3179; wurethan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. weareth, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frofre weorethan (_to become a help_), 1708; pret. sg. weareth he Heaetholafe to hand-bonan, 460; so, weareth, 906, 1262; ne weareth Heremod swa (i.e. to frofre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. ŝaet he on fylle weareth (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf. unc sceal weorethan ... swa unc Wyrd ge-teoeth (_it shall befall us two as Fate decrees_), 2527; ŝurh hwaet his worulde gedal weorethan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. ŝa ŝaer sona weareth ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281. ge-weorethan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-weareth, 3062; pret. part. cearu waes geniwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swa us ge-worden is, 3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. ŝaet ŝu ... lete Sueth-Dene sylfe ge-weorethan guethe wieth Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, decide_: pret. sg. ŝa ŝaes monige ge-weareth ŝaet ... (_since many agreed that_ ...), 1599; pret. part. hafaeth ŝaes ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyrde, and ŝaet raed talaeth ŝaet he ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that_ ...), 2027. weoreth-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weoreth-fullost, 3100. weorethian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. ŝaer ic ... ŝine leode weorethode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj. pret. (ŝaet he) aet feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorethode (_that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091. ge-weorethian, ge-wurethian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syethethan waes aefter beah-ŝege breost ge-weorethod, 2177; waepnum ge-weorethad, 250; since ge-weorethad, 1451; so, ge-wurethad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorethad (_known, honored, afar_), 1960. weoreth-lice, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weoreth-licost, 3163. weoreth-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah ŝa eald sweord ..., wigena weorethmynd (_saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weoreth-myndum, 8; to woreth-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weoreth-mynda dael, 1753. weorethung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. breost-, ham-, heorft-, hring-, wig-weorethung. weorod. See werod. weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp ŝa wunden-mael wraettum gebunden yrre oretta, ŝaet hit on eorethan laeg (_the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), 1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wael-fyre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw upon_: inf. he hine eft ongan waeteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water upon him again_), 2792. for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. ŝaet he genunga gueth-gewaedu wraethe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp ŝa ... wigena strongest, 1544. weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wael-bende weotode, 1937. be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres. pl. III. be-witiaeth, 1136; pret. sg. ŝegn ... se ŝe ... ealle be-weotede ŝegnes ŝearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca se ŝe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. ŝa ... oft be-witigaeth sorh-fulne sieth on segl-rade, 1429. wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046. ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. laeth ge-widru (_loathly weather_), 1376. wieth prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: ŝa wieth gode wunnon, 113; ana (wan) wieth eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, laeth wieth laethum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; ŝaet him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wieth lige, 2342; hwaet ... selest waere wieth faer-gryrum to ge-fremmanne, 174; ŝaet him gast-bona geoce gefremede wieth ŝeod-ŝreaum, 178; wieth rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; haefde ... sele Hroethgares ge-nered wieth niethe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828; (him dyrne langaeth ...) beorn wieth blode (_the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Beowulf), 1881; sundur ge-daelan lif wieth lice (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424; streamas wundon sund wieth sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the sand_), 213; lig-yethum forborn bord wieth ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme weol, won wieth winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so, hiora in anum weoll sefa wieth sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; ŝaet hire wieth healse heard grapode (_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) _against, towards_: wan wieth Hroethgar (_fought against H._), 152; wieth feonda gehwone, 294; wieth wraeth werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine halig god us on-sende wieth Grendles gryre, 384; ŝaet ic wieth ŝone gueth-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wieth manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic ŝa leode wat ge wieth feond ge wieth freond faeste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; heold heah-lufan wieth haeleetha brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955; wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod (_prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton side scyldas ... wieth ŝaes recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wieth eorethan faeethm (eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wieth earm ge-saet (_sat on, against, his arm_), 750; so, stieth-mod ge-stod wieth steapne rond, 2567; [wieth duru healle eode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wieth Hrefna-wudu (_over against, near, H._), 2926; wieth his sylfes sunu setl ge-taehte (_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards, with_ (of contracting parties): ŝaet hie healfre ge-weald wieth Eotena bearn agan moston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess_), 1089; ŝenden he wieth wulf wael reafode (_whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., _against_: nu wieth Grendel sceal, wieth ŝam aglaecan, ana gehegan ŝing wieth ŝyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-saet ŝa wieth sylfne..., maeg wieth maege, 1978-79. wiether-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. wiether-raehtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040. wiethre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiethres ne truwode, 2954. wig-weorethung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc. pl. -weorethunga, 176. wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhaelo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllicran wiht (the dragon), 3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dweleeth (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne speow (_it helped him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. ne him ŝaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde (_nor did he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: no ... wiht swylcra searo-nietha, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: ne hie huru wine-drihten wiht ne logon (_did not blame their friendly lord aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; no wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte (_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: a-wiht (aht = _aught_), ael-wiht, o-wiht. wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea leodum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leodum (_welcome to the Geatas_), 1895. ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223. wil-deor (for wild-deor), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-deor, 1431. wil-gesieth, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-siethas, 23. wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation), _joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leoda, 2901. willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. anes willan (_for the sake of one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. to willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951. willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic a-secgan (_I will set forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic to sae wille (_I will to sea_), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. ŝu wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; aer he in wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wyllaeth, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; no ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleotan), 543; so, swa he hira ma wolde (i.e. a-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. ŝa metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519. wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wel bieth ŝaem ŝe mot ... to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms_), 188. wil-sieth, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sieth, 216. ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; ŝa hie ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under yetha ge-win (_under the tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. ŝaes ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, yeth-ge-win. win-aern, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg. win-aernes, 655. wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wieth winde, 1133. windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand to wolcnum wael-fyra maest, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl. streamas wundon sund wieth sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383. aet-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. se ŝaem feonde aet-wand, 143. be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere): pret. sg. ŝe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wirum be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flaesce be-wunden (_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gar ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with the hands_), 3023; iu-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_), 3053; (astah ...) leg wope be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a lament_), 3147. ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. widre ge-windan (_to flee further_), 764; pret. sg. on fleam ge-wand, 1002. on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (ŝonne faeder) on-windeeth wael-rapas, 1611. win-daeg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on ŝyssum win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147. wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457. windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, naessas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225. wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hroethgar), 148, 1184. As vocative: min wine, 2048; wine min, Beowulf (Hunfereth), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hroethgar), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Beowulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea leasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: frea-, freo-, gold-, gueth-, maeg-wine. wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360. wine-geomor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240. wine-leas, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-leasum, 2614. wine-maeg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-magas, 65. ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan ana wieth eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wieth Hroethgar, 151; holm ... won wieth winde (_the sea fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart ŝu se Beowulf, se ŝe wieth Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wieth gode wunnon, 113; ŝaer ŝa graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778. win-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_: acc. sg., 715, 994. win-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. win-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]). winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl. fiftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre. ge-wislice, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislicost, 1351. wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunaeth he on wiste, 1736.--2) _food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. ŝa waes aefter wiste wop up a-hafen (_a cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128. wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735. wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit. ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-weold his ge-witte, 2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fyr unswiethor weoll (_the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883. wit, pers. pron. dual of we, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer. wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, run-wita. witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wat, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelace wat ŝaet he ... (_I know as to H., that he_ ...), 1831; so, god wat on mec ŝaet ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...), 2651; sg. II. ŝu wast, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wat, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. to ŝaes he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, faettum fahne, 716; so, 1310; wiste ŝaem ahlaecan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grapum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. nat = ne + wat, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = _some or other_: sceaetha ic nat hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nat he ŝara goda, ŝaet he me on-gean slea, 682. ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. ŝaes ŝe hie gewis-licost ge-witan meahton, 1351. be-witian. See be-weotian. witig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842. ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095. ge-witnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewitnad (_punished with plagues_), 3074. wic, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wic, 822, 2590;--often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wicum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. wica, 125, 1126. ge-wican, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wac, 2578, 2630. wic-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wic-stede, 2608. wid, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wid waeter, 2474; gen. sg. widan rices, 1860; acc. pl. wide siethas, waroethas, 878, 1966.--2) temporal: acc. sg. widan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. to widan feore, 934. wide, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wide cueth (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wide, 2914; wide geond eorethan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of superl.: wreccena wide maerost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_), 899.--Compar. widre, 764. wid-cueth, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. wid-cuethne man (Beowulf), 1490; wid-cuethne wean, 1992; wid-cuethes (Hroethgar), 1043. wide-ferheth, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wide-ferheth (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne wide-ferheth, 1223. wid-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. wid-flogan, 2347. wid-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937. wid-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wid-wegas, 841, 1705. wif, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. freo-lic wif (Queen Wealhŝeow), 616; wif un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlice wif (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid ŝy wife (Hroethgar's daughter, Freawaru), 2029; dat. sg. ŝam wife (Wealhŝeow), 640; gen. sg. wifes (as opposed to _man_), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wifa, 994.--Comp.: aglaec-, mere-wif. wif-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl. wif-lufan, 2066. wig, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wige, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. wiges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: nom. sg. waes his mod-sefa manegum ge-cyethed, wig and wisdom, 350; wig, 1043; wig ... eafoeth and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wiges, 2324.--Comp. feethe-wig. wiga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen. pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: aesc-, byrn-, gar-, gueth-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga. wigan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wigeeth, 600; inf., 2510. wigend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wigend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wigend, 3025; gen. pl. wigendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.--Comp. garwigend. wig-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047. wig-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608. wig-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340. wig-craeft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954. wig-craeftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg. wig-craeftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. wig-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wig-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. wig-frecan, 1213. wig-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. wig-fruman, 2262. wig-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wig-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368. wig-ge-weorethad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See Note. wig-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285. wig-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121. wig-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wig-heafolan, 2662.--Leo. wig-heap, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447. wig-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620. wig-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555. wig-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wig-speda, 698. win, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wine, 1468. wir, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wirum, 1032; gen. pl. wira, 2414. wis, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wis (_in his mind, conscious_), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w. form, se wisa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. ŝone wisan, 1319; gen. pl. wisra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846. wisa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wisa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wisa. wiscte. See wyscan. wis-dom, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wis-dome, 1960. wise, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wisan (_after ancient custom_), 1866. wis-faest, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientia firmus): nom. sg. f., 627. wis-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717. wisian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf. hean wong wisian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wisade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eow wisige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se ŝaem heaetho-rincum hider wisade, 370; sona him sele-ŝegn ... foreth wisade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stig wisode gumum aet-gaedere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. ŝa secg wisode under Heorotes hrof (_when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrof depends rather on snyredon aetsomne]), 402. witan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-ŝam me witan ne ŝearf waldend fira morethor-bealo maga, 2742. aet-witan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. aet-witon weana dael, 1151. ge-witan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. ŝanon eft ge-wat ... to ham faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. ŝanon eft gewiton ... mearum ridan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him ŝa Scyld ge-wat ... feran on frean waere, 26; gewat him ... ridan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-witaeth foreth beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wat ŝa neosian hean huses, 115; he ŝa fag ge-wat ... man-dream fleon, 1264; nyether eft gewat dennes niosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewat ... hames niosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. ŝaer firgen-stream under naessa genipu niether ge-witeeth, 1361; ge-witeeth on sealman, 2461; inf. on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wat, 217; him ge-wat, 1237, 1904; of life, ealdre ge-wat (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst foreth ge-wat (_time went on_), 210; him ge-wat ut of healle, 663; ge-wat him ham, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. me foreth-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480. oeth-witan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne ŝorfte him ŝa lean oeth-witan mon on middan-gearde, 2997. wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. aese wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. maethm-aehta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc. wlatian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. se ŝe aer ... feor wlatode, 1917. wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508. wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250. wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93. wlite-seon, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651. wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663. wlitan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. he aefter recede wlat (_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wiglaf, 2853. geond-wlitan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wraete giond-wlitan, 2772. woh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828. wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; to wolcnum, 1120, 1375. wollen-tear, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl. wollen-teare, 3033. wom. See wam. won. See wan. worc. See weorc. word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. ŝaet word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. ŝa word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, ŝancian, be-waegnan, secgan, hergan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum weold, 30.--Comp.: beot-, gylp-, meethel-, ŝryeth-word. word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846. word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174. word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg. word-hord on-leac (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke), 259. word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wiglaf maethelode word-rihta fela, 2632. woreth-mynd. See weoreth-mynd. worethig (for weorethig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worethig (_into the palace_), 1973. worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095; wintra worn (_many years_), 264; ŝonne he wintrum frod worn ge-munde (_when he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwaet ŝu worn fela ... spraece (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543. woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60; worold oflaetan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dal (_his separation from the world, death_), 3069; worolde brucan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde, 2712. worold-ar, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-are, 17. woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966. worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685. woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084. worold-raeden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_: dat. sg. worold-raedenne, 1143? wop, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. wop, 786; instr. sg. wope, 3147. wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wraece, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nyd-wracu. wraethu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. lif-wraethu. wraeth, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wraeth, 319; dat. sg. wraethum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wraethra, 1620. wraethe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873. wraeth-lice, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063. wrasn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp. frea-wrasn. wraec-last, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wraec-lastas traed (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353. wraec-maecg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wraec-maecgas, 2380. wraec-sieth, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -siethum, 338. wraet, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wraete (wraece, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wraettum, 1532; gen. pl. wraetta, 2414. wraet-lic, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wraet-licne wundur-maethethum, 2174; wraet-lic waeg-sweord, 1490; wig-bord wraet-lic, 2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wraet-licne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-seon wraet-lic, 1651. wraec, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wraec, 3079. wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. ŝaer waes Ongenŝeo ... on bid wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen wraec, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rade, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd aefter wraec, 2155; pres. part. ŝaer waes ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. ŝaet he his freond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire maeg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wraec Wedera nieth, 423; so, 1334, 1670. a-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic ŝis gid be ŝe a-wraec (_I have told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109. for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. ŝy laes him yetha ŝrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wraec ... man-cynne fram, 109. ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg. ge-wraec, 107, 2006; he ge-wraec (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-siethum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wraec (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wraecan, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063. wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wide maerost (Sigemund), 899. wreoethen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699. wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridaeth, 1742. wrietha, w. m., _band_: in comp. beag-wrietha (_bracelet_), 2019. wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse way, with a worse exchange_), 2970. ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne waes ŝaet ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305. wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_). wriethan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wael-bedde wriethan ŝohte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. ŝa waeron monige ŝe his maeg wriethon, 2983. See hand-gewriethen. writan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on ŝaem (hilte) waes or writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle_), 1689. for-writan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706. wroht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest, hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, _the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: bael-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, maegen-, sae-, sund-, ŝrec-wudu. wudu-rec, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145. wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God). wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796 wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137. wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028. wulf-hlieth, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoethu, 1359. wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. feorh-wund. wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076. wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401. wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298. wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153. wunden-mael, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword). wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220. wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, nieth-, searo-wundor. wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748. wundor-deaeth, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor deaethe, 3038. wundor-faet, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (_from wondrous vessels_), 1163. wundor-lic, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441. wundor-maethethum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174. wundor-smieth, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things_: gen. pl. wundor-smietha geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. wundor-seon, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-siona, 996. wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. ŝenden ŝaer wunaeth on heah-stede husa selest (_as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place_), 284; wunaeth he on wiste (_lives in plenty_), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunaeth wael-reste (_holds his death-bed_), 2903; inf. waeter-egesan wunian scolde..., streamas, 1261; wicum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelac ŝaer aet ham wunaeth, 1924. ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain with, stand by_: subj. pres. ŝaet hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-siethas, 22. wurethan. See weorethan. wuton, v. from witan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun gangan to (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraethe feran! 1391; uton nu efstan, 3102. wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf. wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flodes wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. ŝurh waeteres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: breost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fyr-, heaetho-, holm-, sae-, sorh-wylm. See waelm. wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. maeste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorethan wynne (_earth-joy, the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; ŝaet he ... ge-drogen haefde eorethan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; dat. sg. weorod waes on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. maegenes wynnum (_in joy of strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: eethel-, hord-, lif-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. wyn-leas, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-leasne wudu, 1417; wyn-leas wic, 822. wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), 1920; nom. pl. word waeron wyn-sume, 613. wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. ŝaet se ael-mihtiga eorethan worh[te], 92; swa hine _(the helmet_) worhte waepna smieth, 1453.--3) _to gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se ŝe mote, domes aer deaethe, 1388. be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163. ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swa sceal geong guma gode gewyrcean ... on faeder wine ŝaet ... (_a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic aet hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on ŝam aglaecan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic ŝa leode wat ... faeste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-aern) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wig-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlaew) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dom ge-wyrce, 1492. Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. he to lange leode mine wanode and wyrde, 1338. a-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: aeetheling monig wundum a-wyrded, 1114. wyrethe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrethne (ge-don) (_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrethe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rices wyrethra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrethe. See weoreth. wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. grund-wyrgen. ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431. wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426. wyrm-fah, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoethen-hilt and wyrm-fah, 1699. wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223. for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. ŝaet ŝu me no for-wyrne, ŝaet... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-raedenne, 1143. ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. aefter wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316. wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. ŝaet wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geŝinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wig-frecan, 1213, 2497. wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum faest, 1365. wyscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wiscte (rihde, MS.) ŝaes yldan (_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note. Y yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095. yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. ne ŝaet se aglaeca yldan ŝohte, 740; weard wine-geomor wiscte ŝaes yldan, ŝaet he lytel faec long-gestreona brucan moste, 2240. ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde. yldest. See eald. yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (aetas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo. yldra. See eald. ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112. ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb ŝa gif-healle (_around the gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb ŝaes helmes hrof (_around the helm's roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb an-tid oethres dogores (_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb ane niht (_after a night_), 135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frinan) ymb ŝinne sieth (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwaet ŝu ... ymb Brecan spraece (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; na ymb his lif cearaeth (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, the prize for swimming_), 507. ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him ... ymbe, 2598. ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9. ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735. yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. eode ... to yppan, 1816. yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052. yrfe-laf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1904. yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.) yrmetho, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmethe, 1260, 2006. yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093. yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf), 1533; ŝegn yrre (the same), 1576; gaest yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre. yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965. yrre-mod, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727. ys, _he is_. See wesan. Y yeth (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. yetha, 548; acc. pl. yethe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. yethum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; yethum weallan (_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. yetha, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.--Comp: flod-, lig-, waeter-yeth. yethan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. yethde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. iethende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret. yethde, Wanderer, 85). yethe. See eaethe. yethe-lice, adv., _easily_: yethe-lice he eft a-stod (_he easily arose afterwards_), 1557. yeth-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621. yeth-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: dat. sg. yeth-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. yeth-lad, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. yeth-lade, 228. yeth-laf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be yeth-lafe, 566. yeth-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. yeth-lidan, 198. yeth-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [yeth-]nacan, 1904. yeth-gesene. See eeth-gesyne. ywan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-syn ywde (_showed itself, appeared_), 2835. See eawan, eowan. ge-ywan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., 2150. GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. abrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne abrocen waere (_his byrnie was shattered_). anyman, st. v., _to take, take away_. ban-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.]. buruh-ŝelu, st. f., _castle-floor_. celod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow. dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: ne ŝis ne dagiaeth eastan (_this is not dawning from the east_). deor-mod, adj., _brave in mood_: deor-mod haeleeth. driht-gesieth, st m., _companion, associate_. eastan, adv., _from the east_. eoreth-buend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_. fer, st. m. _fear, terror_. fyren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere (_as if all Finnsburh were afire_). gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_. gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleeth graeg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf yelleth_?). genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. ŝa wigend hyra wunda genaeson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_). gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments). graeg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke). gueth-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_. haeg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._ heaetho-geong, adj., _young in war._ here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_. hleoethrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoethrode ... cyning (_the prince exclaimed_). hraew, st. n., _corpse_. hror, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hror (_strong_ [though it was] _as armor_, Bosw.). lac (laeth?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_ oncweethan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyeth (_the shield answers the spear_). onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeaeth..., wigend mine (_awake, my warriors!_). sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_. sealo-brun, adj., _dusky-brown_. sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_. swaeether (swa hwaeether), pron., _which of two, which_. swan, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_. sweart, adj., _swart, black_. swet, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swetne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). swurd-leoma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_. ŝyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_. undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_. wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hraefn wandrode (_the raven hovered_). waethol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.]. wael-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wael-slihta gehlyn (_the din of combats_) wea-daed, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. arisaeth wea-daeda. witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. ŝe is ... witod. wurethlice (weorethlice), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wureth-licor. waeg, weg, st. m., _way_. CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT: ARGUMENT, recals = recalls POEM: ll. 131, 737 ŝryeth-swyeth = ŝryeth-swyeth l. 256 ofest = ofost l. 303 scionon = scionon l. 706 buton = buton l. 1115 at = aet l. 1133 wieth = wieth ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-strael = here-strael l. 1642 feower- = feower l. 1747 straele = straele l. 1828 ŝywaeth = ŝywaeth l. 1926 betlic = betlic l. 2224 gesceod = gesceod ll. 2288, 3036 was = waes l. 2453 to = to l. 2503 Huga = Huga l. 2586 niethe = niethe l. 2587 sieth = sieth l. 2684 irenna = irenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hugas l. 2956 heaetho-liethendum = heaetho-liethendum l. 3000 Ŝat = Ŝaet; feond- = feond- l. 3056 soeth = soeth l. 3137 Hrones = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenigge = Scedenigge Eadgils, Ohthere = Ohthere Freawaru, Freawaru = Freawaru Hroethgar, Hroeth-gare = Hroethgare Hygelac, Haereeth = Haereeth NOTES for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, woeth- = waeg- l. 1916, leofra = leofra GLOSSARY, under headword aeethele, Beowulf's = Beowulf's an, gehwilces = gehwylces aeg-hwa, aegh-waes = aeghwaes aet-beran, beadolace = beadulace beadu-lac, beado- = beadu- (twice) beag, beages = beages beorh, heaford- = heafod beodan, leodum = leodum beon, cwenlic = cwenlic biddan, bliethne = bliethne bitter, straele = straele ge-bidan, therefor = therefore on-bidan, earfoethlice = earfoethlice brecan, letdse = let se burne, of of = of butan, swice = swice cempa, Huga = Huga ge-ceosan, usic = usic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corether, ŝae = ŝa cunnan, ŝeawe = ŝeaw cueth, wieth- = wid- dogor, gehwam = gehwam don, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; ŝywaeth = ŝywaeth drifan, feoran = feorran dryhten, freah- = frea- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dygan, wraecsieth = wraecsieth eal, oncyethethe = oncyethethe ealdor, herestrael = herestrael eacen-craeftig, iumanna = iumonna eofor-spreot, hocyhtum = hocyhtum eorlic, eorlic [ellen] = eorlic fah, waldreore = waeldreore oeth-ferian, panon = ŝonan fela, maethethum- = maethethum feran, waere = waere feond, feonda = feonda fleon, fenhopu = fenhopu floga, wieth- = wid- folc-toga, Hroethgar = Hroethgar for, wonhydum = wonhydum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fot-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, ŝeodcyninga = ŝeodcyninga ge-fyrethran, fratwum = fraetwum ge-fysan, to secanne = to seceanne gan, swa = swa; [or] giong = giong; flore = flore; sittan = sittan ge-gan, Wiglaf = Wiglaf gar-wiga, Wiglaf = Wiglaf gaest, fede- = feethe- gegn-cwide, ŝinra = ŝinra ge-gyrwan, yethlidan = yethlidan geoc, gast = gast geomore-lic, [bieth] geomorlic = geomorlic for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guethrinc = guethrinc gretan, walgaest = waelgaest grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wieth-habban, winsele = winsele hatan, saeliethend = saeliethend hatian, gueth-sceaetha = gueth-sceaetha har, heare = heare here-strael, -strael = strael heard, -strael = -strael; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-dreor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreore hlieth, hliethu = hlietho (twice) hop, hop = hop (twice) hreow, ŝat = ŝaet hrof, geseah = geseah hwil, seo = seo hyran, aeghwilc = aeghwylc inne, abead = abead iren, drihtlic = dryhtlic laeth, gewiethru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lean, belean = belean metan, Aescheres = Aescheres mearcian, morhopu = morhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwam morethor-bed, stred = stred mod, stieth- = stieth- naenig, horeth-maethum = hord-maethethum on, heaethe = heoethe; willen = willan raed, faest- = faest reccan, hu = hu ridan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = leasne sceapan, Hugas = Hugas (twice) scanan, scionon = scionon scinan, scinon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-secan, -cyethethe = cyethethe ge-sigan, aetsaecce = aet saecce ge-slean, ge-slogan = ge-slogon standan, strael = strael stapan, furethor = furethur ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ohteres stincan, ŝae = ŝa styrian, ge-wiethru = ge-widru sweord, maethethum- = maethethum ge-swican, ŝeodne = ŝeodne teon (w. v.), nalaes = nalas; teodan = teodan to, haelum = haelum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-truwan, -waere = waere ge-twaefan, oethethe = oethethe ŝaer, snotera = snottra ŝe, gimfaestan = ginfaestan of-ŝincan, gehwam = gehwam ge-ŝolian, ŝat = ŝaet ŝu, saelran = selran ŝusend, seofon = seofan un-heore, -speru = -sporu us, aeg-hwilc = aeg-hwylc wacan, wocon = wocun werian, beaduscrud = beaduscruda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wen, orleg = orleg; or-wena = or-wena weorethian, leode = leode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, faeether = faeder nat, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-witan, waere = waere End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf, by Unknown *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** ***** This file should be named 9700.txt or 9700.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/9/7/0/9700/ Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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