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#include <QtScript>To link against the module, add this line to your qmake.pro file:
QT += scriptThe QtScript module is part of the Qt Desktop Edition and the Qt Open Source Edition.
Existing users of Qt Script for Applications (QSA) may find the Moving from QSA to Qt Script document useful when porting QSA scripts to Qt Script. Custom properties can be made available to scripts by registering them with the script engine. This is most easily done by setting properties of the script engine's Global Object:Basic Usage
To evaluate script code, you create a QScriptEngine and call its evaluate() function, passing the script code (text) to evaluate as argument.
The following code example is written in c++.
QScriptEngine engine;
qDebug() << "the magic number is:" << engine.evaluate("1 + 2").toNumber();
The return value will be the result of the evaluation (represented as a QScriptValue object); this can be converted to standard C++ and Qt types.
The following code example is written in c++.
QScriptValue val(&engine, 123);
engine.globalObject().setProperty("foo", val);
qDebug() << "foo times two is:" << engine.evaluate("foo * 2").toNumber();
This places the properties in the script environment, thus making them available to script code.Making a QObject Available to the Script Engine
Any QObject-based instance can be made available for use with scripts.
When a QObject is passed to the QScriptEngine::newQObject() function, a Qt Script wrapper object is created that can be used to make the QObject's signals, slots, properties, and child objects available to scripts.
Here's an example of making an instance of a QObject subclass available to script code under the name "myObject":
The following code example is written in c++.
QScriptEngine engine; QObject *someObject = new MyObject; QScriptValue objectValue = engine.newQObject(someObject); engine.globalObject().setProperty("myObject", objectValue);This will create a global variable called myObject in the script environment. The variable serves as a proxy to the underlying C++ object. Note that the name of the script variable can be anything; i.e., it is not dependent upon QObject::objectName().
The newQObject() function accepts two additional optional arguments: one is the ownership mode, and the other is a collection of options that allow you to control certain aspects of how the QScriptValue that wraps the QObject should behave. We will come back to the usage of these arguments later.Using Signals and Slots
Qt Script adapts Qt's central Signals and Slots feature for scripting. There are three principal ways to use signals and slots with Qt Script:
QScriptEngine eng; QLineEdit *edit = new QLineEdit(...); QScriptValue handler = eng.evaluate("function(text) { print('text was changed to', text); }"); qScriptConnect(edit, SIGNAL(textChanged(const QString &)), QScriptValue(), handler);The first two arguments to qScriptConnect() are the same as you would pass to QObject::connect() to establish a normal C++ connection. The third argument is the script object that will act as the this object when the signal handler is invoked; in the above example we pass an invalid script value, so the this object will be the Global Object. The fourth argument is the script function ("slot") itself. The following example shows how the this argument can be put to use:
QLineEdit *edit1 = new QLineEdit(...); QLineEdit *edit2 = new QLineEdit(...); QScriptValue handler = eng.evaluate("function() { print('I am', this.name); }"); QScriptValue obj1 = eng.newObject(); obj1.setProperty("name", QScriptValue(&eng, "the walrus")); QScriptValue obj2 = eng.newObject(); obj2.setProperty("name", QScriptValue(&eng, "Sam")); qScriptConnect(edit1, SIGNAL(returnPressed()), obj1, handler); qScriptConnect(edit2, SIGNAL(returnPressed()), obj2, handler);We create two QLineEdit objects and define a single signal handler function. The connections use the same handler function, but the function will be invoked with a different this object depending on which object's signal was triggered, so the output of the print() statement will be different for each.
In script code, Qt Script uses a different syntax for connecting to and disconnecting from signals than the familiar C++ syntax; i.e., QObject::connect(). To connect to a signal, you reference the relevant signal as a property of the sender object, and invoke its connect() function. There are three overloads of connect(), each with a corresponding disconnect() overload. The following subsections describe these three forms. In this form of connection, the argument to connect() is the function to connect to the signal. Signal to Function Connections
connect(function)
function myInterestingScriptFunction() { ... }
...
myQObject.somethingChanged.connect(myInterestingScriptFunction);
The argument can be a Qt Script function, as in the above example, or it can be a QObject slot, as in the following example:
myQObject.somethingChanged.connect(myOtherQObject.doSomething);When the argument is a QObject slot, the argument types of the signal and slot do not necessarily have to be compatible; QtScript will, if necessary, perform conversion of the signal arguments to match the argument types of the slot.
To disconnect from a signal, you invoke the signal's disconnect() function, passing the function to disconnect as argument:
myQObject.somethingChanged.disconnect(myInterestingFunction); myQObject.somethingChanged.disconnect(myOtherQObject.doSomething);When a script function is invoked in response to a signal, the this object will be the Global Object.
In this form of the connect() function, the first argument is the object that will be bound to the variable, this, when the function specified using the second argument is invoked.
If you have a push button in a form, you typically want to do something involving the form in response to the button's clicked signal; passing the form as the this object makes sense in such a case.
var obj = { x: 123 }; var fun = function() { print(this.x); }; myQObject.somethingChanged.connect(obj, fun);To disconnect from the signal, pass the same arguments to disconnect():
myQObject.somethingChanged.disconnect(obj, fun);
In this form of the connect() function, the first argument is the object that will be bound to the variable, this, when a function is invoked in response to the signal. The second argument specifies the name of a function that is connected to the signal, and this refers to a member function of the object passed as the first argument (thisObject in the above scheme).
Note that the function is resolved when the connection is made, not when the signal is emitted.
var obj = { x: 123, fun: function() { print(this.x); } }; myQObject.somethingChanged.connect(obj, "fun");To disconnect from the signal, pass the same arguments to disconnect():
myQObject.somethingChanged.disconnect(obj, "fun");
try { myQObject.somethingChanged.connect(myQObject, "slotThatDoesntExist"); } catch (e) { print(e); }
myQObject.somethingChanged("hello");It is currently not possible to define a new signal in a script; i.e., all signals must be defined by C++ classes.
myQObject.myOverloadedSlot(10); // will call the int overload myQObject.myOverloadedSlot("10"); // will call the QString overloadYou can specify a particular overload by using array-style property access with the normalized signature of the C++ function as the property name:
myQObject['myOverloadedSlot(int)']("10"); // call int overload; the argument is converted to an int myQObject['myOverloadedSlot(QString)'](10); // call QString overload; the argument is converted to a stringIf the overloads have different number of arguments, QtScript will pick the overload with the argument count that best matches the actual number of arguments passed to the slot.
For overloaded signals, QtScript will connect to the most general overload, unless you refer to the signal with its full normalized signature.Accessing Properties
The properties of the QObject are available as properties of the corresponding QtScript object. When you manipulate a property in script code, the C++ get/set method for that property will automatically be invoked. For example, if your C++ class has a property declared as follows:
Q_PROPERTY(bool enabled READ enabled WRITE setEnabled)then script code can do things like the following:
myQObject.enabled = true; ... myQObject.enabled = !myQObject.enabled;
myDialog.okButtonSince objectName is itself a Q_PROPERTY, you can manipulate the name in script code to, for example, rename an object:
myDialog.okButton.objectName = "cancelButton"; // from now on, myDialog.cancelButton references the buttonYou can also use the functions findChild() and findChildren() to find children. These two functions behave identically to QObject::findChild() and QObject::findChildren(), respectively.
For example, we can use these functions to find objects using strings and regular expressions:
var okButton = myDialog.findChild("okButton"); if (okButton != null) { // do something with the OK button } var buttons = myDialog.findChildren(RegExp("button[0-9]+")); for (var i = 0; i < buttons.length; ++i) { // do something with buttons[i] }You typically want to use findChild() when manipulating a form that uses nested layouts; that way the script is isolated from the details about which particular layout a widget is located in.
Knowing how Qt Script deals with ownership is important, since it can help you avoid situations where a C++ object isn't deleted when it should be (causing memory leaks), or where a C++ object is deleted when it shouldn't be (typically causing a crash if C++ code later tries to access that object).Qt Ownership
By default, the script engine does not take ownership of the QObject that is passed to QScriptEngine::newQObject(); the object is managed according to Qt's object ownership (see Object Trees and Object Ownership). This mode is appropriate when, for example, you are wrapping C++ objects that are part of your application's core; that is, they should persist regardless of what happens in the scripting environment. Another way of stating this is that the C++ objects should outlive the script engine.Script Ownership
Specifying QScriptEngine::ScriptOwnership as the ownership mode will cause the script engine to take full ownership of the QObject and delete it when it determines that it is safe to do so (i.e., when there are no more references to it in script code). This ownership mode is appropriate if the QObject does not have a parent object, and/or the QObject is created in the context of the script engine and is not intended to outlive the script engine.
For example, a constructor function that constructs QObjects only to be used in the script environment is a good candidate:
QScriptValue myQObjectConstructor(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine) { // let the engine manage the new object's lifetime. return engine->newQObject(new MyQObject(), QScriptEngine::ScriptOwnership); }
Note that QScriptValue::isQObject() will still return true for a deleted QObject, since it tests the type of the script object, not whether the internal pointer is non-null. In other words, if QScriptValue::isQObject() returns true but QScriptValue::toQObject() returns a null pointer, this indicates that the QObject has been deleted outside of Qt Script (perhaps accidentally).Customizing Access to the QObject
QScriptEngine::newQObject() can take a third argument which allows you to control various aspects of the access to the QObject through the QtScript wrapper object it returns.
QScriptEngine::ExcludeChildObjects specifies that child objects of the QObject should not appear as properties of the wrapper object.
QScriptEngine::ExcludeSuperClassProperties and QScriptEngine::ExcludeSuperClassMethods can be used to avoid exposing members that are inherited from the QObject's superclass. This is useful for defining a "pure" interface where inherited members don't make sense from a scripting perspective; e.g., you don't want script authors to be able to change the objectName property of the object or invoke the deleteLater() slot.
QScriptEngine::AutoCreateDynamicProperties specifies that properties that don't already exist in the QObject should be created as dynamic properties of the QObject, rather than as properties of the QtScript wrapper object. If you want new properties to truly become persistent properties of the QObject, rather than properties that are destroyed along with the wrapper object (and that aren't shared if the QObject is wrapped multiple times with QScriptEngine::newQObject()), you should use this option.
QScriptEngine::SkipMethodsInEnumeration specifies that signals and slots should be skipped when enumerating the properties of the QObject wrapper in a for-in script statement. This is useful when defining prototype objects, since by convention function properties of prototypes should not be enumerable.Making a QObject-based Class New-able from a Script
The QScriptEngine::newQObject() function is used to wrap an existing QObject instance, so that it can be made available to scripts. A different scenario is that you want scripts to be able to construct new objects, not just access existing ones.
The Qt meta-type system currently does not provide dynamic binding of constructors for QObject-based classes. If you want to make such a class new-able from scripts, Qt Script can generate a reasonable script constructor for you; see QScriptEngine::scriptValueFromQMetaObject().
You can also use QScriptEngine::newFunction() to wrap your own factory function, and add it to the script environment; see QScriptEngine::newQMetaObject() for an example.Enum Values
Values for enums declared with Q_ENUMS are not available as properties of individual wrapper objects; rather, they are properties of the QMetaObject wrapper object that can be created with QScriptEngine::newQMetaObject().Conversion Between QtScript and C++ Types
QtScript will perform type conversion when a value needs to be converted from the script side to the C++ side or vice versa; for instance, when a C++ signal triggers a script function, when you access a QObject property in script code, or when you call QScriptEngine::toScriptValue() or QScriptEngine::fromScriptValue() in C++. QtScript provides default conversion operations for many of the built-in Qt types. You can change the conversion operation for a type (including your custom C++ types) by registering your own conversion functions with qScriptRegisterMetaType().Default Conversion from Qt Script to C++
The following table describes the default conversion from a QScriptValue to a C++ type.
bool | QScriptValue::toBoolean() |
int | QScriptValue::toInt32() |
uint | QScriptValue::toUInt32() |
float | float(QScriptValue::toNumber()) |
double | QScriptValue::toNumber() |
short | short(QScriptValue::toInt32()) |
ushort | QScriptValue::toUInt16() |
char | char(QScriptValue::toInt32()) |
uchar | unsigned char(QScriptValue::toInt32()) |
qlonglong | qlonglong(QScriptValue::toInteger()) |
qulonglong | qulonglong(QScriptValue::toInteger()) |
QString | QScriptValue::toString() |
QDateTime | QScriptValue::toDateTime() |
QDate | QScriptValue::toDateTime().date() |
QRegExp | QScriptValue::toRegExp() |
QObject* | QScriptValue::toQObject() |
QWidget* | QScriptValue::toQObject() |
QVariant | QScriptValue::toVariant() |
QChar | If the QScriptValue is a string, the result is the first character of the string, or a null QChar if the string is empty; otherwise, the result is a QChar constructed from the unicode obtained by converting the QScriptValue to a ushort. |
QStringList | If the QScriptValue is an array, the result is a QStringList constructed from the result of QScriptValue::toString() for each array element; otherwise, the result is an empty QStringList. |
QVariantList | If the QScriptValue is an array, the result is a QVariantList constructed from the result of QScriptValue::toVariant() for each array element; otherwise, the result is an empty QVariantList. |
QVariantMap | If the QScriptValue is an object, the result is a QVariantMap with a (key, value) pair of the form (propertyName, propertyValue.toVariant()) for each property, using QScriptValueIterator to iterate over the object's properties. |
QObjectList | If the QScriptValue is an array, the result is a QObjectList constructed from the result of QScriptValue::toQObject() for each array element; otherwise, the result is an empty QObjectList. |
QList<int> | If the QScriptValue is an array, the result is a QList<int> constructed from the result of QScriptValue::toInt32() for each array element; otherwise, the result is an empty QList<int>. |
void | QScriptEngine::undefinedValue() |
bool | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
int | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
uint | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
float | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
double | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
short | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
ushort | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
char | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
uchar | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
QString | QScriptValue(engine, value) |
qlonglong | QScriptValue(engine, qsreal(value)). Note that the conversion may lead to loss of precision, since not all 64-bit integers can be represented using the qsreal type. |
qulonglong | QScriptValue(engine, qsreal(value)). Note that the conversion may lead to loss of precision, since not all 64-bit unsigned integers can be represented using the qsreal type. |
QChar | QScriptValue(this, value.unicode()) |
QDateTime | QScriptEngine::newDate(value) |
QDate | QScriptEngine::newDate(value) |
QRegExp | QScriptEngine::newRegExp(value) |
QObject* | QScriptEngine::newQObject(value) |
QWidget* | QScriptEngine::newQObject(value) |
QVariant | QScriptEngine::newVariant(value) |
QStringList | A new script array (created with QScriptEngine::newArray()), whose elements are created using the QScriptValue(QScriptEngine *, QString) constructor for each element of the list. |
QVariantList | A new script array (created with QScriptEngine::newArray()), whose elements are created using QScriptEngine::newVariant() for each element of the list. |
QVariantMap | A new script object (created with QScriptEngine::newObject()), whose properties are initialized according to the (key, value) pairs of the map. |
QObjectList | A new script array (created with QScriptEngine::newArray()), whose elements are created using QScriptEngine::newQObject() for each element of the list. |
QList<int> | A new script array (created with QScriptEngine::newArray()), whose elements are created using the QScriptValue(QScriptEngine *, int) constructor for each element of the list. |
We can achieve the functionality we want by extending C++, using C++'s own facilities so our code is still standard C++. The Qt meta-object system provides the necessary additional functionality. It allows us to write using an extended C++ syntax, but converts this into standard C++ using a small utility program called moc (Meta-Object Compiler). Classes that wish to take advantage of the meta-object facilities are either subclasses of QObject, or use the Q_OBJECT macro. Qt has used this approach for many years and it has proven to be solid and reliable. QtScript uses this meta-object technology to provide scripters with dynamic access to C++ classes and objects.
To completely understand how to make C++ objects available to Qt Script, some basic knowledge of the Qt meta-object system is very helpful. We recommend that you read the Qt Object Model. The information in this document and the documents it links to are very useful for understanding how to implement application objects.
However, this knowledge is not essential in the simplest cases. To make an object available in QtScript, it must derive from QObject. All classes which derive from QObject can be introspected and can provide the information needed by the scripting engine at run-time; e.g., class name, functions, signatures. Because we obtain the information we need about classes dynamically at run-time, there is no need to write wrappers for QObject derived classes.Making C++ Class Member Functions Available in QtScript
The meta-object system also makes information about signals and slots dynamically available at run-time. By default, for QObject subclasses, only the signals and slots are automatically made available to scripts. This is very convenient because, in practice, we normally only want to make specially chosen functions available to scripters. When you create a QObject subclass, make sure that the functions you want to expose to QtScript are public slots.
For example, the following class definition enables scripting only for certain functions:
class MyObject : public QObject { Q_OBJECT public: MyObject( ... ); void aNonScriptableFunction(); public slots: // these functions (slots) will be available in QtScript void calculate( ... ); void setEnabled( bool enabled ); bool isEnabled() const; private: .... };In the example above, aNonScriptableFunction() is not declared as a slot, so it will not be available in QtScript. The other three functions will automatically be made available in QtScript because they are declared in the public slots section of the class definition.
It is possible to make any function script-invokable by specifying the Q_INVOKABLE modifier when declaring the function:
class MyObject : public QObject { Q_OBJECT public: Q_INVOKABLE void thisMethodIsInvokableInQtScript(); void thisMethodIsNotInvokableInQtScript(); ... };Once declared with Q_INVOKABLE, the method can be invoked from QtScript code just as if it were a slot. Although such a method is not a slot, you can still specify it as the target function in a call to connect() in script code; connect() accepts both native and non-native functions as targets.
var obj = new MyObject; obj.setEnabled( true ); print( "obj is enabled: " + obj.isEnabled() );Scripting languages often provide a property syntax to modify and retrieve properties (in our case the enabled state) of an object. Many script programmers would want to write the above code like this:
var obj = new MyObject; obj.enabled = true; print( "obj is enabled: " + obj.enabled );To make this possible, you must define properties in the C++ QObject subclass. For example, the following MyObject class declaration declares a boolean property called enabled, which uses the function setEnabled(bool) as its setter function and isEnabled() as its getter function:
class MyObject : public QObject { Q_OBJECT // define the enabled property Q_PROPERTY( bool enabled WRITE setEnabled READ isEnabled ) public: MyObject( ... ); void aNonScriptableFunction(); public slots: // these functions (slots) will be available in QtScript void calculate( ... ); void setEnabled( bool enabled ); bool isEnabled() const; private: .... };The only difference from the original code is the use of the macro Q_PROPERTY, which takes the type and name of the property, and the names of the setter and getter functions as arguments.
If you don't want a property of your class to be accessible in QtScript, you set the SCRIPTABLE attribute to false when declaring the property; by default, the SCRIPTABLE attribute is true. For example:
Q_PROPERTY(int nonScriptableProperty READ foo WRITE bar SCRIPTABLE false)
The signals and slots mechanism is also available to QtScript programmers. The code to declare a signal in C++ is the same, regardless of whether the signal will be connected to a slot in C++ or in QtScript.
class MyObject : public QObject { Q_OBJECT // define the enabled property Q_PROPERTY( bool enabled WRITE setEnabled READ isEnabled ) public: MyObject( ... ); void aNonScriptableFunction(); public slots: // these functions (slots) will be available in QtScript void calculate( ... ); void setEnabled( bool enabled ); bool isEnabled() const; signals: // the signals void enabledChanged( bool newState ); private: .... };The only change we have made to the code in the previous section is to declare a signals section with the relevant signal. Now, the script writer can define a function and connect to the object like this:
function enabledChangedHandler( b ) { print( "state changed to: " + b ); } function init() { var obj = new MyObject(); // connect a script function to the signal obj["enabledChanged(bool)"].connect(enabledChangedHandler); obj.enabled = true; print( "obj is enabled: " + obj.enabled ); }
Generally, the best way of making application functionality available to scripters is to code some QObjects which define the applications public API using signals, slots, and properties. This gives you complete control of the functionality made available by the application. The implementations of these objects simply call the functions in the application which do the real work. So, instead of making all your QObjects available to the scripting engine, just add the wrapper QObjects.Returning QObject Pointers
If you have a slot that returns a QObject pointer, you should note that, by default, Qt Script only handles conversion of the types QObject* and QWidget*. This means that if your slot is declared with a signature like "MyObject* getMyObject()", QtScript doesn't automatically know that MyObject* should be handled in the same way as QObject* and QWidget*. The simplest way to solve this is to only use QObject* and QWidget* in the method signatures of your scripting interface.
Alternatively, you can register conversion functions for your custom type with the qScriptRegisterMetaType() function. In this way, you can preserve the precise typing in your C++ declarations, while still allowing pointers to your custom objects to flow seamlessly between C++ and scripts. Example:
class MyObject : public QObject { Q_OBJECT ... }; Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(MyObject*) QScriptValue myObjectToScriptValue(QScriptEngine *engine, MyObject* const &in) { return engine->newQObject(in); } void myObjectFromScriptValue(const QScriptValue &object, MyObject* &out) { out = qobject_cast<MyObject*>(object.toQObject()); } ... qScriptRegisterMetaType(&engine, myObjectToScriptValue, myObjectFromScriptValue);
var getProperty = function(name) { return this[name]; }; name = "Global Object"; // creates a global variable print(getProperty("name")); // "Global Object" var myObject = { name: 'My Object' }; print(getProperty.call(myObject, "name")); // "My Object" myObject.getProperty = getProperty; print(myObject.getProperty("name")); // "My Object" getProperty.name = "The getProperty() function"; getProperty.getProperty = getProperty; getProperty.getProperty("name"); // "The getProperty() function"An import thing to note is that in Qt Script, unlike C++ and Java, the this object is not part of the execution scope. This means that member functions (i.e., functions that operate on this) must always use the this keyword to access the object's properties. For example, the following script probably doesn't do what you want:
var o = { a: 1, b: 2, sum: function() { return a + b; } }; print(o.sum()); // reference error, or sum of global variables a and b!!You will get a reference error saying that 'a is not defined' or, worse, two totally unrelated global variables a and b will be used to perform the computation, if they exist. Instead, the script should look like this:
var o = { a: 1, b: 2, sum: function() { return this.a + this.b; } }; print(o.sum()); // 3Accidentally omitting the this keyword is a typical source of error for programmers who are used to the scoping rules of C++ and Java.
QScriptValue getProperty(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng) { QString name = ctx->argument(0).toString(); return ctx->thisObject().property(name); }Call QScriptEngine::newFunction() to wrap the function. This will produce a special type of function object that carries a pointer to the C++ function internally. Once the resulting wrapper has been added to the scripting environment (e.g., by setting it as a property of the Global Object), scripts can call the function without having to know nor care that it is, in fact, a native function.
Note that the name of the C++ function doesn't matter in the scripting sense; the name by which the function is invoked by scripts depends only on what you call the script object property in which you store the function wrapper.
It is currently not possible to wrap member functions; i.e., methods of a C++ class that require a this object. As it is, the native implementation of add() shown above doesn't have the exact same semantics as the script counterpart; this is because the behavior of the Qt Script + operator depends on the types of its operands (for example, if one of the operands is a string, string concatenation is performed). To give the script function stricter semantics (namely, that it should only add numeric operands), the argument types can be tested: The C++ version can call QScriptValue::isNumber() to perform similar tests: To check if an argument is of a certain object type (class), scripts can use the instanceof operator (e.g., "arguments[0] instanceof Array" evaluates to true if the first argument is an Array object); native functions can call QScriptValue::instanceOf(). To check if an argument is of a custom C++ type, you typically use qscriptvalue_cast() and check if the result is valid. For object types, this means casting to a pointer and checking if it is non-zero; for value types, the class should have an isNull(), isValid() or similar method. Alternatively, since most custom types are transported in QVariants, you can check if the script value is a QVariant using QScriptValue::isVariant(), and then check if the QVariant can be converted to your type using QVariant::canConvert(). A native Qt Script function can call the QScriptContext::isCalledAsConstructor() function to determine if it is being called as a constructor or as a regular function. When a function is called as a constructor (i.e., it is the operand in a new expression), this has two important implications: The following example implements a constructor function that always creates and initializes a new object: There is no equivalent way for a function defined in script code to determine whether or not it was invoked as a constructor. Note that, even though it is not considered good practice, there is nothing that stops you from choosing to ignore the default constructed (this) object when your function is called as a constructor and creating your own object anyway; simply have the constructor return that object. The object will "override" the default object that the engine constructed (i.e., the default object will simply be discarded internally). In the case where a static C++ variable or singleton class is not appropriate, you can call QScriptValue::setProperty() on the function object, but be aware that those properties will also be accessible to script code. The alternative is to use QScriptValue::setData(); this data is not script-accessible. The implementation can access this internal data through the QScriptContext::callee() function, which returns the function object being invoked. The following example shows how this might be used: For C++ code, there are two principal applications of the activation object: A nested function can be used to "capture" the execution context in which a nested function object is created. When, at some later time, the nested function is invoked, it can access the variables that were created when the enclosing function was invoked. This can perhaps best be illustrated through a small example: A single Qt Script function can act as both getter and setter for a property. When it is called as a getter, the argument count is 0. When it is called as a setter, the argument count is 1; the argument is the new value of the property. In the following example, we define a native combined getter/setter that transforms the value slightly: The following C++ code shows how an object property can be defined in terms of the native getter/setter: You can remove a property getter/setter by calling QScriptValue::setProperty(), passing an invalid QScriptValue as the getter/setter. Remember to specify the QScriptValue::PropertyGetter/QScriptValue::PropertySetter flag(s), otherwise the only thing that will happen is that the setter will be invoked with an invalid QScriptValue as its argument! Property getters and setters can be defined and installed by script code as well, as in the following example: You might be wondering when exactly you would need to use this functionality in your application; isn't the automatic binding provided by QScriptEngine::newQObject() enough? No, not under all circumstances. Firstly, not every C++ type is derived from QObject; types that are not QObjects cannot be introspected through Qt's meta-object system (they do not have properties, signals and slots). Secondly, even if a type is QObject-derived, the functionality you want to expose to scripts might not all be available, since it is unusual to define every function to be a slot (and it's not always possible/desirable to change the C++ API to make it so). It is perfectly possible to solve this problem by using "conventional" C++ techniques. For instance, the QRect class could effectively be made scriptable by creating a QObject-based C++ wrapper class with x, y, width properties and so on, which forwarded property access and function calls to the wrapped value. However, as we shall see, by taking advantage of the ECMAScript object model and combining it with Qt's meta-object system, we can arrive at a solution that is more elegant, consistent and lightweight, supported by a small API. This section explains the underlying concepts of prototype-based inheritance. Once these concepts are understood, the associated practices can be applied throughout the QtScript API in order to create well-behaved, consistent bindings to C++ that will fit nicely into the ECMAScript universe. When experimenting with QtScript objects and inheritance, it can be helpful to use the interactive interpreter included with the Qt Script examples, located in examples/script/qscript. The basic prototype-based inheritance mechanism works as follows: Each QtScript object has an internal link to another object, its prototype. When a property is looked up in an object, and the object itself does not have the property, the property is looked up in the prototype object instead; if the prototype has the property, then that property is returned. Otherwise, the property is looked up in the prototype of the prototype object, and so on; this chain of objects constitutes a prototype chain. The chain of prototype objects is followed until the property is found or the end of the chain is reached. For example, when you create a new object by the expression new Object(), the resulting object will have as its prototype the standard Object prototype, Object.prototype; through this prototype relation, the new object inherits a set of properties, including the hasOwnProperty() function and toString() function: Note that the properties of the prototype object are not copied to the new object; only a link from the new object to the prototype object is maintained. This means that changes done to the prototype object will immediately be reflected in the behavior of all objects that have the modified object as their prototype. Functions that don't operate on the this object ("static" methods) are typically stored as properties of the constructor function, not as properties of the prototype object. The same is true for constants, such as enum values. The following code defines a simple constructor function for a class called Person: Here's an example of how you might want to override the toString() function that Person.prototype inherits from Object.prototype, to give your Person objects a more appropriate string representation: When defining subclasses, there's a general pattern you can use. The following example shows how one can create a subclass of Person called Employee: The QScriptable class provides a convenient way to implement a prototype object in terms of C++ slots and properties. Take a look at the Default Prototypes Example to see how this is done. Alternatively, the prototype functionality can be implemented in terms of standalone native functions that you wrap with QScriptEngine::newFunction() and set as properties of your prototype object by calling QScriptValue::setProperty(). In the implementation of your prototype functions, you use QScriptable::thisObject() (or QScriptContext::thisObject()) to obtain a reference to the QScriptValue being operated upon; then you call qscriptvalue_cast() to cast it to your C++ type, and perform the relevant operations using the usual C++ API for the type. You associate a prototype object with a C++ type by calling QScriptEngine::setDefaultPrototype(). Once this mapping is established, QtScript will automatically assign the correct prototype when a value of such a type is wrapped in a QScriptValue; either when you explicitly call QScriptEngine::toScriptValue(), or when a value of such a type is returned from a C++ slot and internally passed back to script code by the engine. This means you don't have to implement wrapper classes if you use this approach. As an example, let's consider how the Person class from the preceding section can be implemented in terms of the Qt Script API. We begin with the native constructor function: The QScriptContext Object
A QScriptContext holds all the state associated with a particular invocation of your function. Through the QScriptContext, you can:
The following sections explain how to make use of this functionality.Processing Function Arguments
Two things are worth noting about function arguments:
In summary: Qt Script does not automatically enforce any constraints on the number or type of arguments involved in a function call.Formal Parameters and the Arguments Object
A native Qt Script function is analogous to a script function that defines no formal parameters and only uses the built-in arguments variable to process its arguments. To see this, let's first consider how a script would normally define an add() function that takes two arguments, adds them together and returns the result:
function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
When a script function is defined with formal parameters, their names can be viewed as mere aliases of properties of the arguments object; for example, in the add(a, b) definition's function body, a and arguments[0] refer to the same variable. This means that the add() function can equivalently be written like this:
function add() {
return arguments[0] + arguments[1];
}
This latter form closely matches what a native implementation typically looks like:
QScriptValue add(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
double a = ctx->argument(0).toNumber();
double b = ctx->argument(1).toNumber();
return QScriptValue(eng, a + b);
}
Checking the Number of Arguments
Again, remember that the presence (or lack) of formal parameter names in a function definition does not affect how the function may be invoked; add(1, 2, 3) is allowed by the engine, as is add(42). In the case of the add() function, the function really needs two arguments in order to do something useful. This can be expressed by the script definition as follows:
function add() {
if (arguments.length != 2)
throw Error("add() takes exactly two arguments");
return arguments[0] + arguments[1];
}
This would result in an error being thrown if a script invokes add() with anything other than two arguments. The native function can be modified to perform the same check:
QScriptValue add(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
if (ctx->argumentCount() != 2)
return ctx->throwError("add() takes exactly two arguments");
double a = ctx->argument(0).toNumber();
double b = ctx->argument(1).toNumber();
return QScriptValue(eng, a + b);
}
Checking the Types of Arguments
In addition to expecting a certain number of arguments, a function might expect that those arguments are of certain types (e.g., that the first argument is a number and that the second is a string). Such a function should explicitly check the type of arguments and/or perform a conversion, or throw an error if the type of an argument is incompatible.
function add() {
if (arguments.length != 2)
throw Error("add() takes exactly two arguments");
if (typeof arguments[0] != "number")
throw TypeError("add(): first argument is not a number");
if (typeof arguments[1] != "number")
throw TypeError("add(): second argument is not a number");
return arguments[0] + arguments[1];
}
Then an invocation like add("foo", new Array()) will cause an error to be thrown.
QScriptValue add(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
if (ctx->argumentCount() != 2)
return ctx->throwError("add() takes exactly two arguments");
if (!ctx->argument(0).isNumber())
return ctx->throwError(QScriptContext::TypeError, "add(): first argument is not a number");
if (!ctx->argument(1).isNumber())
return ctx->throwError(QScriptContext::TypeError, "add(): second argument is not a number");
double a = ctx->argument(0).toNumber();
double b = ctx->argument(1).toNumber();
return QScriptValue(eng, a + b);
}
A less strict script implementation might settle for performing an explicit to-number conversion before applying the + operator:
function add() {
if (arguments.length != 2)
throw Error("add() takes exactly two arguments");
return Number(arguments[0]) + Number(arguments[1]);
}
In a native implementation, this is equivalent to calling QScriptValue::toNumber() without performing any type test first, since QScriptValue::toNumber() will automatically perform a type conversion if necessary. Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
Because of the presence of the built-in arguments object, implementing functions that take a variable number of arguments is simple. In fact, as we have seen, in the technical sense all Qt Script functions can be seen as variable-argument functions). As an example, consider a concat() function that takes an arbitrary number of arguments, converts the arguments to their string representation and concatenates the results; for example, concat("Qt", " ", "Script ", 101) would return "Qt Script 101". A script definition of concat() might look like this:
function concat() {
var result = "";
for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i)
result += String(arguments[i]);
return result;
}
Here is an equivalent native implementation:
QScriptValue concat(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QString result = "";
for (int i = 0; i < ctx->argumentCount(); ++i)
result += ctx->argument(i).toString();
return QScriptValue(eng, result);
}
A second use case for a variable number of arguments is to implement optional arguments. Here's how a script definition typically does it:
function sort(comparefn) {
if (comparefn == undefined)
comparefn = the built-in comparison function ;
else if (typeof comparefn != "function")
throw TypeError("sort(): argument must be a function");
...
}
And here's the native equivalent:
QScriptValue sort(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue comparefn = ctx->argument(0);
if (comparefn.isUndefined())
comparefn = the built-in comparison function ;
else if (!comparefn.isFunction())
return ctx->throwError(QScriptContext::TypeError, "sort(): argument is not a function");
...
}
A third use case for a variable number of arguments is to simulate C++ overloads. This involves checking the number of arguments and/or their type at the beginning of the function body (as already shown), and acting accordingly. It might be worth thinking twice before doing this, and instead favor unique function names; e.g., having separate processNumber(number) and processString(string) functions rather than a generic process(anything) function. On the caller side, this makes it harder for scripts to accidentally call the wrong overload (since they don't know or don't comprehend your custom sophisticated overloading resolution rules), and on the caller side, you avoid the need for potentially complex (read: error-prone) checks to resolve ambiguity.Accessing the Arguments Object
Most native functions use the QScriptContext::argument() function to access function arguments. However, it is also possible to access the built-in arguments object itself (the one referred to by the arguments variable in script code), by calling the QScriptContext::argumentsObject() function. This has three principal applications:
function foo() {
// Let bar() take care of this.
print("calling bar() with " + arguments.length + "arguments");
var result = return bar.apply(this, arguments);
print("bar() returned" + result);
return result;
}
For example, foo(10, 20, 30) would result in the foo() function executing the equivalent of bar(10, 20, 30). This is useful if you want to perform some special pre- or post-processing when calling a function (e.g., to log the call to bar() without having to modify the bar() function itself, like the above example), or if you want to call a "base implementation" from a prototype function that has the exact same "signature". In C++, the forwarding function might look like this:
QScriptValue foo(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue bar = eng->globalObject().property("bar");
QScriptValue arguments = ctx->argumentsObject();
qDebug() << "calling bar() with" << arguments.property("length").toInt32() << "arguments";
QScriptValue result = bar.apply(ctx->thisObject(), arguments);
qDebug() << "bar() returned" << result.toString();
return result;
}
Constructor Functions
Some script functions are constructors; they are expected to initialize new objects. The following snippet is a small example:
function Book(isbn) {
this.isbn = isbn;
}
var coolBook1 = new Book("978-0131872493");
var coolBook2 = new Book("978-1593271473");
There is nothing special about constructor functions. In fact, any script function can act as a constructor function (i.e., any function can serve as the operand to new). Some functions behave differently depending on whether they are called as part of a new expression or not; for example, the expression new Number(1) will create a Number object, whereas Number("123") will perform a type conversion. Other functions, like Array(), will always create and initialize a new object (e.g., new Array() and Array() have the same effect).
When QScriptContext::isCalledAsConstructor() returns false, how your constructor handles this case depends on what behavior you desire. If, like the built-in Number() function, a plain function call should perform a type conversion of its argument, then you perform the conversion and return the result. If, on the other hand, you want your constructor to behave as if it was called as a constructor (with new), you have to explicitly create a new object (that is, ignore the this object), initialize that object, and return it.
QScriptValue Person_ctor(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue object;
if (ctx->isCalledAsConstructor()) {
object = ctx->thisObject();
} else {
object = eng->newObject();
object.setPrototype(ctx->callee().property("prototype"));
}
object.setProperty("name", ctx->argument(0));
return object;
}
Given this constructor, scripts would be able to use either the expression new Person("Bob") or Person("Bob") to create a new Person object; both behave in the same way. Associating Data with a Function
Even if a function is global — i.e., not associated with any particular (type of) object — you might still want to associate some data with it, so that it becomes self-contained; for example, the function could have a pointer to some C++ resource that it needs to access. If your application only uses a single script engine, or the same C++ resource can/should be shared among all script engines, you can simply use a static C++ variable and access it from within the native Qt Script function.
QScriptValue rectifier(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QRectF magicRect = qscriptvalue_cast<QRectF>(ctx->callee().data());
QRectF sourceRect = qscriptvalue_cast<QRectF>(ctx->argument(0));
return eng->toScriptValue(sourceRect.intersected(magicRect));
}
...
QScriptValue fun = eng.newFunction(rectifier);
QRectF magicRect = QRectF(10, 20, 30, 40);
fun.setData(eng.toScriptValue(magicRect));
eng.globalObject().setProperty("rectifier", fun);
Native Functions as Arguments to Functions
As previously mentioned, a function object can be passed as argument to another function; this is also true for native functions, naturally. As an example, here's a native comparison function that compares its two arguments numerically:
QScriptValue myCompare(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
double first = ctx->argument(0).toNumber();
double second = ctx->argument(1).toNumber();
int result;
if (first == second)
result = 0;
else if (first < second)
result = -1;
else
result = 1;
return QScriptValue(eng, result);
}
The above function can be passed as argument to the standard Array.prototype.sort function to sort an array numerically, as the following C++ code illustrates:
QScriptEngine eng;
QScriptValue comparefn = eng.newFunction(myCompare);
QScriptValue array = eng.evaluate("new Array(10, 5, 20, 15, 30)");
array.property("sort").call(array, QScriptValueList() << comparefn);
// prints "5,10,15,20,30"
qDebug() << array.toString();
Note that, in this case, we are truly treating the native function object as a value — i.e., we don't store it as a property of the scripting environment — we simply pass it on as an "anonymous" argument to another script function and then forget about it.The Activation Object
Every Qt Script function invocation has an activation object associated with it; this object is accessible through the QScriptContext::activationObject() function. The activation object is a script object whose properties are the local variables associated with the invocation (including the arguments for which the script function has a corresponding formal parameter name). Thus, getting, modifying, creating and deleting local variables from C++ is done using the regular QScriptValue::property() and QScriptValue::setProperty() functions. The activation object itself is not directly accessible from script code (but it is implicitly accessed whenever a local variable is read from or written to).
QScriptContext *ctx = eng.pushContext();
QScriptValue act = ctx->activationObject();
act.setProperty("digit", QScriptValue(&eng, 7));
qDebug() << eng.evaluate("digit + 1").toNumber(); // 8
eng.popContext();
We create a temporary execution context, create a local variable for it, evaluate the script, and finally restore the old context.Nested Functions and the Scope Chain
This is an advanced topic; feel free to skip it.
function counter() {
var count = 0;
return function() {
return count++;
}
}
The counter() function initializes a local variable to zero, and returns a nested function. The nested function increments the "outer" variable and returns its new value. The variable persists over function calls, as shown in the following example:
var c1 = counter(); // create a new counter function
var c2 = counter(); // create a new counter function
print(c1()); // 0
print(c1()); // 1
print(c2()); // 0
print(c2()); // 1
The counter() function can be implemented as a native function, too — or rather, as a pair of native functions: One for the outer and one for the inner. The definition of the outer function is as follows:
QScriptValue counter(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue act = ctx->activationObject();
act.setProperty("count", QScriptValue(eng, 0));
QScriptValue result = eng->newFunction(counter_inner);
result.setScope(act);
return result;
}
The function creates a local variable and initializes it to zero. Then it wraps the inner native function, and sets the scope of the resulting function object to be the activation object associated with this (the outer) function call. The inner function accesses the "outer" activation through the scope of the callee:
QScriptValue counter_inner(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue outerAct = ctx->callee().scope();
double count = outerAct.property("count").toNumber();
outerAct.setProperty("count", QScriptValue(eng, count+1));
return QScriptValue(eng, count);
}
It is also possible to have a hybrid approach, where the outer function is a native function and the inner function is defined by a script:
QScriptValue counter_hybrid(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue act = ctx->activationObject();
act.setProperty("count", QScriptValue(eng, 0));
return eng->evaluate("function() { return count++; }");
}
Property Getters and Setters
A script object property can be defined in terms of a getter/setter function, similar to how a Qt C++ property has read and write functions associated with it. This makes it possible for a script to use expressions like object.x instead of object.getX(); the getter/setter function for x will implicitly be invoked whenever the property is accessed. To scripts, the property looks and behaves just like a regular object property.
QScriptValue getSet(QScriptContext *ctx, QScriptEngine *eng)
{
QScriptValue obj = ctx->thisObject();
QScriptValue data = obj.data();
if (!data.isValid()) {
data = eng->newObject();
obj.setData(data);
}
QScriptValue result;
if (ctx->argumentCount() == 1) {
QString str = ctx->argument(0).toString();
str.replace("Roberta", "Ken");
result = QScriptValue(eng, str);
data.setProperty("x", result);
} else {
result = data.property("x");
}
return result;
}
The example uses the internal data of the object to store and retrieve the transformed value. Alternatively, the property could be stored in another, "hidden" property of the object itself (e.g., __x__). A native function is free to implement whatever storage scheme it wants, as long as the external behavior of the property itself is consistent (e.g., that scripts should not be able to distinguish it from a regular property).
QScriptEngine eng;
QScriptValue obj = eng.newObject();
obj.setProperty("x", eng.newFunction(getSet),
QScriptValue::PropertyGetter|QScriptValue::PropertySetter);
When the property is accessed, like in the following script, the getter/setter does its job behind the scenes:
obj.x = "Roberta sent me";
print(obj.x); // "Ken sent me"
obj.x = "I sent the bill to Roberta";
print(obj.x); // "I sent the bill to Ken"
Note: It is important that the setter function, not just the getter, returns the value of the property; i.e., the setter should not return QScriptValue::UndefinedValue. This is because the result of the property assignment is the value returned by the setter, and not the right-hand side expression. Also note that you normally should not attempt to read the same property that the getter modifies within the getter itself, since this will cause the getter to be called recursively.
obj = {};
obj.__defineGetter__("x", function() { return this._x; });
obj.__defineSetter__("x", function(v) { print("setting x to", v); this._x = v; });
obj.x = 123;
Getters and setters can only be used to implement "a priori properties"; i.e., the technique can't be used to react to an access to a property that the object doesn't already have. To gain total control of property access in this way, you need to subclass QScriptClass.Making Use of Prototype-Based Inheritance
In ECMAScript, inheritance is based on the concept of shared prototype objects; this is quite different from the class-based inheritance familiar to C++ programmers. With QtScript, you can associate a custom prototype object with a C++ type using QScriptEngine::setDefaultPrototype(); this is the key to providing a script interface to that type. Since the QtScript module is built on top of Qt's meta-type system, this can be done for any C++ type. Prototype Objects and Shared Properties
The purpose of a QtScriptprototype object is to define behavior that should be shared by a set of other QtScript objects. We say that objects which share the same prototype object belong to the same class (again, on the technical side this should not to be confused with the class constructs of languages like C++ and Java; ECMAScript has no such construct).
var o = new Object();
o.foo = 123;
print(o.hasOwnProperty('foo')); // true
print(o.hasOwnProperty('bar')); // false
print(o); // calls o.toString(), which returns "[object Object]"
The toString() function itself is not defined in o (since we did not assign anything to o.toString), so instead the toString() function in the standard Object prototype is called, which returns a highly generic string representation of o ("[object Object]"). Defining Classes in a Prototype-Based Universe
In QtScript, a class is not defined explicitly; there is no class keyword. Instead, you define a new class in two steps:
With this arrangement, the constructor's public prototype property will automatically be set as the prototype of objects created by applying the new operator to your constructor function; e.g., the prototype of an object created by new Foo() will be the value of Foo.prototype.
function Person(name)
{
this.name = name;
}
Next, you want to set up Person.prototype as your prototype object; i.e., define the interface that should be common to all Person objects. QtScript automatically creates a default prototype object (by the expression new Object()) for every script function; you can add properties to this object, or you can assign your own custom object. (Generally speaking, any QtScript object can act as prototype for any other object.)
Person.prototype.toString = function() { return "Person(name: " + this.name + ")"; }
This resembles the process of reimplementing a virtual function in C++. Henceforth, when the property named toString is looked up in a Person object, it will be resolved in Person.prototype, not in Object.prototype as before:
var p1 = new Person("John Doe");
var p2 = new Person("G.I. Jane");
print(p1); // "Person(name: John Doe)"
print(p2); // "Person(name: G.I. Jane)"
There are also some other interesting things we can learn about a Person object:
print(p1.hasOwnProperty('name')); // 'name' is an instance variable, so this returns true
print(p1.hasOwnProperty('toString')); // returns false; inherited from prototype
print(p1 instanceof Person); // true
print(p1 instanceof Object); // true
The hasOwnProperty() function is not inherited from Person.prototype, but rather from Object.prototype, which is the prototype of Person.prototype itself; i.e., the prototype chain of Person objects is Person.prototype followed by Object.prototype. This prototype chain establishes a class hierarchy, as demonstrated by applying the instanceof operator; instanceof checks if the value of the public prototype property of the constructor function on the right-hand side is reached by following the prototype chain of the object on the left-hand side.
function Employee(name, salary)
{
Person.call(this, name); // call base constructor
this.salary = salary;
}
// set the prototype to be an instance of the base class
Employee.prototype = new Person();
// initialize prototype
Employee.prototype.toString = function() { ... }
Again, you can use the instanceof to verify that the class relationship between Employee and Person has been correctly established:
var e = new Employee("Johnny Bravo", 5000000);
print(e instanceof Employee); // true
print(e instanceof Person); // true
print(e instanceof Object); // true
print(e instanceof Array); // false
This shows that the prototype chain of Employee objects is the same as that of Person objects, but with Employee.prototype added to the front of the chain.Prototype-Based Programming with the QtScript C++ API
You can use QScriptEngine::newFunction() to wrap native functions. When implementing a constructor function, you also pass the prototype object as an argument to QScriptEngine::newFunction(). You can call QScriptValue::construct() to call a constructor function, and you can use QScriptValue::call() from within a native constructor function if you need to call a base class constructor.
QScriptValue Person_ctor(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine)
{
QString name = context->argument(0).toString();
context->thisObject().setProperty("name", QScriptValue(engine, name));
return engine->undefinedValue();
}
Here's the native equivalent of the Person.prototype.toString function we saw before:
QScriptValue Person_prototype_toString(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine)
{
QString name = context->thisObject().property("name").toString();
QString result = QString::fromLatin1("Person(name: %0)").arg(name);
return QScriptValue(engine, result);
}
The Person class can then be initialized as follows:
QScriptEngine engine;
QScriptValue ctor = engine.newFunction(Person_ctor);
ctor.property("prototype").setProperty("toString", engine.newFunction(Person_prototype_toString));
QScriptValue global = engine.globalObject();
global.setProperty("Person", ctor);
The implementation of the Employee subclass is similar. We use QScriptValue::call() to call the super-class (Person) constructor:
QScriptValue Employee_ctor(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine)
{
QScriptValue super = context->callee().property("prototype").property("constructor");
super.call(context->thisObject(), QScriptValueList() << context->argument(0));
context->thisObject().setProperty("salary", context->argument(1));
return engine->undefinedValue();
}
The Employee class can then be initialized as follows:
QScriptValue empCtor = engine.newFunction(Employee_ctor);
empCtor.setProperty("prototype", global.property("Person").construct());
global.setProperty("Employee", empCtor);
When implementing the prototype object of a class, you may want to use the QScriptable class, as it enables you to define the API of your script class in terms of Qt properties, signals and slots, and automatically handles value conversion between the Qt Script and C++ side.Implementing Prototype Objects for Value-based Types
When implementing a prototype object for a value-based type -- e.g. QPointF -- the same general technique applies; you populate a prototype object with functionality that should be shared among instances. You then associate the prototype object with the type by calling QScriptEngine::setDefaultPrototype(). This ensures that when e.g. a value of the relevant type is returned from a slot back to the script, the prototype link of the script value will be initialized correctly.
When values of the custom type are stored in QVariants -- which Qt Script does by default --, qscriptvalue_cast() enables you to safely cast the script value to a pointer to the C++ type. This makes it easy to do type-checking, and, for prototype functions that should modify the underlying C++ value, lets you modify the actual value contained in the script value (and not a copy of it).
Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(QPointF) Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(QPointF*) QScriptValue QPointF_prototype_x(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine) { // Since the point is not to be modified, it's OK to cast to a value here QPointF point = qscriptvalue_cast<QPointF>(context->thisObject()); return QScriptValue(engine, point.x()); } QScriptValue QPointF_prototype_setX(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine) { // Cast to a pointer to be able to modify the underlying C++ value QPointF *point = qscriptvalue_cast<QPointF*>(context->thisObject()); if (!point) return context->throwError(QScriptContext::TypeError, "QPointF.prototype.setX: this object is not a QPointF"); point->setX(context->argument(0).toNumber()); return engine->undefinedValue(); }
QScriptValue QPoint_ctor(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine) { int x = context->argument(0).toInt32(); int y = context->argument(1).toInt32(); return engine->toScriptValue(QPoint(x, y)); } ... engine.globalObject().setProperty("QPoint", engine.newFunction(QPoint_ctor));In the above code we simplified things a bit, e.g. we didn't check the argument count to decide which QPoint C++ constructor to use. In your own constructors you have to do this type of resolution yourself, i.e. by checking the number of arguments passed to the native function, and/or by checking the type of the arguments and converting the arguments to the desired type. If you detect a problem with the arguments you may want to signal this by throwing a script exception; see QScriptContext::throwError().
QScriptClass allows you to handle all property access for a (class of) script object through virtual get/set property functions. Iteration of custom properties is also supported through the QScriptClassPropertyIterator class; this means you can advertise properties to be reported by for-in script statements and QScriptValueIterator. The QScriptEngine::uncaughtExceptionBacktrace() function gives you a human-readable backtrace of the last uncaught exception. In order to get useful filename information in backtraces, you should pass proper filenames to QScriptEngine::evaluate() when evaluating your scripts. Often an exception doesn't happen at the time the script is evaluated, but at a later time when a function defined by the script is actually executed. For C++ signal handlers, this is tricky; consider the case where the clicked() signal of a button is connected to a script function, and that script function causes a script exception when it is handling the signal. Where is that script exception propagated to? The solution is to connect to the QScriptEngine::signalHandlerException() signal; this will give you notification when a signal handler causes an exception, so that you can find out what happened and/or recover from it. In Qt 4.4 the QScriptEngineAgent class was introduced. QScriptEngineAgent provides an interface for reporting low-level "events" in a script engine, such as when a function is entered or when a new script statement is reached. By subclassing QScriptEngineAgent you can be notified of these events and perform some action, if you want. QScriptEngineAgent itself doesn't provide any debugging-specific functionality (e.g. setting breakpoints), but it is the basis of tools that do. If you are implementing some Qt Script functionality that you want other Qt application developers to be able to use, developing an extension (e.g. by subclassing QScriptExtensionPlugin) is worth looking into. The Date parsing and string conversion functions are implemented using QDateTime::fromString() and QDateTime::toString(), respectively. The RegExp class is a wrapper around QRegExp. The QRegExp semantics do not precisely match the semantics for regular expressions defined in ECMA-262.Error Handling and Debugging Facilities
Syntax errors in scripts will be reported as soon as a script is evaluated; QScriptEngine::evaluate() will return a SyntaxError object that you can convert to a string to get a description of the error. Redefining print()
Qt Script provides a built-in print() function that can be useful for simple debugging purposes. The built-in print() function writes to standard output. You can redefine the print() function (or add your own function, e.g. debug() or log()) that redirects the text to somewhere else. The following code shows a custom print() that adds text to a QPlainTextEdit.
QScriptValue myPrintFunction(QScriptContext *context, QScriptEngine *engine)
{
QString result;
for (int i = 0; i < context->argumentCount(); ++i) {
if (i > 0)
result.append(" ");
result.append(context->argument(i).toString());
}
QScriptValue calleeData = context->callee().data();
QPlainTextEdit *edit = qobject_cast<QPlainTextEdit*>(calleeData.toQObject());
edit->appendPlainText(result);
return engine->undefinedValue();
}
The following code shows how the custom print() function may be initialized and used.
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
QApplication app(argc, argv);
QScriptEngine eng;
QPlainTextEdit edit;
QScriptValue fun = eng.newFunction(myPrintFunction);
fun.setData(eng.newQObject(&edit));
eng.globalObject().setProperty("print", fun);
eng.evaluate("print('hello', 'world')");
edit.show();
return app.exec();
}
A pointer to the QPlainTextEdit is stored as an internal property of the script function itself, so that it can be retrieved when the function is called.Using QtScript Extensions
The QScriptEngine::importExtension() function can be used to load plugins into a script engine. Plugins typically add some extra functionality to the engine; for example, a plugin might add full bindings for the Qt Arthur painting API, so that those classes may be used from Qt Script scripts. There are currently no script plugins shipped with Qt. ECMAScript Compatibility
QtScript implements all the built-in classes and functions defined in ECMA-262. QtScript Extensions to ECMAScript
The prototype of an object (QScriptValue::prototype()) can be accessed through its __proto__ property in script code. This property has the QScriptValue::Undeletable flag set. For example:
var o = new Object();
(o.__proto__ === Object.prototype); // this evaluates to true
This function installs a getter function for a property of an object. The first argument is the property name, and the second is the function to call to get the value of that property. When the function is invoked, the this object will be the object whose property is accessed. For example:
var o = new Object();
o.__defineGetter__("x", function() { return 123; });
var y = o.x; // 123
This function installs a setter function for a property of an object. The first argument is the property name, and the second is the function to call to set the value of that property. When the function is invoked, the this object will be the object whose property is accessed. For example:
var o = new Object();
o.__defineSetter__("x", function(v) { print("and the value is:", v); });
o.x = 123; // will print "and the value is: 123"
This function connects a signal to a slot. Usage of this function is described in the section Using Signals and Slots.
This function disconnects a signal from a slot. Usage of this function is described in the section Using Signals and Slots.
This function is semantically equivalent to QObject::findChild().
This function is semantically equivalent to QObject::findChildren().
This function returns a default string representation of a QObject.
This function invokes the garbage collector.
This function returns a human-readable backtrace, in the form of an array of strings.
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