The Project Gutenberg EBook of Athens: Its Rise and Fall, Complete
by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net


Title: Athens: Its Rise and Fall, Complete

Author: Edward Bulwer-Lytton

Release Date: November 21, 2004 [EBook #6156]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATHENS: ITS RISE AND FALL, ***




Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger





ATHENS: ITS RISE AND FALL


by Edward Bulwer Lytton








CONTENTS

BOOK  I.
BOOK  II.
BOOK  III.
BOOK  IV.
BOOK  V.








DEDICATION.

TO HENRY FYNES CLINTON, ESQ., etc., etc. AUTHOR OF "THE FASTI HELLENICI."

My Dear Sir,

I am not more sensible of the distinction conferred upon me when you allowed me to inscribe this history with your name, than pleased with an occasion to express my gratitude for the assistance I have derived throughout the progress of my labours from that memorable work, in which you have upheld the celebrity of English learning, and afforded so imperishable a contribution to our knowledge of the Ancient World. To all who in history look for the true connexion between causes and effects, chronology is not a dry and mechanical compilation of barren dates, but the explanation of events and the philosophy of facts. And the publication of the Fasti Hellenici has thrown upon those times, in which an accurate chronological system can best repair what is deficient, and best elucidate what is obscure in the scanty authorities bequeathed to us, all the light of a profound and disciplined intellect, applying the acutest comprehension to the richest erudition, and arriving at its conclusions according to the true spirit of inductive reasoning, which proportions the completeness of the final discovery to the caution of the intermediate process. My obligations to that learning and to those gifts which you have exhibited to the world are shared by all who, in England or in Europe, study the history or cultivate the literature of Greece. But, in the patient kindness with which you have permitted me to consult you during the tedious passage of these volumes through the press—in the careful advice—in the generous encouragement—which have so often smoothed the path and animated the progress—there are obligations peculiar to myself; and in those obligations there is so much that honours me, that, were I to enlarge upon them more, the world might mistake an acknowledgment for a boast.

    With the highest consideration and esteem,
                 Believe me, my dear sir,
             Most sincerely and gratefully yours,
                      EDWARD LYTTON BULWER
    London, March, 1837.




ADVERTISEMENT.

The work, a portion of which is now presented to the reader, has occupied me many years—though often interrupted in its progress, either by more active employment, or by literary undertakings of a character more seductive. These volumes were not only written, but actually in the hands of the publisher before the appearance, and even, I believe, before the announcement of the first volume of Mr. Thirlwall's History of Greece, or I might have declined going over any portion of the ground cultivated by that distinguished scholar 1. As it is, however, the plan I have pursued differs materially from that of Mr. Thirlwall, and I trust that the soil is sufficiently fertile to yield a harvest to either labourer.

Since it is the letters, yet more than the arms or the institutions of Athens, which have rendered her illustrious, it is my object to combine an elaborate view of her literature with a complete and impartial account of her political transactions. The two volumes now published bring the reader, in the one branch of my subject, to the supreme administration of Pericles; in the other, to a critical analysis of the tragedies of Sophocles. Two additional volumes will, I trust, be sufficient to accomplish my task, and close the records of Athens at that period when, with the accession of Augustus, the annals of the world are merged into the chronicle of the Roman empire. In these latter volumes it is my intention to complete the history of the Athenian drama—to include a survey of the Athenian philosophy—to describe the manners, habits, and social life of the people, and to conclude the whole with such a review of the facts and events narrated as may constitute, perhaps, an unprejudiced and intelligible explanation of the causes of the rise and fall of Athens.

As the history of the Greek republics has been too often corruptly pressed into the service of heated political partisans, may I be pardoned the precaution of observing that, whatever my own political code, as applied to England, I have nowhere sought knowingly to pervert the lessons of a past nor analogous time to fugitive interests and party purposes. Whether led sometimes to censure, or more often to vindicate the Athenian people, I am not conscious of any other desire than that of strict, faithful, impartial justice. Restlessly to seek among the ancient institutions for illustrations (rarely apposite) of the modern, is, indeed, to desert the character of a judge for that of an advocate, and to undertake the task of the historian with the ambition of the pamphleteer. Though designing this work not for colleges and cloisters, but for the general and miscellaneous public, it is nevertheless impossible to pass over in silence some matters which, if apparently trifling in themselves, have acquired dignity, and even interest, from brilliant speculations or celebrated disputes. In the history of Greece (and Athenian history necessarily includes nearly all that is valuable in the annals of the whole Hellenic race) the reader must submit to pass through much that is minute, much that is wearisome, if he desire to arrive at last at definite knowledge and comprehensive views. In order, however, to interrupt as little as possible the recital of events, I have endeavoured to confine to the earlier portion of the work such details of an antiquarian or speculative nature as, while they may afford to the general reader, not, indeed, a minute analysis, but perhaps a sufficient notion of the scholastic inquiries which have engaged the attention of some of the subtlest minds of Germany and England, may also prepare him the better to comprehend the peculiar character and circumstances of the people to whose history he is introduced: and it may be well to warn the more impatient that it is not till the second book (vol. i., p. 181) that disquisition is abandoned for narrative. There yet remain various points on which special comment would be incompatible with connected and popular history, but on which I propose to enlarge in a series of supplementary notes, to be appended to the concluding volume. These notes will also comprise criticisms and specimens of Greek writers not so intimately connected with the progress of Athenian literature as to demand lengthened and elaborate notice in the body of the work. Thus, when it is completed, it is my hope that this book will combine, with a full and complete history of Athens, political and moral, a more ample and comprehensive view of the treasures of the Greek literature than has yet been afforded to the English public. I have ventured on these remarks because I thought it due to the reader, no less than to myself, to explain the plan and outline of a design at present only partially developed.

London, March, 1837.



CONTENTS OF ALL BOOKS IN DETAIL

 BOOK I

  CHAPTER

     I  Situation and Soil of Attica.—The Pelasgians its earliest
          Inhabitants.—Their Race and Language akin to the Grecian.—
          Their varying Civilization and Architectural Remains.—
          Cecrops.—Were the earliest Civilizers of Greece foreigners
          or Greeks?—The Foundation of Athens.—The Improvements
          attributed to Cecrops.—The Religion of the Greeks cannot
          be reduced to a simple System.—Its Influence upon their
          Character and Morals, Arts and Poetry.—The Origin of
          Slavery and Aristocracy.

    II  The unimportant consequences to be deduced from the admission
          that Cecrops might be Egyptian.—Attic Kings before
          Theseus.—The Hellenes.—Their Genealogy.—Ionians and
          Achaeans Pelasgic.—Contrast between Dorians and Ionians.—
          Amphictyonic League.

   III  The Heroic Age.—Theseus.—His legislative Influence upon
          Athens.—Qualities of the Greek Heroes.—Effect of a
          Traditional Age upon the Character of a People.

    IV  The Successors of Theseus.—The Fate of Codrus.—The
          Emigration of Nileus.—The Archons.—Draco.

     V  A General Survey of Greece and the East previous to the
          Time of Solon.—The Grecian Colonies.—The Isles.—Brief
          account of the States on the Continent.—Elis and the
          Olympic Games.

    VI  Return of the Heraclidae.—The Spartan Constitution and
          Habits.—The first and second Messenian War.

   VII  Governments in Greece.

  VIII  Brief Survey of Arts, Letters, and Philosophy in Greece,
          prior to the Legislation of Solon.
 BOOK II

  CHAPTER

     I  The Conspiracy of Cylon.—Loss of Salamis.—First Appearance
          of Solon.—Success against the Megarians in the Struggle for
          Salamis.—Cirrhaean War.—Epimenides.—Political State of
          Athens.—Character of Solon.—His Legislation.—General View
          of the Athenian Constitution.

    II  The Departure of Solon from Athens.—The Rise of Pisistratus.
          —Return of Solon.—His Conduct and Death.—The Second and
          Third Tyranny of Pisistratus.—Capture of Sigeum.—Colony
          In the Chersonesus founded by the first Miltiades.—Death of
          Pisistratus.

   III  The Administration of Hippias.—The Conspiracy of Harmodius
          and Aristogiton.—The Death of Hipparchus.—Cruelties of
          Hippias.—The young Miltiades sent to the Chersonesus.—The
          Spartans Combine with the Alcmaeonidae against Hippias.—The
          fall of the Tyranny.—The Innovations of Clisthenes.—His
          Expulsion and Restoration.—Embassy to the Satrap of Sardis.
          —Retrospective View of the Lydian, Medean, and Persian
          Monarchies.—Result of the Athenian Embassy to Sardis.—
          Conduct of Cleomenes.—Victory of the Athenians against the
          Boeotians and Chalcidians.—Hippias arrives at Sparta.—The
          Speech of Sosicles the Corinthian.—Hippias retires to
          Sardis.

    IV  Histiaeus, Tyrant of Miletus, removed to Persia.—The
          Government of that City deputed to Aristagoras, who invades
          Naxos with the aid of the Persians.—Ill Success of that
          Expedition.—Aristagoras resolves upon Revolting from the
          Persians.—Repairs to Sparta and to Athens.—The Athenians
          and Eretrians induced to assist the Ionians.—Burning of
          Sardis.—The Ionian War.—The Fate of Aristagoras.—Naval
          Battle of Lade.—Fall of Miletus.—Reduction of Ionia.—
          Miltiades.—His Character.—Mardonius replaces Artaphernes
          in the Lydian Satrapy.—Hostilities between Aegina and
          Athens.—Conduct of Cleomenes.—Demaratus deposed.—Death
          Of Cleomenes.—New Persian Expedition.

     V  The Persian Generals enter Europe.—Invasion of Naxos,
          Carystus, Eretria.—The Athenians Demand the Aid of Sparta.
          —The Result of their Mission and the Adventure of their
          Messenger.—The Persians advance to Marathon.—The Plain
          Described.—Division of Opinion in the Athenian Camp.—The
          Advice of Miltiades prevails.—The Drear of Hippias.—The
          Battle of Marathon.
 BOOK III

  CHAPTER

     I  The Character and Popularity of Miltiades.—Naval expedition.
          —Siege of Paros.—Conduct of Miltiades.—He is Accused and
          Sentenced.—His Death.

    II  The Athenian Tragedy.—Its Origin.—Thespis.—Phrynichus.—
          Aeschylus.—Analysis of the Tragedies of Aeschylus.

   III  Aristides.—His Character and Position.—The Rise of
          Themistocles.—Aristides is Ostracised.—The Ostracism
          examined.—The Influence of Themistocles increases.—The
          Silver—mines of Laurion.—Their Product applied by
          Themistocles to the Increase of the Navy.—New Direction
          given to the National Character.

    IV  The Preparations of Darius.—Revolt of Egypt.—Dispute for
          The Succession to the Persian Throne.—Death of Darius.—
          Brief Review of the leading Events and Characteristics of
          his Reign.

     V  Xerxes conducts an Expedition into Egypt.—He finally resolves
          on the Invasion of Greece.—Vast Preparations for the
          Conquest of Europe.—Xerxes arrives at Sardis.—Despatches
          Envoys to the Greek States, demanding Tribute.—The Bridge
          of the Hellespont.—Review of the Persian Armament at
          Abydos.—Xerxes encamps at Therme.

    VI  The Conduct of the Greeks.—The Oracle relating to Salamis.—
          Art of Themistocles.—The Isthmian Congress.—Embassies to
          Argos, Crete, Corcyra, and Syracuse.—Their ill Success.—
          The Thessalians send Envoys to the Isthmus.—The Greeks
          advance to Tempe, but retreat.—The Fleet despatched to
          Artemisium, and the Pass of Thermopylae occupied.—Numbers
          of the Grecian Fleet.—Battle of Thermopylae.

   VII  The Advice of Demaratus to Xerxes.—Themistocles.—Actions off
          Artemisium.—The Greeks retreat.—The Persians invade
          Delphi, and are repulsed with great Loss.—The Athenians,
          unaided by their Allies, abandon Athens, and embark for
          Salamis.—The irresolute and selfish Policy of the
          Peloponnesians.—Dexterity and Firmness of Themistocles.—
          Battle of Salamis.—Andros and Carystus besieged by the
          Greeks.—Anecdotes of Themistocles.—Honours awarded to him
          in Sparta.—Xerxes returns to Asia.—Olynthus and Potidaea
          besieged by Artabazus.—The Athenians return Home.—The
          Ostracism of Aristides is repealed.

  VIII  Embassy of Alexander of Macedon to Athens.—The Result of his
          Proposals.—Athenians retreat to Salamis.—Mardonius
          occupies Athens.—The Athenians send Envoys to Sparta.—
          Pausanias succeeds Cleombrotus as Regent of Sparta.—Battle
          of Plataea.—Thebes besieged by the Athenians.—Battle of
          Mycale.—Siege of Sestos.—Conclusion of the Persian War.
 BOOK IV

  CHAPTER

     I  Remarks on the Effects of War.—State of Athens.—Interference
          of Sparta with respect to the Fortifications of Athens.—
          Dexterous Conduct of Themistocles.—The New Harbour of the
          Piraeus.—Proposition of the Spartans in the Amphictyonic
          Council defeated by Themistocles.—Allied Fleet at Cyprus
          and Byzantium.—Pausanias.—Alteration in his Character.—
          His ambitious Views and Treason.—The Revolt of the Ionians
          from the Spartan Command.—Pausanias recalled.—Dorcis
          replaces him.—The Athenians rise to the Head of the Ionian
          League.—Delos made the Senate and Treasury of the Allies.—
          Able and prudent Management of Aristides.—Cimon succeeds
          To the Command of the Fleet.—Character of Cimon.—Eion
          besieged.—Scyros colonized by Atticans.—Supposed Discovery
          of the Bones of Theseus.—Declining Power of Themistocles.
          —Democratic Change in the Constitution.—Themistocles
          ostracised.—Death of Aristides.

    II  Popularity and Policy of Cimon.—Naxos revolts from the
          Ionian League.—Is besieged by Cimon.—Conspiracy and
          Fate of Pausanias.—Flight and Adventures of Themistocles.
          —His Death.

   III  Reduction of Naxos.—Actions off Cyprus.—Manners of
          Cimon.—Improvements in Athens.—Colony at the Nine Ways.
          —Siege of Thasos.—Earthquake in Sparta.—Revolt of Helots,
          Occupation of Ithome, and Third Messenian War.—Rise and
          Character of Pericles.—Prosecution and Acquittal of Cimon.
          —The Athenians assist the Spartans at Ithome.—Thasos
          Surrenders.—Breach between the Athenians and Spartans.—
          Constitutional Innovations at Athens.—Ostracism of Cimon.

    IV  War between Megara and Corinth.—Megara and Pegae garrisoned
          by Athenians.—Review of Affairs at the Persian Court.—
          Accession of Artaxerxes.—Revolt of Egypt under Inarus.—
          Athenian Expedition to assist Inarus.—Aegina besieged.—The
          Corinthians defeated.—Spartan Conspiracy with the Athenian
          Oligarchy.—Battle of Tanagra.—Campaign and Successes of
          Myronides.—Plot of the Oligarchy against the Republic.—
          Recall of Cimon.—Long Walls completed.—Aegina reduced.—
          Expedition under Tolmides.—Ithome surrenders.—The
          Insurgents are settled at Naupactus.—Disastrous Termination
          of the Egyptian Expedition.—The Athenians march into
          Thessaly to restore Orestes the Tagus.—Campaign under
          Pericles.—Truce of five Years with the Peloponnesians.—
          Cimon sets sail for Cyprus.—Pretended Treaty of Peace with
          Persia.—Death of Cimon.

     V  Change of Manners in Athens.—Begun under the Pisistratidae.—
          Effects of the Persian War, and the intimate Connexion with
          Ionia.—The Hetaerae.—The Political Eminence lately
          acquired by Athens.—The Transfer of the Treasury from Delos
          to Athens.—Latent Dangers and Evils.—First, the Artificial
          Greatness of Athens not supported by Natural Strength.—
          Secondly, her pernicious Reliance on Tribute.—Thirdly,
          Deterioration of National Spirit commenced by Cimon in the
          Use of Bribes and Public Tables.—Fourthly, Defects in
          Popular Courts of Law.—Progress of General Education.—
          History.—Its Ionian Origin.—Early Historians.—Acusilaus.
          —Cadmus.—Eugeon.—Hellanicus.—Pherecides.—Xanthus.—View
          of the Life and Writings of Herodotus.—Progress of
          Philosophy since Thales.—Philosophers of the Ionian and
          Eleatic Schools.—Pythagoras.—His Philosophical Tenets and
          Political Influence.—Effect of these Philosophers on
          Athens.—School of Political Philosophy continued in Athens
          from the Time of Solon.—Anaxagoras.—Archelaus.—Philosophy
          not a thing apart from the ordinary Life of the Athenians.
 BOOK V

  CHAPTER

     I  Thucydides chosen by the Aristocratic Party to oppose
          Pericles.—His Policy.—Munificence of Pericles.—Sacred
          War.—Battle of Coronea.—Revolt of Euboea and Megara—
          Invasion and Retreat of the Peloponnesians.—Reduction of
          Euboea.—Punishment of Histiaea.—A Thirty Years' Truce
          concluded with the Peloponnesians.—Ostracism of Thucydides.

    II  Causes of the Power of Pericles.—Judicial Courts of the
          dependant Allies transferred to Athens.—Sketch of the
          Athenian Revenues.—Public Buildings the Work of the People
          rather than of Pericles.—Vices and Greatness of Athens had
          the same Sources.—Principle of Payment characterizes the
          Policy of the Period.—It is the Policy of Civilization.—
          Colonization, Cleruchia.

   III  Revision of the Census.—Samian War.—Sketch of the Rise and
          Progress of the Athenian Comedy to the Time of Aristophanes.

    IV  The Tragedies of Sophocles.


CONTENTS

BOOK  I.
BOOK  II.
BOOK  III.
BOOK  IV.
BOOK  V.





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Athens: Its Rise and Fall, Complete
by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATHENS: ITS RISE AND FALL, ***

***** This file should be named 6156-h.htm or 6156-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.net/6/1/5/6156/

Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.