The Project Gutenberg EBook of Liu Tao (B.C. 1134-1116), by Shang Lü This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Liu Tao (B.C. 1134-1116) Author: Shang Lü Release Date: May 10, 2009 [EBook #7340] Release Date: January, 2005 First Posted: April 17, 2003 Language: Chinese Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIU TAO (B.C. 1134-1116) *** Produced by Ni-Yen Wu 六韜 第一篇 文韜 文師第一 文王將田,史編布卜,曰:田於渭陽,將大得焉。非龍非荂A非虎非羆, 兆得公侯,天遺汝師。以之佐昌,施及三王。文王曰:兆致是乎?史編曰 :編之太祖史疇,為禹占,得皋陶,兆比於此。文王乃齋三日,乘田車, 駕田馬,田於渭陽,卒見太公坐茅以漁。 文王勞而問之曰:子樂漁耶?太公曰:君子樂得其志;少人樂得其事。今 吾漁,甚有似也。文王曰:何謂其有似也?太公曰:釣有三權,祿等以權 ,死等以權,官等以權。夫釣以求得也,其情深,可以觀大矣。 文王曰:願聞其情。太公曰:源深而水流,水流而魚生之,情也。根深而 木長,木長而實生之,情也。君子情同而親合,親合而事生之,情也。言 語應對者,情之飾也。言至情者,事之極也。今臣言至情不諱,君其惡之 乎? 文王曰:惟仁人能受正諫,不惡至情,何為其然?太公曰:緡微餌明,小 魚食之。緡綢餌香,中魚食之。緡隆餌豐,大魚食之。夫魚食其餌,乃牽 於緡;人食其祿,乃服於君。故以餌取魚,魚可殺。以祿取人,人可竭。 以家取國,國可拔。以國取天下,天下可畢。嗚呼!曼曼綿綿,其聚必散 。嘿嘿昧昧,其光必遠。微哉聖人之德誘乎,獨見樂哉。聖人之慮,各歸 其次,而立斂焉。 文王曰:立斂若何,而天下歸之?太公曰:天下非一人之天下,乃天下之 天下也。同天下之利者則得天下,擅天下之利者則失天下。天有時,地有 財,能與人共之者仁也。仁之所在,天下歸之。與人同憂同樂,同好同惡 ,義也。義之所在,天下赴之。凡人惡死而樂生,好德而歸利,能生利者 道也,道之所在,天下歸之。 文王再拜曰:允哉!散不受天之詔命乎!乃載與俱歸,立為師。 盈虛第二 文王問太公曰:天下熙熙,一盈一虛,一治一亂,所以然者何也?其君賢 不肖不等乎?其天時變化自然乎?太公曰:君不肖,則國危而民亂。君賢 聖,則國安而民治。禍福在君,不在天時。 文王曰:古之聖賢,可得聞乎?太公曰:昔者帝堯之王天下,上世所謂賢 君也。文王曰:其治如何? 太公曰:帝堯王天下之時,金銀珠玉不飾,錦繡文綺不衣,奇怪珍異不視 ,玩好之器不寶,淫佚之樂不聽,宮垣屋宇不堊,甍桷椽楹不漶A茅茨偏 庭不剪。鹿裘禦寒,布衣掩形,糲粱之飯,藜藿之羹。不以役作之故,害 民耕織之時,削心約志,從事乎無為。吏,忠正奉法者尊其位;廉潔愛人 者厚其祿。民,有孝慈者愛敬之,盡力農桑者慰勉之。旌別淑慝,表其門 閭。平心正節,以法度禁邪偽。所憎者,有功必賞,所愛者,有罪必罰。 存養天下鰥寡孤獨,賑贍禍亡之家。其自奉也甚薄,其賦役也甚寡,故萬 民富樂而無饑寒之色。百姓戴其君如日月,親其君如父母。文王曰:大哉 ,賢德之君也。 國務第三 文王問太公曰:願聞為國之務,欲使主尊人安,為之奈何?太公曰:愛民 而已。 文王曰:愛民奈何?太公曰:利而勿害,成而勿敗,生而勿殺,與而勿奪 ,樂而勿苦,喜而勿怒。文王曰:敢請釋其故。太公曰:民不失務則利之 。農不失時則成之。薄賦斂則與之。儉宮室臺榭則樂之。吏清不苛擾則喜 之。民失其務則害之。農失其時則敗之。無罪而罰則殺之。重賦斂則奪之 。多營宮室臺榭以疲民力則苦之。吏濁苛擾則怒之。故善為國者,馭民如 父母之愛子。如兄之愛弟。見其饑寒則為之憂。見其勞苦則為之悲。賞罰 如加諸身。賦斂如取於己。此愛民之道也。 大禮第四 文王問太公曰:君臣之禮如何?太公曰:為上惟臨,為下惟沉。臨而無遠 ,沉而無隱。為上惟周,為下惟定。周,則天也。定,則地也。或天或地 ,大禮乃成。 文王曰:主位如何?太公曰:安徐而靜,柔節先定。善與而不爭。虛心平 志,待物以正。 文王曰:主聽如何?太公曰:勿妄而許,勿逆而拒。許之則失守,拒之則 閉塞。高山仰止,不可極也。深淵度之,不可測也。神明之德,正靜其極 。 文王曰:主明如何?太公曰:目貴明,耳貴聰,心貴智。以天下之目視, 則無不見也。以天下之耳聽,則無不聞也。以天下之心慮,則無不知也。 輻輳並進,則明不蔽矣。 明傳第五 文王寢疾,召太公望,太子發在側。嗚呼?天將棄予。周之社稷,將以屬 汝。今予欲師至道之言,以明傳之子孫。 太公曰:王何所問?文王曰:先聖之道,其所止,其所起,可得聞乎?太 公曰:見善而怠,時至而疑,知非而處,此三者,道之所止也。柔而靜, 恭而敬,強而弱,忍而剛,此四者,道之所起也。故義勝欲則昌,欲勝義 則亡;敬勝怠則吉,怠勝敬則滅。 六守第六 文王問太公曰:君國主民者,其所以失之者何也?太公曰:不謹所與也。 人君有六守三寶。 文王曰:六守何也?太公曰:一曰仁,二曰義,三曰忠,四曰信,五曰勇 ,六曰謀,是謂六守。文王曰:謹擇六守者何也?太公曰:富之而觀其無 犯,貴之而觀其無驕;付之而觀其無轉;使之而觀其無隱;危之而觀其無 恐;事之而觀其無窮。富之而不犯者仁也;貴之而不驕者義也;付之而不 轉者忠也;使之而不隱者信也;危之而不恐者勇也;事之而不窮者謀也。 人君無以三寶借人,借人則君失其威。文王曰:敢問三寶?太公曰:大農 ,大工,大商,謂之三寶。農一其鄉則穀足,工一其鄉則器足,商一其鄉 則貨足。三寶各安其處,民乃不慮。無亂其鄉,無亂其族。臣無富於君, 都無大於國。 六守長,則君昌。三寶全,則國安。 守土第七 文王問太公曰:守土奈何?太公曰:無疏其親,無怠其眾,撫其左右,御 其四旁。 無借人國柄。借人國柄,則失其權。無掘壑而附丘,無舍本而治末。日中 必彗,操刀必割,執斧必伐。日中不彗,是謂失時。操刀不割,失利之期 。執斧不伐,賊人將來。涓涓不塞,將為江河。熒熒不救,炎炎奈何?兩 葉不去,將用斧柯。是故人君必從事於富。不富無以為仁,不施無以合親 。疏其親則害,失其眾則敗。無借人利器。借人利器,則為人所害而不終 於世。 文王曰:何謂仁義?太公曰:敬其眾,合其親。敬其眾則和,合其親則喜 ,是為仁義之紀。無使人奪汝威。因其明,順其常。順者任之以德,逆者 絕之以力。敬之勿疑,天下和服。 守國第八 文王問太公曰:守國奈何?太公曰:齋,將語君天地之經,四時所生,仁 聖之道,民機之情。王齋七日,北面再拜而問之。 太公曰:天生四時,地生萬物。天下有民,聖人牧之。故春道生,萬物榮 ;夏道長,萬物成;秋道斂,萬物盈;冬道藏,萬物靜。盈則藏,藏則復 起。莫知所終,莫知所始。聖人配之,以為天地經紀。故天下治,仁聖藏 ,天下亂,仁聖昌,至道其然也。 聖人之在天地間也,其義固大矣。因其常而視之,則民安。夫民動而為機 ,機動而得失爭矣。故發之以其陰,會之以其陽。為之先倡,而天下和之 。極反其常,莫進而爭,莫退而遜。守國如此,與天地同光。 上賢第九 文王問太公曰:王人者,何上何下,何取何去,何禁何止?太公曰:上賢 ,下不肖。取誠信,去詐偽。禁暴亂。止奢侈。故王人者有六賊七害。 文王曰:願聞其道。太公曰:夫六賊者: 一曰,臣有大作宮室池榭,遊觀倡樂者,傷王之德。 二曰,民有不事農桑,任氣遊俠,犯陵法禁,不從吏教者,傷王之化。 三曰,臣有結朋黨,蔽賢智,障主明者,傷王之權。 四曰,士有抗志高節,以為氣勢;外交諸侯,不重其主者,傷王之威。 五曰,臣有輕爵位,賤有司,羞為上犯難者,傷功臣之勞。 六曰,強宗侵奪,陵侮貧弱,傷庶人之業。 七害者: 一曰,無智略權謀,而重賞尊爵之。故強勇輕戰,僥倖於外,王者謹勿使 為將。 二曰,有名無實,出入異言,掩善揚惡,進退為巧,王者謹勿與謀。 三曰,樸其身躬,惡其衣服,語無為以求名,言無欲以求利,此偽人也, 王者謹勿近。 四曰,奇其冠帶,偉其衣服;博聞辯辭,虛論高議,以為容美;窮居靜處 ,而誹時俗,此奸人也,王者謹勿寵。 五曰,讒佞苟得,以求官爵;果敢輕死,以貪祿秩;不圖大事,貪利而動 ;以高談虛論,悅於人主,王者謹勿使。 六曰,為雕文刻鏤,技巧華飾,而傷農事,王者必禁。 七曰,偽方異技,巫蠱左道,不祥之言。幻惑良民,王者必止之。 故民不盡力,非吾民也。士不誠信,非吾士也。臣不忠諫,非吾臣也。吏 不平潔愛人,非吾吏也。相不能富國強兵,調和陰陽,以安萬乘之主,正 群臣,定名實,明賞罰,樂萬民,非吾相也。 夫王者之道,如龍首,高居而遠望,深視而審聽;示以形,隱其情。若天 之高,不可極也;若淵之深,不可測也。故可怒而不怒,奸臣乃作。可殺 而不殺,大賊乃發。兵勢不行,敵國乃強。文王曰:善哉! 舉賢第十 文王問太公曰:君務舉賢,而不能獲其功。世亂愈甚,以致危亡者,何也 ?太公曰:舉賢而不用,是有舉賢之名而無用賢之實也。 文王曰:其失安在?太公曰:其失在君好用世俗之所譽而不得其賢也。文 王曰:何如? 太公曰:君以世俗之所譽者為賢,以世俗之所毀者為不肖。則多黨者進, 少黨者退。若是則群邪比周而蔽賢,忠臣死於無罪,姦臣以虛譽取爵位。 是以亂愈甚,則國不免於危也。 文王曰:舉賢奈何?太公曰:將相分職,而各以官名舉人。按名督實,選 才考能,令實當其能,名當其實,則得舉賢之道也。 賞罰第十一 文王問太公曰:賞所以存勸,罰所以示懲。吾欲賞一以勸百,罰一以懲眾 ,為之奈何? 太公曰:凡用賞者貴信,用罰者貴必。賞信罰必於耳目之所聞見,則不聞 見者莫不陰化矣。夫誠暢於天地,通於神明,而況於人乎。 第二篇 武韜 發啟第十二 文王在豐,召太公曰:嗚呼!商王虐極,罪殺不辜,公尚助予憂民,如何 ? 太公曰:王其修德,以下賢惠民。以觀天道:天道無殃,不可先倡。人道 無災,不可先謀。必見天殃,又見人災,乃可以謀。必見其陽,又見其陰 ,乃知其心。必見其外,又見其內,乃知其意。必見其疏,又見其親,乃 知其情。 行其道,道可致也。從其門,門可入也。立其禮,禮可成也。爭其強,強 可勝也。全勝不鬥,大兵無創,與鬼神通,微哉微哉。與人同病相救,同 情相成,同惡相助,同好相趨,故無甲兵而勝,無衝機而攻,無溝塹而守 。 大智不智,大謀不謀,大勇不勇,大利不利。利天下者,天下啟之;害天 下者,天下閉之。天下者,非一人之天下,乃天下之天下也。取天下者, 若逐野獸,而天下皆有分肉之心。若同舟而濟。濟則皆同其利,敗則皆同 其害。然則皆有以啟之,無有閉之也。 無取於民者,取民者也。無取民者民利之;無取國者國利之;無取天下者 天下利之。故道在不可見,事在不可聞,勝在不可知,微哉微哉。鷙鳥將 擊,卑飛斂翼,猛獸將搏,弭耳俯伏。聖有將動,必有愚色。 今彼有商,眾口相惑。紛紛渺渺,好色無極。此亡國之徵也。吾觀其野, 草菅勝穀。吾觀其眾,邪曲勝直。吾觀其吏,暴虐殘疾。敗法亂刑上下不 覺。此亡國之時也。 大明發而萬物皆照。大義發而萬物皆利。大兵發而萬物皆服。大哉聖人之 德。獨聞獨見,樂哉。 文啟第十三 文王問太公曰:聖人何守?太公曰:何憂何嗇,萬物皆得。何嗇何憂,萬 物皆遒。政之所施,莫知其化。時之所行,莫知其移。聖人守此而萬物化 。何窮之有。終而復始,優而游之。展轉求之,求而得之,不可不藏。既 已藏之,不可不行。既以行之,勿復明之。夫天地不自明,故能長生。聖 人不自明,故能名彰。 古之聖人,聚人而為家,聚家而為國,聚國而為天下。分封賢人,以為萬 國,命之曰大紀。陳其政教,順其民俗,群曲化直,變於形容。萬國不通 ,各樂其所,人愛其上,命之曰大定。嗚呼!聖人務靜之,賢人務正之; 愚人不能正,故與人爭。上勞則刑繁,刑繁則民憂,民憂則流亡。上下不 安其生,累世不休,命之曰大失。 天下之人如流水,障之則止,啟之則行,靜之則清。嗚呼神哉。聖人見其 始,則知其終。 文王曰:靜之奈何?太公曰:天有常形,民有常生。與天下共其生,而天 下靜矣。太上因之,其次化之。夫民化而從政,是以天無為而成事,民無 與而自富。此聖人之德也。文王曰:公言乃協予懷,夙夜念之不忘,以用 為常。 文伐第十四 文王問太公曰:文伐之法奈何?太公曰:凡文伐有十二節: 一曰:因其所喜,以順其志。彼將生驕,必有奸事。苟能因之,必能去之 。 二曰:親其所愛,以分其威。一人兩心,其中必衰。廷無忠臣,社稷必危 。 三曰:陰賂左右,得情甚深。身內情外,國將生害。 四曰:輔其淫樂,以廣其志,厚賂珠玉,娛以美人;卑辭委聽,順命而合 ,彼將不爭,奸節乃定。 五曰:嚴其忠臣,而薄其賂,稽留其使,勿聽其事。亟為置代,遺以誠事 ,親而信之,其君將復合之。苟能嚴之,國乃可謀。 六曰:收其內,間其外。才臣外相,敵國內侵,國鮮不亡。 七曰:欲錮其心,必厚賂之。收其左右忠愛,陰示以利,令之輕業,而蓄 積空虛。 八曰:賂以重寶,因與之謀。謀而利之,利之必信,是謂重親。重親之積 ,必為我用。有國而外,其地必敗。 九曰:尊之以名,無難其身;示以大勢,從之必信;致其大尊,先為之榮 ,微飾聖人,國乃大偷。 十曰:下之必信,以得其情。承意應事,如與同生。既以得之,乃微收之 。時及將至,若天喪之。 十一曰:塞之以道:人臣無不重貴與富,惡危與咎;陰示大尊,而微輸重 寶,收其豪傑;內積甚厚,而外為乏;陰內智士,使圖其計;納勇士,使 高其氣;富貴甚足,而常有繁滋;徒黨已具,是謂塞之。有國而塞,安能 有國。 十二曰:養其亂臣以迷之,進美女淫聲以惑之,遺良犬馬以勞之,時與大 勢以誘之,上察而與天下圖之。 十二節備,乃成武事。所謂上察天,下察地,徵已見,乃伐之。 順啟第十五 文王問太公曰:何如而可為天下?太公曰:大蓋天下,然後能容天下。信 蓋天下,然後能約天下。仁蓋天下,然後能懷天下。恩蓋天下然後能保天 下。權蓋天下,然後能不失天下。事而不疑,則天運不能移,事變不能遷 。此六者備,然後可以為天下政。 故利天下者,天下啟之;害天下者,天下閉之。生天下者,天下德之;殺 天下者,天下賊之。徹天下者,天下通之;窮天下者,天下仇之。安天下 者,天下恃之;危天下者,天下災之。天下者非一人之天下,惟有道者處 之。 兵道第十六 武王問太公曰:兵道何如?太公曰:凡兵之道,莫過於一。一者能獨往獨 來。黃帝曰:一者,階於道,幾於神。用之在於機,顯之在於勢,成之在 於君。故聖王號兵為凶器,不得已而用之。 今商王知存而不知亡,知樂而不知殃。夫存者非存,在於慮亡。樂者非樂 ,在於慮殃。今王已慮其源,豈憂其流乎。 武王曰:兩軍相遇,彼不可來,此不可往,各設固備,未敢先發。我欲襲 之,不得其利,為之奈何?太公曰:外亂而內整,示饑而實飽,內精而外 鈍,一合一離,一聚一散,陰其謀,密其機,高其壘,伏其銳,士寂若無 聲,敵不知我所備。欲其西,襲其東。 武王曰:敵知我情,通我謀,為之奈何?太公曰:兵勝之術,密察敵人之 機而速乘其利,復疾擊其不意。 三疑第十七 武王問太公曰:予欲立功,有三疑:恐力不能攻強,離親,散眾,為之奈 何?太公曰:因之,慎謀,用財。夫攻強,必養之使強,益之使張。太強 必折,太張必缺。攻強以強,離親以親,散眾以眾。 凡謀之道,周密為寶。設之以事,玩之以利,爭心必起。 欲離其親,因其所愛,與其寵人,與之所欲,示之所利,因以疏之,無使 得志。彼貪利甚喜,遺疑乃止。 凡攻之道,必先塞其明,而後攻其強,毀其大,除民之害。淫之以色,啗 之以利,養之以味,娛之以樂。既離其親,必使遠民,勿使知謀。扶而納 之,莫覺其意,然後可成。 惠施於民,必無愛財,數衣食之,從而愛之。 心以啟智,智以啟財,財以啟眾,眾以啟賢。賢之有啟,以王天下。 第三篇 龍韜 王翼第十八 武王問太公曰:王者帥師,必有股肱羽翼,以成威神,為之奈何?太公曰 :凡舉兵師,以將為命。命在通達,不守一術。因能授職,各取所長,隨 時變化,以為紀綱。故將有股肱羽翼七十二人;以應天道。備數如法,審 知命理。殊能異技,萬事畢矣。 武王曰:請問其目?太公曰: 腹心一人:主贊謀應猝,揆天消變,總攬計謀,保全民命。 謀士五人:主圖安危,慮未萌,論行能,明賞罰,授官位,決嫌疑,定可 否。 天文三人:主司星曆,候風氣,推時日,考符驗,校災異,知天心去就之 機。 地利三人:主軍行止形勢,利害消息,遠近險易,水涸山阻,不失地利。 兵法九人:主講論異同,行事成敗,簡練兵器,刺舉非法。 通糧四人:主度飲食,備蓄積,通糧道,致五穀,命三軍不困乏。 奮威四人:主擇才力,論兵革,風馳電掣,不知所由。 伏旂鼓三人:主伏旂鼓,明耳目,詭符印,謬號令,闇忽往來,出入若神 。 股肱四人:主任重持難,修溝塹,治壁壘,以備守禦。 通才二人:主拾遺補過,應對賓客,論議談語,消患解結。 權士三人:主行奇譎,設殊異,非人所識,行無窮之變。 耳目七人:主往來,聽言視變,覽四方之士,軍中之情。 爪牙五人:主揚威武,激勵三軍,使冒難攻銳,無所疑慮。 羽翼四人:主揚名譽,震遠方,動四境,以弱敵心。 遊士八人:主伺姦候變,開闔人情,觀敵之意,以為間諜。 術士二人:主為譎詐,依託鬼神,以惑眾心。 方士三人:主百藥,以治金瘡,以痊萬症。 法算二人:主會計三軍營壘糧食,財用出入。 論將第十九 武王問太公曰:論將之道奈何?太公曰:將有五材十過。武王曰:敢問其 目?太公曰:所謂五材者:勇、智、仁、信、忠也。勇則不可犯,智則不 可亂,仁則愛人,信則不欺;忠則無二心。 所謂十過者:有勇而輕死者,有急而心速者,有貪而好利者,有仁而不忍 者,有智而心怯者,有信而喜信人者,有廉潔而不愛人者,有智而心緩者 ,有剛毅而自用者,有懦而喜任人者。 勇而輕死者,可暴也。急而心速者,可久也。貪而好利者,可賂也。仁而 不忍人者,可勞也。智而心怯者,可窘也。信而喜信人者,可誑也。廉潔 而不愛人者,可侮也。智而心緩者,可襲也。剛毅而自用者,可事也。懦 而喜任人者,可欺也。 故兵者,國之大事,存亡之道,命在於將。將者,國之輔,先王之所重也 ,故置將不可不察也。故曰:兵不兩勝,亦不兩敗。兵出踰境,不出十日 ,不有亡國,必有破軍殺將。武王曰:善哉。 選將第二十 武王問太公曰:王者舉兵,簡練英權,知士之高下,為之奈何? 太公曰:夫士外貌不與中情相應者十五:有賢而不肖者;有溫良而為盜者 ;有貌恭敬而心慢者;有外廉謹而內無恭敬者;有精精而無情者;有湛湛 而無誠者;有好謀而無決者;有如果敢而不能者;有悾悾而不信者;有恍 恍惚惚而反忠實者;有詭激而有功效者;有外勇而內怯者;有肅肅而反易 人者;有嗃嗃而反靜愨者;有勢虛形劣而出外無所不至,無使不遂者。天 下所賤,聖人所貴;凡人不知,非有大明不見其際,此士之外貌不與中情 相應者。 武王曰:何以知之?太公曰:知之有八徵:一曰問之以言,以觀其詳。二 曰窮之以辭,以觀其變。三曰與之間諜,以觀其誠。四曰明白顯問,以觀 其德。五曰使之以財,以觀其廉。六曰試之以色,以觀其貞。七曰告之以 難,以觀其勇。八曰醉之以酒,以觀其態。八徵皆備,則賢不肖別矣。 立將第二十一 武王問太公曰:立將之道奈何?太公曰:凡國有難,君避正殿,召將而詔 之曰:社稷安危,一在將軍。今某國不臣,願將軍帥師應之。將既受命。 乃命太史鑽靈龜,卜吉日;齋三日,至太廟以授斧鉞。 君入廟門,西面而立。將入廟門,北面而立。君親操鉞,持首,授將其柄 ,曰:從此上至天者,將軍制之。復操斧,持柄,授將其刃,曰:從此下 至淵者,將軍制之。見其虛則進,見其實則止。勿以三軍為眾而輕敵,勿 以受命為重而必死,勿以身貴而賤人,勿以獨見而違眾,勿以辯說為必然 。士未坐勿坐,士未食勿食,寒暑必同。如此,士眾必盡死力。 將已受命,拜而報君曰:臣聞國不可從外治,軍不可從中御。二心不可以 事君,疑志不可以應敵。臣既受命,專斧鉞之威。臣不敢生還,願君亦垂 一言之命於臣。君不許臣,臣不敢將。君許之,乃辭而行。 軍中之事,不聞君命,皆由將出。臨敵決戰,無有二心。若此,則無天於 上,無地於下,無敵於前,無君於後。是故智者為之謀,勇者為之鬥;氣 厲青雲,疾若馳騖;兵不接刃,而敵降服。戰勝於外,功立於內。吏遷上 賞,百姓歡悅,將無咎殃。是故風雨時節,五穀豐登,社稷安寧。武王曰 :善哉。 將威第二十二 武王問曰:將何以為威?何以為明?何以禁止而令行?太公曰:將以誅大 為威,以賞小為明;以罰審為禁止而令行。故殺一人而三軍震者,殺之。 賞一人而萬人悅者,賞之。殺貴大,賞貴小。殺其當路貴重之人,是刑上 極也。賞及牛豎馬洗尨i之徒,是賞下通也。刑上極,賞下通,是將威之 所行也。 勵軍第二十三 武王問太公曰:吾欲三軍之眾,攻城爭先登,野戰爭先赴;聞金聲而怒, 聞鼓聲而喜,為之奈何? 太公曰:將有三勝。武王曰:敢聞其目?太公曰:將冬不服裘,夏不操扇 ,雨不張蓋,名曰禮將。將不身服禮,無以知士卒之寒暑。出隘塞,犯泥 塗,將必先下步,名曰力將。將不身服力,無以知士卒之勞苦。軍皆定次 ,將乃就舍;炊者皆熟,將乃就食;軍不舉火,將亦不舉,名曰止欲將。 將不身服止欲,無以知士卒之饑飽。 將與士卒共寒暑勞苦饑飽,故三軍之眾,聞鼓聲則喜,聞金聲則怒。高城 深池,矢石繁下,士爭先登;白刃始合,士爭先赴。士非好死而樂傷也, 為其將知寒暑饑飽之審,而見勞苦之明也。 陰符第二十四 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,三軍猝有緩急,或利或害。吾將以近 通遠,從中應外,以給三軍之用。為之奈何? 太公曰:主與將,有陰符,凡八等。有大勝克敵之符,長一尺。破軍殺將 之符,長九寸。降城得邑之符,長八寸。卻敵報遠之符,長七寸。誓眾堅 守之符,長六寸。請糧益兵之符,長五寸。敗軍亡將之符,長四寸。失利 亡士之符,長三寸。諸奉使行符,稽留者,若符事泄,聞者告者,皆誅之 。八符者,主將秘聞,所以陰通言語,不泄中外相知之術。敵雖聖智,莫 之通識。武王曰:善哉。 陰書第二十五 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,主將欲合兵,行無窮之變,圖不測之 利。其事繁多,符不能明;相去遼遠,言語不通。為之奈何? 太公曰:諸有陰事大慮,當用書,不用符。主以書遺將,將以書問主。書 皆一合而再離,三發而一知。再離者,分書為三部。三發而一知者,言三 人,人操一分,相參而不知情也。此謂陰書。敵雖聖智,莫之能識。武王 曰:善哉。 軍勢第二十六 武王問太公曰:攻伐之道奈何?太公曰:勢因敵之動,變生於兩陣之間, 奇正發於無窮之源。故至事不語,用兵不言。且事之至者,其言不足聽也 。兵之用者,其狀不定見也。倏而往,倏而來,能獨專而不制者兵也。 聞則議,見則圖,知則困,辨則危。 故善戰者,不待張軍。善除患者,理於未生。勝敵者,勝於無形。上戰無 與戰。故爭勝於白刃之前者,非良將也。設備於已失之後者,非上聖也。 智與眾同,非國師也,技與眾同,非國工也。 事莫大於必克,用莫大於玄默,動莫大於不意,謀莫大於不識。 夫先勝者,先見弱於敵而後戰者也。故事半而功倍也。聖人徵於天地之動 ,孰知其紀。循陰陽之道而從其候。當天地盈縮,因以為常。物有生死, 因天地之形。故曰:未見形而戰,雖眾必敗。 善戰者,居之不撓,見勝則起,不勝則止。故曰:無恐懼,無猶豫。用兵 之害,猶豫最大;三軍之災,莫過狐疑。 善戰者,見利不失,遇時不疑。失利後時,反受其殃。故智者從之而不失 ;巧者一決而不猶豫。是以疾雷不及掩耳,迅電不及瞑目。赴之若驚,用 之若狂;當之者破,近之者亡,孰能禦之。 夫將,有所不言而守者,神也。有所不見而視者,明也。故知神明之道, 野無橫敵,對無立國。武王曰:善哉。 奇兵第二十七 武王問太公曰:凡用兵之法,大要何如?太公曰:古之善戰者,非能戰於 天上,非能戰於地下;其成與敗,皆由神勢。得之者昌,失之者亡。 夫兩陣之間,出甲陳兵,縱卒亂行者,所以為變也。深草蓊翳者。所以遁 逃也。谿谷險阻者,所以止車禦騎也。隘塞山林者,所以少擊眾也。坳澤 窈冥者,所以匿其形也。清明無隱者,所以戰勇力也。疾如流矢,擊如發 機者,所以破精微也。詭伏設奇,遠張誑誘者,所以破軍擒將也。四分五 裂者,所以擊圓破方也。因其驚駭者,所以一擊十也。因其勞倦暮舍者, 所以十擊百也。奇技者,所以越深水渡江河也。強弩長兵者,所以踰水戰 也。長關遠候,暴疾謬遁者,所以降城服邑也。鼓行讙囂者,所以行奇謀 也。大風甚雨者,所以搏前擒後也。偽稱敵使者,所以絕糧道也。謬號令 ,與敵同服者,所以備走北也。戰必以義者,所以勵眾勝敵也。尊爵重賞 者,所以勸用命也。嚴刑重罰者,所以進罷怠也。一喜一怒,一予一奪, 一文一武,一徐一疾者,所以調和三軍,制一臣下也。處高敝者,所以警 守也。保險阻者,所以為固也。山林茂穢者,所以默往來也。深溝高壘, 積糧多者,所以持久也。 故曰:不知戰攻之策,不可以語敵。不能分移,不可以語奇。不通治亂, 不可以語變。 故曰:將不仁,則三軍不親。將不勇,則三軍不銳。將不智,則三軍大疑 。將不明,則三軍大傾。將不精微,則三軍失其機。將不常戒,則三軍失 其備。將不強力,則三軍失其職。 故將者,人之司命,三軍與之俱治,與之俱亂。得賢將者,兵強國昌。不 得賢將者,兵弱國亡。武王曰:善哉。 五音第二十八 武王問太公曰:律音之聲,可以知三軍之消息,勝負之決乎? 太公曰:深哉!王之問也。夫律管十二,其要有五音:宮、商、角、徵、 羽,此真正聲也,萬代不易。五行之神,道之常也。金、木、水、火、土 ,各以其勝攻也。古者三皇之世,虛無之情,以制剛強。無有文字,皆由 五行。五行之道,天地自然。六甲之分,微妙之神。 其法以天清淨,無陰雲風雨,夜半遣輕騎,往至敵人之壘,去九百步外, 遍持律管當耳,大呼驚之。有聲應管,其來甚微。角聲應管,當以白虎。 徵聲應管,當以玄武。商聲應管,當以朱雀,羽聲應管,當以勾陳。五管 聲盡不應者,宮也,當以青龍。此五行之符,佐勝之徵,成敗之機也。武 王曰:善哉! 太公曰:微妙之音,皆有外候。武王曰:何以知之?太公曰:敵人驚動則 聽之。聞枹鼓之音者,角也。見火光者,徵也。聞金鐵矛戟之音者,商也 。聞人嘯呼之音者,羽也。寂寞無聞者,宮也。此五者,聲色之符也。 兵徵第二十九 武王問太公曰:吾欲未戰先知敵人之強弱,預見勝敗之徵,為之奈何? 太公曰:勝敗之徵,精神先見,明將察之,其效在人。謹候敵人出入進退 ,察其動靜,言語妖祥,士卒所告。凡三軍悅懌,士卒畏法,敬其將命; 相喜以破敵,相陳以勇猛,相賢以威武,此強徵也。三軍數驚,士卒不齊 ;相恐以強敵,相語以不利;耳目相屬,妖言不止,眾口相惑;不畏法令 ,不重其將,此弱徵也。 三軍齊整,陣勢以固,深溝高壘,又有大風甚雨之利;三軍無故,旌旂前 指,金鐸之聲揚以清,鼙鼓之聲宛以鳴。此得神明之助,大勝之徵也。行 陣不固,旌旂亂而相遶;逆大風甚雨之利;士卒恐懼,氣絕而不屬;戎馬 驚奔,兵車折軸;金鐸之聲下以濁,鼙鼓之聲濕以沐。此大敗之徵也。 凡攻城圍邑,城之氣色如死灰,城可屠。城之氣出而北,城可克。城之氣 出而西,城可降。城之氣出而南,城不可拔。城之氣出而東,城不可攻。 城之氣出而復入,城主逃北。城之氣出而覆我軍之上,軍必病。凡攻城圍 邑,過旬不雷不雨,必亟去之,城必有大輔。此所以知可攻而攻,不可攻 而止。 武王曰:善哉。 農器第三十 武王問太公曰:天下安定,國家無爭。戰攻之具,可無修乎?守禦之備, 可無設乎? 太公曰:戰攻守禦之具,盡在於人事。耒耜者,其行馬蒺藜也。馬牛車輿 者,其營壘蔽櫓也。鋤耰之具,其矛戟也。蓑薛簦笠,其甲冑也。钁鍤斧 鋸杵臼,其攻城器也。牛馬,所以轉輸糧也。雞犬,其伺候也。婦人織紝 ,其旌旂也。丈夫平壤,其攻城也。春鏺草棘,其戰車騎也。夏●田疇, 其戰步兵也。秋刈禾薪,其糧食儲備也。冬實倉廩,其堅守也。田里相伍 ,其約束符信也。里有吏,官有長,其將帥也。里有周垣,不得相過,其 隊分也。輸粟取芻,其廩庫也。春秋治城郭,修溝渠,其塹壘也。 故用兵之具,盡於人事也。善為國者,取於人事。故必使遂其六畜,闢其 田野,究其處所。丈夫治田有畝數,婦人織紝有尺度,其富國強兵之道也 。武王曰:善哉! 第四篇 虎韜 軍用第三十一 武王問太公曰:王者舉兵,三軍器用,攻守之具,科品眾寡,豈有法乎? 太公曰:大哉王之問也。夫攻守之具,各有科品,此兵之大威也。武王曰 :願聞之。 太公曰:凡用兵之大數,將甲士萬人,法用: 武衛大夫扶胥三十六乘。材士強弩矛戟為翼,一車七十二人;車四馬駢架 ,六尺車輪;車上立旂鼓,兵法謂之震駭。陷堅陣,敗強敵。 武翼大櫓矛戟扶胥七十二乘。材士強弩矛戟為翼;五尺車輪,絞車連弩自 副。陷堅陣,敗強敵。 提翼小櫓扶胥一百四十四乘。絞車連弩自副;陷堅陣,敗強敵。 大黃參連弩大扶胥三十六乘。材士強弩矛戟為翼;飛鳧電影自副。飛鳧, 赤莖白羽;電影,青莖赤羽。晝則以絳縞,長六尺,廣六寸,為光耀;夜 則以白縞,為流星。陷堅陣,敗步騎。 衝車大扶胥三十六乘。螳螂武士共載,可以擊縱橫,敗強敵。 輕車騎寇,一名電車,兵法謂之電擊。陷堅陣,敗步騎。 矛戟輕車扶胥一百六十乘。螳螂武士三人共載,兵法謂之霆擊。陷堅陣, 敗步騎。 方首天掊,重十二斤,柄長五尺,一千二百枚。大柯斧又名天鉞,刀長八 寸,重八斤,柄長五尺,一千二百枚。方首天搥,重八斤,柄長五尺,一 千二百枚。敗步騎群寇。 飛鉤,長八寸,鉤芒長四寸,柄長六尺,一千二百枚。以投其眾。 三車拒守,木螳螂,劍刃,行拒馬,廣二丈,一百二十具。平易地,以步 兵敗車騎。 木蒺藜,去地二尺五寸,一百二十具。短衝矛戟扶胥一百二十輛。敗步騎 ,要窮寇,遮走北。 狹路微徑,張鐵蒺藜,芒高四寸,廣八寸,一千二百具。敗步騎。 夜瞑來促戰,白刃接。舖兩鏃蒺藜,芒間相去二尺,一萬二千具。曠林草 中,方胸鋌矛,一千二百具;張鋌矛法,高一尺五寸,敗步騎,要窮寇, 遮走北。 狹路微徑,地陷,鐵械鎖,一百二十具,敗步騎,要窮寇,遮走北。 壘門拒守,矛戟小楯十二具,絞車連弩自副。三軍拒守,天羅虎落鎖,廣 一丈五尺,高八尺,一百二十具,虎落劍刃扶胥,廣一丈五尺,高八尺, 五百一十具。 渡溝塹,飛橋一間,廣一丈五尺,長二丈,轉關轆轤八具,以環利通索張 之。 渡大水,飛江,廣一丈五尺,長二丈,共八具,以環利通索張之。天浮, 三十二具,以環絡連接。 山林野居,結虎落柴營,用環利鐵鎖,環利大通索,環利中通索,環利小 微螺,天雨蓋,重車上板,結泉鉏鋙,車一乘,以鐵杙張之。 伐木天斧,重八斤,柄長三尺,三百枚。棨钁,刃廣六寸,柄長五尺,三 百枚。銅築固為垂,長五尺,二百枚。鷹爪。方胸鐵把,柄長七尺,三百 枚。方胸鐵叉,柄長七尺,三百枚。方胸兩枝鐵叉,柄長七尺,三百枚。 芟草木大鐮,柄長七尺,三百枚。大櫓刃,重八斤,柄長六尺,三百枚。 委環鐵杙,長三尺,三百枚。椓杙大槌,重五斤,柄長二尺,百二十枚。 甲士萬人,強弩六千,戟櫓二千,矛櫓二千,修治攻具,砥礪兵器,巧手 三百人。此舉兵之大數也。 武王曰:允哉。 三陣第三十二 武王問太公曰:凡用兵為天陣、地陣、人陣,奈何? 太公曰:日日星辰斗柄,一左一右,一向一背,此謂天陳。丘陵水泉,亦 有前後左右之利,此謂地陣。用車用馬,用文用武,此謂人陣。武王曰: 善哉! 疾戰第三十三 武王問太公曰:敵人圍我,斷我前後,絕我糧道,為之奈何? 太公曰:此天下之困兵也。暴用之則勝,徐用之則敗。如此者,為四武衝 陣,以武車驍騎驚亂其軍而疾擊之,可以橫行。 武王曰:若已出圍地,欲因以為勝,為之奈何?太公曰:左軍疾左,右軍 疾右,無與敵人爭道。中軍迭前迭後,敵人雖眾,其將可走。 必出第三十四 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,敵人四合而圍我,斷我歸道,絕我糧 食。敵人既眾,糧食甚多,險阻又固。我欲必出,為之奈何? 太公曰:必出之道,器械為寶,勇鬥為首。審知敵人空虛之地,無人之處 ,可以必出。將士持玄旂,操器械,設銜枚,夜出。勇力飛走,冒將之士 ,居前,平壘為軍開道。材士強弩為伏兵,居後。弱卒車騎居中。陣畢徐 行,慎無驚駭。以武衝扶胥,前後拒守。武翼大櫓,以蔽左右。敵人若驚 ,勇力冒將之士疾擊而前。弱卒車騎,以屬其後。材士強弩,隱伏而處。 審候敵人追我,伏兵疾擊其後。多其火鼓,若從地出,若從天下。三軍勇 鬥,莫我能禦。 武王曰:前有大水、廣塹、深坑,我欲踰渡,無舟楫之備。敵人屯壘,限 我軍前,塞我歸道;斥候常戒;險塞盡守;車騎要我前,勇士擊我後,為 之奈何? 太公曰:大水、廣塹、深坑,敵人所不守;或能守之,其卒必寡。若此者 ,以飛江轉關與天潢以濟吾軍。勇力材士,從我所指,衝敵絕陣,皆致其 死。先燔吾輜重,燒吾糧食,明告吏士,勇鬥則生,不勇則死。已出,令 我踵軍,設雲火遠候,必依草木、丘墓、險阻。敵人車騎,必不敢遠追長 驅。因以火為記,先出者,令至火而止,為四武衝陣。如此,則三軍皆精 銳勇鬥,莫我能止。武王曰:善哉! 軍略第三十五 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,遇深谿大谷險阻之水。吾三軍未得畢 濟,而天暴雨,流水大至。後不得屬於前,無舟梁之備,又無水草之資。 吾欲畢濟,使三軍不稽留,為之奈何? 太公曰:凡帥師將眾,慮不先設,器械不備;教不精信,士卒不習。若此 ,不可以為王者之兵也。凡三軍有大事,莫不習用器械。若攻城圍邑,則 有轒轀臨衝;視城中,則有雲梯飛樓。三軍行止,則有武衝大櫓。前後拒 守,絕道遮街,則有材士強弩,衛其兩旁。設營壘,則有天羅武落,行馬 蒺藜。畫則登雲梯遠望,立五色旌旂。夜則火雲萬炬,擊雷鼓,振鼙鐸, 吹鳴笳。越溝塹,則有飛橋、轉關、轆轤、鉏鋙。濟大水,則有天潢、飛 江。逆波上流,則有浮海、絕江。三軍用備,主將何憂。 臨境第三十六 武王問太公曰:吾與敵人臨境相拒,彼可以來,我可以往,陣皆堅固,莫 敢先舉。我欲往而襲之,彼亦可以來。為之奈何? 太公曰:分兵三處。令我前軍,深溝增壘而無出,列旌旂,擊鼙鼓,完為 守備。令我後軍,多積糧食,無使敵人知我意。發我銳士,潛襲其中,擊 其不意,攻其無備。敵人不知我情,則止不來矣。 武王曰:敵人知我之情,通我之機,動則得我事。其銳士伏於深草,要我 隘路,擊我便處,為之奈何? 太公曰:令我前軍,日出挑戰,以勞其意。令我老弱,曳柴揚塵,鼓呼而 往來,或出其左,或出其右,去敵無過百步,其將必勞,其卒必駭。如此 ,則敵人不敢來。吾往者不止,或襲其內,或擊其外,三軍疾戰,敵人必 敗。 動靜第三十七 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵人之軍相當。兩陣相望,眾寡強 弱相等,不敢先舉。吾欲令敵人將帥恐懼,士卒心傷,行陣不固,後軍欲 走,前陣數顧。鼓噪而乘之,敵人遂走。為之奈何? 太公曰:如此者,發我兵,去寇十里而伏其兩旁,車騎百里而越其前後。 多其旌旂,益其金鼓。戰合,鼓噪而俱起。敵將必恐,其軍驚駭。眾寡不 相救,貴賤不相待,敵人必敗。 武王曰:敵之地勢,不可伏其兩旁,車騎又無以越其前後。敵知我慮,先 施其備。吾士卒心傷,將帥恐懼,戰則不勝,為之奈何? 太公曰:誠哉王之問也。如此者,先戰五日,發我遠候,往視其動靜,審 候其來,設伏而待之。必於死地,與敵相遇。遠我旌旂,疏我行陣。必奔 其前,與敵相當。戰合而走,擊金而止。三里而還,伏兵乃起。或陷其兩 旁,或擊其先後,三軍疾戰,敵人必走。武王曰:善哉! 金鼓第三十八 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵相當。而天大寒甚暑,日夜霖雨 ,旬日不止。溝壘悉壞,隘塞不守,斥堠懈怠,士卒不戒。敵人夜來,三 軍無備,上下惑亂,為之奈何? 太公曰:凡三軍以戒為固,以怠為敗。令我壘上,誰何不絕;人執旌旂, 外內相望,以號相命,勿令乏音,而皆外向。三千人為一屯,誡而約之, 各慎其處。敵人若來,視我軍之警戒,至而必還,力盡氣怠。發我銳士, 隨而擊之。 武王曰:敵人知我隨之,而伏其銳士,佯北不止。遇伏而還,或擊我前, 或擊我後,或薄我壘。吾三軍大恐,擾亂失次,離其處所。為之奈何? 太公曰:分為三隊,隨而追之,勿越其伏。三隊俱至,或擊其前後,或陷 其兩旁。明號審令,疾擊而前,敵人必敗。 絕道第三十九 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵相守。敵人絕我糧道,又越我前 後。吾欲戰則不可勝,欲守則不可久。為之奈何? 太公曰:凡深入敵人之境,必察地之形勢,務求便利。依山林險阻,水泉 林木,而為之固;謹守關梁,又知城邑丘墓地形之利。如是,則我軍堅固 ,敵人不能絕我糧道,又不能越我前後。 武王曰:吾三軍過大林廣澤平易之地,吾候望誤失,倉卒與敵人相薄。以 戰則不勝,以守則不固。敵人翼我兩旁,越我前後,三軍大恐,為之奈何 ? 太公曰:凡帥師之法,常先發遠候,去敵二百里,審知敵人所在。地勢不 利,則以武衝為壘而前,又置兩踵軍於後,遠者百里,近者五十里。即有 警急,前後相知,吾三軍常完堅,必無毀傷。武王曰:善哉! 略地第四十 武王問太公曰:戰勝深入,略其地,有大城不可下。其別軍守險阻,與我 相拒。我欲攻城圍邑,恐其別軍猝至而薄我。中外相合,拒我表堙C三軍 大亂,上下恐駭。為之奈何? 太公曰:凡攻城圍邑,車騎必遠,屯衛警戒,阻其內外。中人絕糧,外不 得輸,城人恐怖,其將必降。 武王曰:中人絕糧,外不得輸,陰為約誓,相與密謀。夜出,窮寇死戰。 其車騎銳士,或衝我內,或擊我外。士卒迷惑,三軍敗亂。為之奈何? 太公曰:如此者,當分為三軍,謹視地形而處。審知敵人別軍所在,及其 大城別堡,為之置遺缺之道以利其心;謹備勿失。敵人恐懼,不入山林, 即歸大邑,走其別軍。車騎遠邀其前,勿令遺脫。中人以為先出者得其徑 道,其練卒材士必出,其老弱獨在。車騎深入長驅,敵人之軍,必莫敢至 。慎勿與戰,絕其糧道,圍而守之,必久其日。 無燔人積聚,無毀人宮室,冢樹社叢勿伐。降者勿殺,得而勿戮,示之以 仁義,施之以厚德。令其士民曰:辜在一人。如此則天下和服。武王曰: 善哉! 火戰第四十一 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,遇深草蓊穢,周吾軍前後左右。三軍 行數百里,人馬疲倦休止。敵人因天燥疾風之利,燔吾上風,車騎銳士, 堅伏吾後。三軍恐怖,散亂而走。為之奈何? 太公曰:若此者,則以雲梯飛樓,遠望左右,謹察前後。見火起,即燔吾 前而廣延之;又燔吾後。敵人苟至,即引軍而卻,按黑地而堅處,敵人之 來。猶在吾後,見火起,必遠走。吾按黑地而處,強弩材士,衛吾左右, 又燔吾前後。若此,則敵人不能害我。 武王曰:敵人燔吾左右,又燔前後,h覆吾軍,其大兵按黑地而起。為之 奈何? 太公曰:若此者,為四武衝陣,強弩翼吾左右,其法無勝亦無負。 壘虛第四十二 武王問太公曰:何以知敵壘之虛實,自來自去? 太公曰:將必上知天道,下知地利,中知人事。登高下望,以觀敵之變動 。望其壘,則知其虛實。望其士卒,則知其來去。 武王曰:何以知之?太公曰:聽其鼓無音,鐸無聲;望其壘上多飛鳥而不 驚。上無氛氣,必知敵詐而為偶人也。敵人猝去不遠,未定而復反者,彼 用其士卒太疾也。太疾則前後不相次。不相次,則行陣必亂。如此者,急 出兵擊之。以少擊眾,則必敗矣。 第五篇 豹韜 林戰第四十三 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,遇大林,與敵人分林相拒。吾欲以守 則固,以戰則勝。為之奈何? 太公曰:使吾三軍,分為衝陣。便兵所處,弓弩為表,戟楯為堙C斬除草 木,極廣吾道,以便戰所。高置旌旂,謹敕三軍,無使敵人知吾之情,是 謂林戰。 林戰之法,率吾矛戟,相與為伍。林間木疏,以騎為輔,戰車居前,見便 則戰,不見便則止。林多險阻,必置衝陣,以備前後。三軍疾戰,敵人雖 眾,其將可走。更戰更息,各按其部,是為林戰之紀。 突戰第四十四 武王問太公曰:敵人深入長驅,侵掠我地,驅我牛馬;其三軍大至,薄我 城下。吾士卒大恐;人民係累,為敵所虜。吾欲以守則固,以戰則勝。為 之奈何? 太公曰:如此者謂之突兵,其牛馬必不得食,士卒絕糧,暴擊而前。令我 遠邑別軍,選其銳士,疾擊其後。審其期日,必會於晦。三軍疾戰,敵人 雖眾,其將可虜。 武王曰:敵人分為三四,或戰而侵掠我地,或止而收我牛馬。其大軍未盡 至,而使寇薄我城下,致吾三軍恐懼,為之奈何? 太公曰:謹候敵人,未盡至則設備而待之。去城四里而為壘,金鼓旌旂, 皆列而張。別隊為伏兵。令我壘上,多精強弩。百步一突門,門有行馬。 車騎居外,勇力銳士,隱而處。敵人若至,使我輕卒合戰而佯走;令我城 上立旌旂,擊鼙鼓,完為守備。敵人以我為守城,必薄我城下。發吾伏兵 以充其內,或擊其外。三軍疾戰,或擊其前,或擊其後。勇者不得鬥,輕 者不及走,名曰突戰。敵人雖眾,其將必走。武王曰:善哉。 敵強第四十五 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵人衝軍相當。敵眾我寡,敵強我 弱。敵人夜來,或攻吾左,或攻吾右,三軍震動。吾欲以戰則勝,以守則 固,為之奈何? 太公曰:如此者謂之震寇。利以出戰,不可以守。選吾材士強弩車騎為左 右,疾擊其前,急攻其後;或擊其表,或擊其堙C其卒必亂,其將必駭。 武王曰:敵人遠遮我前,急攻我後,斷我銳兵,絕我材士。吾內外不得相 聞,三軍擾亂,皆敗而走。士卒無鬥志,將吏無守心,為之奈何? 太公曰:明哉王之問也。當明號審令,出我勇銳冒將之士,人操炬火,二 人同鼓。必知敵人所在,或擊其表堙C微號相知,令之滅火,鼓音皆止。 中外相應,期約皆當。三軍疾戰,敵必敗亡。武王曰:善哉! 敵武第四十六 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,猝遇敵人,甚眾且武。武車驍騎,繞 我左右。吾三軍皆震,走不可止。為之奈何? 太公曰:如此者謂之敗兵。善者以勝,不善者以亡。 武王曰:為之奈何?太公曰:伏我材士強弩,武車驍騎,為之左右,常去 前後三里。敵人逐我,發我車騎,衝其左右。如此,則敵人擾亂,吾走者 自止。 武王曰:敵人與我車騎相當,敵眾我寡,敵強我弱。其來整治精銳,吾陣 不敢當。為之奈何? 太公曰:選我材士強弩,伏於左右,車騎堅陣而處。敵人過我伏兵,積弩 射其左右;車騎銳兵,疾擊其軍,或擊其前,或擊其後。敵人雖眾,其將 必走。武王曰:善哉! 烏雲山兵第四十七 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,遇高山盤石,其上亭亭,無有草木, 四面受敵。吾三軍恐懼,士卒迷惑。吾欲以守則固,以戰則勝。為之奈何 ? 太公曰:凡三軍處山之高,則為敵所棲,處山之下,則為敵所囚。既以被 山而處,必為烏雲之陣。烏雲之陣,陰陽皆備。或屯其陰,或屯其陽。處 山之陽,備山之陰。處山之陰,備山之陽。處山之左,備山之右。處山之 右,備山之左。敵所能陵者,兵備其表。衢道通谷,絕以武車。高置旌旂 ;謹d三軍,無使敵人知吾之情,是謂山城。 行列已定,士卒已陣,法令已行,奇正已設,各置衝陣於山之表,便兵所 處。乃分車騎為烏雲之陣。三軍疾戰,敵人雖眾,其將可擒。 烏雲澤兵第四十八 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵人臨水相拒。敵富而眾;我貧而 寡。踰水擊之,則不能前。欲久其日,則糧食少。吾居斥鹵之地,四旁無 邑,又無草木。三軍無所掠取,牛馬無所芻牧。為之奈何? 太公曰:三軍無備,士卒無糧,牛馬無食。如此者,索便詐敵而亟去之, 設伏兵於後。 武王曰:敵不可得而詐。吾士卒迷惑。敵人越我前後,吾三軍敗而走。為 之奈何?太公曰:求途之道,金玉為主,必因敵使,精微為寶。 武王曰:敵人知我伏兵,大軍不肯濟,別將分隊,以踰於水。吾三軍大恐 。為之奈何? 太公曰:如此者,分為衝陣,便兵所處。須其畢出,發我伏兵,疾擊其後 。強弩兩旁,射其左右。車騎分為烏雲之陣,備其前後。三軍疾戰。敵人 見我戰合,其大軍必濟水而來。發我伏兵,疾擊其後;車騎衝其左右。敵 人雖眾,其將可走。 凡用兵之大要,當敵臨戰,必置衝陣,便兵所處。然後以車騎分為烏雲之 陣,此用兵之奇也。所謂烏雲者,烏散而雲合,變化無窮者也。武王曰: 善哉! 少眾第四十九 武王問太公曰:吾欲以少擊眾,以弱擊強,為之奈何?太公曰:以少擊眾 者,必以日之暮,伏以深草,要之隘路。以弱擊強者,必得大國之與,鄰 國之助。 武王曰:我無深草,又無隘路,敵人已至,不適日暮;我無大國之與,又 無鄰國之助。為之奈何? 太公曰:妄張詐誘,以熒惑其將,迂其途,令過深草;遠其路,令會日暮 。前行未渡水,後行未及舍,發我伏兵,疾擊其左右,車騎擾亂其前後。 敵人雖眾,其將可走。 事大國之君,下鄰國之士,厚其幣,卑其辭。如此,則得大國之與,鄰國 之助矣。武王曰:善哉! 分險第五十 武王問太公曰:引兵深入諸侯之地,與敵人相遇於險阨之中。吾左山而右 水;敵右山而左水,與我分險相拒。吾欲以守則固,以戰則勝,為之奈何 ? 太公曰:處山之左,急備山之右;處山之右,急備山之左。險有大水,無 舟楫者,以天潢濟吾三軍。已濟者,亟廣吾道,以便戰所。以武衝為前後 ,列其強弩,令行陣皆固。衢道谷口,以武衝絕之。高置旌旂,是為軍城 。 凡險戰之法,以武衝為前,大櫓為衛;材士強弩,翼吾左右。三千人為一 屯,必置衝陣,便兵所處。左軍以左,右軍以右,中軍以中,並攻而前。 已戰者,還歸屯所,更戰更息,必勝乃已。武王曰:善哉! 第六篇 犬韜 分合第五十一 武王問太公曰:王者帥師,三軍分為數處,將欲期會合戰,約誓賞罰,為 之奈何? 太公曰:凡用兵之法,三軍之眾,必有分合之變。其大將先定戰地戰日, 然後移檄書與諸將吏期,攻城圍邑,各會其所;明告戰日,漏刻有時。大 將設營而陣,立表轅門,清道而待。諸將吏至者,校其先後;先期至者賞 ,後期至者斬。如此,則遠近奔集,三軍俱至,并力合戰。 武鋒第五十二 武王問太公曰:凡用兵之要,必有武車驍騎,馳陣選鋒,見可則擊之。如 何而可擊? 太公曰:夫欲擊者,當審察敵人十四變。變見則擊之,敵人必敗。武王曰 :十四變可得聞乎? 太公曰:敵人新集可擊。人馬未食可擊。天時不順可擊。地形未得可擊。 奔走可擊。不戒可擊。疲勞可擊。將離士卒可擊。涉長路可擊。濟水可擊 。不暇可擊。阻難狹路可擊。亂行可擊。心怖可擊。 練士第五十三 武王問太公曰:練士之道奈何?太公曰:軍中有大勇力,敢死樂傷者,聚 為一卒,名為冒刃之士。 有銳氣壯勇強暴者,聚為一卒,名曰陷陣之士。 有奇表長劍,接武齊列者,聚為一卒,名曰勇銳之士。 有披距伸鉤,強梁多力,潰破金鼓,絕滅旌旂者,聚為一卒,名曰勇力之 士。 有踰高絕遠,輕足善走者,聚為一卒,名曰寇兵之士。 有王臣失勢,欲復見功者,聚為一卒,名曰死鬥之士。 有死將之人,子弟欲為其將報仇者,聚為一卒,名曰死憤之士。 有貧窮忿怒,欲快其志者,聚為一卒,名曰必死之士。 有贅婿人虜,欲掩Ж戌W者,聚為一卒,名曰勵鈍之士。 有胥靡免罪之人,欲逃其恥者,聚為一卒,名曰幸用之士。 有材技兼人,能負重致遠者,聚為一卒,名曰待命之士。 此軍之練士,不可不察也。 教戰第五十四 武王問太公曰:合三軍之眾。欲令士卒服習教戰之道,奈何? 太公曰:凡領三軍,必有金鼓之節,所以整齊士眾者也,將必明告吏士, 申之以三令,以教操兵起居,旌旂指麾之變法。故教吏士:使一人學戰; 教成,合之十人。十人學戰;教成,合之百人。百人學戰;教成,合之千 人。千人學戰;教成,合之萬人。萬人學戰;教成,合之三軍之眾。大戰 之法,教成,合之百萬之眾。故能成其大兵,立威於天下。武王曰:善哉 。 均兵第五十五 武王問太公曰:以車與步卒戰,一車當幾步卒,幾步卒當一車?以騎與步 卒戰,一騎當幾步卒,幾步卒當一騎?以車與騎戰,一車當幾騎,幾騎當 一車? 太公曰:車者,軍之羽翼也,所以陷堅陣,要強敵,遮走北也。騎者,軍 之伺候也,所以踵敗軍,絕糧道,擊便寇也。 故車騎不敵戰,則一騎不能當步卒一人,三軍之眾成陣而相當:則易戰之 法,一車當步卒八十人,八十人當一車;一騎當步卒八人,八人當一騎; 一車當十騎,十騎當一車。險戰之法,一車當步卒四十人,四十人當一車 ;一騎當步卒四人,四人當一騎;一車當六騎,六騎當一車。 夫車騎者,軍之武兵也。十乘敗千人,百乘敗萬人;十騎走百人,百騎走 千人,此其大數也。 武王曰:車騎之吏數與陣法奈何?太公曰:置車之吏數:五車一長,十五 車一吏,五十車一率,百車一將。易戰之法,五車為列,相去四十步,左 右十步,隊間六十步。險戰之法,車必循道,十五車為聚,三十車為屯, 前後相去二十步,左右六步,隊間三十六步。縱橫相去一里,各返故道。 置騎之吏數:五騎一長,十騎一吏,百騎一率,二百騎一將。易戰之法: 五騎為列,前後相去二十步,左右四步,隊間五十步;險戰之法:前後相 去十步,左右二步,隊間二十五步。三十騎為一屯,六十騎為一輩,縱橫 相去百步,周還各復故處。武王曰:善哉! 武車士第五十六 武王問太公曰:選車士奈何?太公曰:選車士之法,取年四十以下,長七 尺五寸以上,走能逐奔馬,及馳而乘之,前後左右,上下週旋,能束縛旌 旂;力能彀八石弩,射前後左右,皆便習者,名曰武車之士,不可不厚也 。 武騎士第五十七 武王問太公曰:選騎士奈何?太公曰:選騎士之法,取年四十以下,長七 尺五寸以上,壯健捷疾,超絕倫等;能馳騎彀射,前後左右,周旋進退; 越溝塹,登丘陵,冒險阻,絕大澤;馳強敵,亂大眾者,名曰武騎之士, 不可不厚也。 戰車第五十八 武王問太公曰:戰車奈何?太公曰:步貴知變動,車貴知地形,騎貴知別 徑奇道,三軍同名而異用也。凡車之戰,死地有十,勝地有八。 武王曰:十死之地奈何?太公曰:往而無以還者,車之死地也。越絕險阻 ,乘敵遠行者,車之竭地也。前易後險者,車之困地也。陷之險阻而難出 者,車之絕地也。I下漸澤,黑土黏埴者,車之勞地也。左險右易,上陵 仰阪者,車之逆地也。殷草橫畝,犯歷浚澤者,車之拂地也。車少地易, 與步不敵者,車之敗地也,後有溝瀆,左有深水,右有峻阪者。車之壞地 也。日夜霖雨,旬日不止,道路潰陷,前不能進,後不能解者,車之陷地 也。此十者,車之死地也。故拙將之所以見擒,明將之所以能避也。 武王曰:八勝之地奈何?太公曰:敵之前後,行陣未定,即陷之。旌旂擾 亂,人馬數動,即陷之。士卒或前或後,或左或右,即陷之。陣不堅固, 士卒前後相顧,即陷之。前往而疑,後往而怯,即陷之。三軍猝驚,皆薄 而起,即陷之。戰於易地,暮不能解,即陷之。遠行而暮舍,三軍恐懼, 即陷之。此八者,車之勝地也。 將明於十害八勝,敵雖圍周,千乘萬騎,前驅旁馳,萬戰必勝。武王曰: 善哉! 戰騎第五十九 武王問太公曰:戰騎奈何?太公曰:騎有十勝九敗。 武王曰:十勝奈何?太公曰:敵人始至,行陣未定,前後不屬,陷其前騎 ,擊其左右,敵人必走。敵人行陣,整齊堅固,士卒欲鬥。吾騎翼而勿去 ,或馳而往,或馳而來,其疾如風,其暴如雷,白晝如昏,數更旌旂,變 更衣服,其軍可克。敵人行陣不固,士卒不鬥。薄其前後,獵其左右,翼 而擊之敵人必懼。敵人暮欲歸舍,三軍恐駭,翼其兩旁,疾擊其後,薄其 壘口,無使得入,敵人必敗。敵人無險阻保固,深入長驅,絕其糧道,敵 人必饑。地平而易,四面見敵,車騎陷之,敵人必亂。敵人奔走,士卒散 亂。或翼其兩旁,或掩其前後,其將可擒。敵人暮返,其兵甚眾,其行陣 必亂。令我騎十而為隊,百而為屯,車五而為聚,十而為群,多設旌旂, 雜以強弩;或擊其兩旁,或絕其前後,敵將可虜。此騎之十勝也。 武王曰:九敗奈何?太公曰:凡以騎陷敵而不能破陣;敵人佯走,以車騎 返擊我後,此騎之敗地也。追北踰險,長驅不止;敵人伏我兩旁,又絕我 後,此騎之圍地也。往而無以返,入而無以出,是謂陷於天井,頓於地穴 ,此騎之死地也。所從入者隘,所從出者遠。彼弱可以擊我強,彼寡可以 擊我眾,此騎之沒地也。大澗深谷,翳茂林木,此騎之竭地也。左右有水 ,前有大阜,後有高山;三軍戰於兩水之間,敵居表堙A此騎之艱地也。 敵人絕我糧道,往而無以還,此騎之困地也。汙下沮澤。進退漸洳,此騎 之患地也。左有深溝,右有坑阜,高下如平地,進退誘敵,此騎之陷地也 。此九者,騎之死地也。明將之所以遠避,闇將之所以陷敗也。 戰步第六十 武王問太公曰:步兵與車騎戰奈何?太公曰:步兵與車騎戰者,必依丘陵 險阻,長兵強弩居前,短兵弱弩居後,更發更止。敵之車騎雖眾而至,堅 陣疾戰,材士強弩,以備我後。 武王曰:吾無丘陵,又無險阻。敵人之至,既眾且武,車騎翼我兩旁,獵 我前後。吾三軍恐懼,亂敗而走,為之奈何? 太公曰:令我士卒為行馬,木蒺莉,置牛馬隊伍,為四武衝陣;望敵車騎 將來,均置蒺莉;掘地匝後,廣深五尺,名曰命籠。人操行馬進步,闌車 以為壘,推而前後,立而為屯;材士強弩,備我左右。然後令我三軍,皆 疾戰而不解。武王曰:善哉。 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Liu Tao (B.C. 1134-1116), by Shang Lü *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIU TAO (B.C. 1134-1116) *** ***** This file should be named 7340-0.txt or 7340-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/7/3/4/7340/ Produced by Ni-Yen Wu Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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